179 lines
20 KiB
XML
179 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6154891DD445B2ADA0A34DCF5BD70973">A synopsis of the genus Cypholoba Chaudoir (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Anthiini) known to occur in the Republic of South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="82E7F21FA42A626F40D3E5D7421D47D1">Mawdsley, Jonathan R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C751FA3750F36AFAE742AD64F16B8F69">Erwin, Terry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D6D138C64FD452693B05FF94A4793CF8">Sithole, Hendrik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="987215AB599978900D56395EF2824B79">Mawdsley, Alice S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="668363EBC18CD158CB59550F576A3996">181</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="002E858F6796BE7FFC332239443987DD" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.181.2984</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="BF06C1BA09E6130E16B964B83F073014" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152034484" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BF06C1BA09E6130E16B964B83F073014" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BF06C1BA09E6130E16B964B83F073014" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" scope_family="Carabidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_tribe="Anthiini">
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<subSubSection id="08A0FD2C5912BF39DE1918F3717E7E0C" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="58556516951FEC1A8514EF6A89FBAF16" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="DB0629E76C0E88C671E457F573F236A3" ID-CoL="33FBN" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Cypholoba_graphipteroides_graphipteroides" authority="Guerin-Meneville, 1845" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" authorityYear="1845" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graphipteroides">
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Cypholoba graphipteroides graphipteroides (
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<normalizedToken id="C1D7D65783059FE6E0181F3EBD8CB2B5" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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, 1845)
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</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 26 31 33
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F84FD355EBFA75AFCC06445AE6EA8B26" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C3EAE5A3281A3156C83D195301111C10" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="13A2788EED56558E5EA1B1352EDCCB06" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Anthia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anthia graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graphipteroides">Anthia graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation id="CB5B2A2A69F2986697DA33A503C17646" author="Guerin-Meneville, FE" journalOrPublisher="Revue Zoologique, par la Societe Cuvierienne" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" pagination="283 - 286" title="Description de quelques-uns des Insectes les plus remarquable decouverts par M. A. Delegorgue dans les pays des Boschimans, des Ama Zoulous, des Massilicatzi et au Port Natal, pendant les annees 1838, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 et 44." volume="18" year="1845">
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<normalizedToken id="304AFD0D75B01A3F4FD166A64D4726BE" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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(1845
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</bibRefCitation>
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:285, type locality "in regione Massilicatzi," holotype in Museum National
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<normalizedToken id="6A4A352BED4C66ED1928548E900C6B73" originalValue="d’Histoire">d'Histoire</normalizedToken>
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Naturelle, Paris)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="40A4FE419D933677888470CD4681ACC3" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="CDA63A12E43EBAB22F7E2902E31C767C" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Polyhirma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Polyhirma graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graphipteroides">Polyhirma graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="85DC06533831645707A2C192753F96AD" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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)
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<bibRefCitation id="4C15EB2174848E78C6B1CDFF827A1BA1" author="Peringuey, L" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="36" pagination="99 - 623" title="Descriptive catalogue of the Coleoptera of South Africa, part II." volume="7" year="1896">
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<normalizedToken id="A8B1CB864309DF888B002FC3508CA7B2" originalValue="Péringuey">Peringuey</normalizedToken>
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(1896
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</bibRefCitation>
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:346)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5D04062105E80F130B3F4AB69CC94791" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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<taxonomicName id="A2BE4AE71471257842369EB11B8724AC" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba graphipteroides subsp. graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="graphipteroides" subSpecies="graphipteroides">Cypholoba graphipteroides graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken id="D29F335301BA30F568053449FB218BF8" originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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)
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<bibRefCitation id="51895A7F76749D67FEAE5A0EE04F4DF8" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Strohmeyer (1928</bibRefCitation>
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:343)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BC5DAC473998B8D6EE59470AC549B397" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="C2944F2CFC03BCB3318CCE1CEC5FCF18" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="438CA3EC36C1740003BEE1B17214C493" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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Apparent body length (ABL) 24-27 mm; this species is easily separated from most of the other sympatric species of
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<taxonomicName id="FD387D7C2E60E637B96E7E6BD9204DA2" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cypholoba</taxonomicName>
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by the distinctive pattern of pubescence and setae on the elytra (Fig. 11). Adults could potentially be confused with
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<taxonomicName id="7AAE54737EBFBE0F58930D03C3B48B28" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba leucospilota" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leucospilota">Cypholoba leucospilota</taxonomicName>
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, but in that species the pubescence on the pronotum and elytral suture is yellowish and the patches of setae at apical third are brilliant white (Fig. 16).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F7A27A93770D1D8A506832B8CF761AED" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="materials examined">
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<paragraph id="5DD77B63BB01DC5F15BDDD50A9370E12" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Materials examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C18616DADE466DB4A8B697B1AD4E9D51" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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77 specimens from the following localities: RSA: Gauteng Province: Pretoria, Rosslyn. KwaZulu/Natal Province: Hluhluwe, Mkuze Game Reserve, Ndumu, St. Lucia Bay. Limpopo Province: Alma, Koedoesrivier, Letaba Rest Camp in the Kruger National Park, 9-14 miles E Louis Trichardt, 75 km W Messina, Nylstroom, Nylsvley, Pietersburg, 9 miles N Pietersburg, 20-26 miles NE Pietersburg, Potgietersrus, Punda Maria Rest Camp in the Kruger National Park, Rust de Winter, Shilouvane, Thabina, Warmbath. Mpumalanga Province: Kaapmuiden, 20 km SW Kaapmuiden, Louws Creek, Lydenburg,
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<normalizedToken id="670AE5FBE4C2835B17BFD2117C100B0D" originalValue="N’waswitshaka">N'waswitshaka</normalizedToken>
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Research Camp, Pretoriuskop, Sabie river banks west of Paul Kruger Gate, Skukuza. Province uncertain: Lebombo Mountains.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="01B78326EF17EA2C48FC7410A9BBB81A" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" type="notes on biology">
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<paragraph id="718CE27E2512FB4ADD6818AD96E8CB7E" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Notes on biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AF841A09293FA528D41BBC255C335DEF" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">
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This is easily the most abundant and frequently encountered species of
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<taxonomicName id="0FB176E5AC482B83800D1E61F51F5CD7" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="tribe" tribe="Anthiini">Anthiini</taxonomicName>
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in the Kruger National Park, RSA. Adults (Fig. 1) emerge in the early rainy season (November-December) and can be locally abundant. Adults are active both nocturnally and diurnally and are typically found in riverine or riparian areas near flowing water. The charactistic behavior observed in this species, as with most
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<taxonomicName id="3DE2CE2F3FEC8F183915CB0C8C373900" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="tribe" tribe="Anthiini">Anthiini</taxonomicName>
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, is a rapid walking behavior which appears to be associated primarily with foraging but also is likely involved in searching for conspecifics and prospective larval habitats. We have observed adults of this species in several distinct vegetation communities (riverine gallery forest, open
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<taxonomicName id="FCBD052EA89D6058C35932A460B52ECE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Combretum apiculatum" order="Myrtales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiculatum">Combretum apiculatum</taxonomicName>
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-
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<taxonomicName id="26D22E8D1C56E46DC341671E8BC75756" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia nigrescens" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">Acacia nigrescens</taxonomicName>
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savanna,
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<taxonomicName id="56A2A9A723A9C99942D2891FFA9D5F3D" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Phragmites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phragmites" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Phragmites</taxonomicName>
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reed beds) and microhabitats (sand or dirt roads adjacent to riverine communities, dry sand wash, and riverine sand bars). This species also occasionally enters human-inhabited areas; we have found individuals in the
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<normalizedToken id="636DEAC4BD81FDE57E55E0FB710B0DFD" originalValue="N’waswitshaka">N'waswitshaka</normalizedToken>
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Research Camp at Skukuza and also in the main tourist areas at the Skukuza tourist camp.
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<bibRefCitation id="DA95F0E711FBE7DF8D7F32C5321A0072" pageId="6" pageNumber="29">Marshall and Poulton (1902)</bibRefCitation>
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suggest that this species may be a mimic of
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<taxonomicName id="D9EC044549F6CB0AE7786D0CB1449BBE" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mutillidae</taxonomicName>
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and other stinging
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<taxonomicName id="CF9D9CC8C3320304E55DFCBC07668F20" genus="Hymenoptera" lsidName="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="genus">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
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. Our observations suggest that, while there are certainly similarities in color pattern and behavior between adults of
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<taxonomicName id="C02B96268609777D697213F2F2DD2607" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graphipteroides">Cypholoba graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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and sympatric
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<taxonomicName id="CF703B7912AE3BED8B43B5411DAA4056" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mutillidae</taxonomicName>
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, adults of
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<taxonomicName id="1B5A6401E868A0E8EEB7555A4CA70D44" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graphipteroides">Cypholoba graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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are actually significantly larger in size than most of the sympatric black-and-white mutillid wasps, rendering the resemblance less than exact. We infer from these observations that selection pressures may not be operating as intensely
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<pageBreakToken id="009A8D01A20D7FC04F9E8856167A770C" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" start="start">on</pageBreakToken>
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this species as on other
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<taxonomicName id="2E4C5DA85CA9FD8646B3C78B773A1C71" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
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(for examples of carabid beetles which are much more convincing mimics of
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<taxonomicName id="2D9042195D5F42518D0A9CF9D5C6F517" class="Insecta" family="Mutillidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mutillidae</taxonomicName>
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, see
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<bibRefCitation id="42150A7D2B7AE1EA42FAC1464FD2FDB2" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Marshall and Poulton 1902</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="C89DBB2C93B2F2BBFF78F95A61A68903" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
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<paragraph id="7871FAEE49A9101DACE9C07E3E9612B0" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
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Figure 33. Riverine/riparian area along the south bank of the Sabie River west of Paul Kruger Gate in the Kruger National Park, RSA. A collecting site for
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<taxonomicName id="2CCBCC4B1C99C4FA78600C1C6F24B0EC" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba graphipteroides subsp. graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="graphipteroides" subSpecies="graphipteroides">Cypholoba graphipteroides graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption id="1B337EF0F4331BB95859B61089E481F2" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
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<paragraph id="9BD0062B0AB9508AEFE35A881C05B259" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
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Figure 34. Upland
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<taxonomicName id="E8AD21771948E2FED33FB682169AF935" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia nigrescens" order="Fabales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">Acacia nigrescens</taxonomicName>
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-
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<taxonomicName id="78F4041E6B5383F972F7D3CE5592A714" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Combretum apiculatum" order="Myrtales" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="apiculatum">Combretum apiculatum</taxonomicName>
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savanna near Skukuza in the Kruger National Park, RSA. A collecting site for
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<taxonomicName id="DD1968F10E5A9CF132608FB91561A4C8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba alveolata" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alveolata">Cypholoba alveolata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="40FD3F0D92CC6D886E9749396C65FF09" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" type="notes on taxonomy">
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<paragraph id="F9035CBF1324FC747AF2C3B61CF7DBE7" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Notes on taxonomy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF19E571763758C0D7E38B6A5533F718" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">
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<bibRefCitation id="84B54FB121B5E85E294D684D31770212" pageId="7" pageNumber="30">Strohmeyer (1928)</bibRefCitation>
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recognized 20 subspecies in
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<taxonomicName id="FEC7384E91E1C10FB152AC97169184F8" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Cypholoba" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cypholoba graphipteroides" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graphipteroides">Cypholoba graphipteroides</taxonomicName>
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, many of which were separated on the basis of differences in the setal patterns of the elytra. Many of these taxa are doubtfully distinct from the nominate form and the whole group is in need of a careful revision. Such a revision should include examination of extensive series in order to determine the extent of intrapopulational variation in the elytral setal patterns. Figures 12-15 illustrate the variation in elytral setal patterns within a single population of this species, located west of Paul Kruger Gate along the Sabie River in the Kruger National Park.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |