210 lines
27 KiB
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210 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="7B8F75DE7063DB7E353EF9640D098A5B" ID-CLB-Dataset="8447" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e414fcb2-3e3e-4388-8f1c-4aa374bb2a89" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411551" ID-ZooBank="A2E85BBC-F1DA-41FE-B2A2-AA086F39186E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1609608517266" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio, Costa, Valmir Antonio & Zucchi, Roberto Antonio" docDate="2020" docId="1137956EFFB5FFFCFF27B509FD98F876" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4858.1.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4858 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pteromalidae Dalman 1820" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="ED0EED16FFBDFFF4FFB0B115FF94FFA8" masterDocTitle="Annotated checklist and illustrated key to parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae Eulophidae and Pteromalidae) of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="53" pageNumber="61" updateTime="1698851455087" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="CAF4591DCABBB492F91F7542138F1697">Annotated checklist and illustrated key to parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae Eulophidae and Pteromalidae) of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2254DDBFC17D716CE18337EEB7BF036D">Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E139200EAC10C264B8731237A54B2D60">shimbori @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4655 - 2591</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9E1AEB68D7406743A390DC95606787D2" type="email">shimbori@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7D973E8AB2E9FA9F157BA137AC11F7BC">Costa, Valmir Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2FDBF38833FEA8F11A27A8155B2AD7CE">Instituto Biológico, Centro Avançado de Pesquisa em Proteção de Plantas e Saúde Animal, Alameda dos Vidoeiros 1097, 13101 - 680 Campinas, SP, Brasil. valmir. costa @ sp. gov. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0122 - 3567</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9C02D883B7C7E79A5A822E99C25C564F" type="email">valmir.costa@sp.gov.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E60193AE543B18A888DF9D6E6CCCD5D1">Zucchi, Roberto Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B71BEB48D4600F9C253458A5A77E388D">razucchi @ usp. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9861 - 7460</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="26695B602CF8E696B6CECDAC035AE8B5" type="email">razucchi@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="7066CA8FBA1FEF5D23537AF02063315C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:number id="1389A0C0A5F53AC4F592511DAD80BAB0">2020-09-29</mods:number>
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<treatment id="1137956EFFB5FFFCFF27B509FD98F876" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4504692" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177211943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4504692" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1137956EFFB5FFFCFF27B509FD98F876" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137956EFFB5FFFCFF27B509FD98F876" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB5FFFCFF27B509FC8DFB9E" box="[151,793,1052,1078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="99212478FFB5FFFCFF27B509FC8DFB9E" blockId="8.[151,793,1052,1078]" box="[151,793,1052,1078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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<heading id="C2699314FFB5FFFCFF27B509FC8DFB9E" bold="true" box="[151,793,1052,1078]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFF27B509FC8DFB9E" bold="true" box="[151,793,1052,1078]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFF47B509FE0AFB9E" ID-CoL="FD9" ID-ENA="7423" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[247,414,1052,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
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(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB5FFFCFF27B574FB32FAC6" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="description">
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<paragraph id="99212478FFB5FFFCFF27B574FB32FAC6" blockId="8.[151,1437,1121,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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There are 3,506 species in 588 genera of
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFDDFB574FC97FBD3" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[623,771,1121,1147]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
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worldwide (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFC23B574FBB6FBD3" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[915,1058,1121,1147]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" refId="ref13469" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 16 July 2019)" type="url" year="2019">Noyes 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). The number of subfamilies varies depending on the authority, but the most widely accepted classification comprises 31 (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFB34B591FA84FB36" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[1156,1296,1156,1182]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" refId="ref13438" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2002) Interactive catalogue of world Chalcidoidea 2001. 2 nd Edition. Taxapad and the Natural History Museum, London, CD-ROM." type="book" year="2002">Noyes 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFAABB591FACCFB36" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[1307,1368,1156,1182]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" refId="ref13469" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 16 July 2019)" type="url" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
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). This large number reflects its polyphyletic nature on the one hand, and the high proportion of monotypic subfamilies on the other (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFEBBB5DCFE4DFB4B" author="Peters, R. S. & Niehuis, O. & Gunkel, S. & Blasere, M. & Mayer, C. & Podsiadlowski, L. & Kozlov, A. & Donath, A. & Noort, S. & Liuj, X. & Zhou, X. & Misof, B. & Heraty, J. & Krogmann, L." box="[267,473,1225,1251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="286 - 296" refId="ref13922" refString="Peters, R. S., Niehuis, O., Gunkel, S., Blasere, M., Mayer, C., Podsiadlowski, L., Kozlov, A., Donath, A., Noort, S., Liuj, X., Zhou, X., Misof, B., Heraty, J. & Krogmann, L. (2018) Transcriptome sequence-based phylogeny of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reveals a history of rapid radiations, convergence, and evolutionary success. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 120 (2018), 286 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.12.005" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Peters
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFEEAB5DFFE00FB4B" box="[346,404,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In the Neotropics, there are 476 species in 155 genera (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFBD3B5DCFB65FB4B" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[1123,1265,1225,1251]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" refId="ref13469" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 16 July 2019)" type="url" year="2019">Noyes 2019</bibRefCitation>
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), of which 156 species in 65 genera are found in
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<collectingCountry id="E18964E8FFB5FFFCFDA4B5F9FDCCFAAE" box="[532,600,1260,1286]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFDD8B5F9FD7BFAAE" author="Costa, V. A." box="[616,751,1260,1286]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" refId="ref10571" refString="Costa, V. A. (2019) Pteromalidae in Catalogo Taxonomico da Fauna Brasileira. PNUD. Available from: http: // fauna. jbrj. gov. br / fauna / faunadobrasil / 1054 (accessed 21 July 2019)" type="url" year="2019">Costa 2019</bibRefCitation>
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). Knowledge of the Neotropical fauna is only incipient, with most species yet to be described (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFDBFB41AFCB3FA82" author="Hanson, P. E. & Heydon, S." box="[527,807,1295,1322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="403 - 420" refId="ref11669" refString="Hanson, P. E. & Heydon, S. (2006) Pteromalidae. In: Hanson, P. E. & Gauld, I. D. (Eds.), Hymenoptera de la Region Neotropical. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 77, pp. 403 - 420." type="journal article" year="2006">Hanson & Heydon 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). No combination of characters exists to distinguish this family. The most recent phylogenies are consistent in recovering the family as polyphyletic, which to a great extent is responsible for the lack of morphological cohesion (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFD49B441FC53FAC6" author="Munro, J. B. & Heraty, J. M. & Burks, R. A. & Hawks, D. & Mottern, J." box="[761,967,1364,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="27023" refId="ref13143" refString="Munro, J. B., Heraty, J. M., Burks, R. A., Hawks, D. & Mottern, J. (2011) A Molecular Phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS ONE, 6 (11), e 27023. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0027023" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Munro
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFCFEB440FC12FAC6" box="[846,902,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
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2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFC62B440FB0AFAC6" author="Heraty, J. M. & Burks, R. A. & Cruaud, A. & Gibson, G. A. & Liljeblad, J. & Munro, J. & Rasplus, J. Y. & Delvare, G. & Jansta, P. & Gumovsky, A. & Huber, J." box="[978,1182,1364,1391]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="466 - 542" refId="ref11726" refString="Heraty, J. M., Burks, R. A., Cruaud, A., Gibson, G. A., Liljeblad, J., Munro, J., Rasplus, J. Y., Delvare, G., Jansta, P., Gumovsky, A. & Huber, J. (2013) A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics, 29, 466 - 542. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12006" type="journal article" year="2013">
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Heraty
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFB95B440FBCAFAC6" box="[1061,1118,1364,1390]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
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2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB5FFFCFF77B462FD98F876" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="99212478FFB5FFFCFF77B462FD98F876" blockId="8.[151,1437,1121,2014]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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Since
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFEBEB462FE36FA39" authorityName="Dalman" authorityYear="1820" box="[270,418,1399,1425]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalidae</taxonomicName>
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is not a natural group, generalizations on its biology are difficult, and meaningless in an evolutionary perspective. Nevertheless, it is possible to say that pteromalids are in most cases ectoparasitoid idiobionts on pupae of Coleoptera and
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFD95B4A9FDE8FA7E" box="[549,636,1468,1494]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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, developing inside the puparium case (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFB85B4A9FADBFA7F" author="Hanson, P. E. & Heydon, S." box="[1077,1359,1468,1495]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="403 - 420" refId="ref11669" refString="Hanson, P. E. & Heydon, S. (2006) Pteromalidae. In: Hanson, P. E. & Gauld, I. D. (Eds.), Hymenoptera de la Region Neotropical. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 77, pp. 403 - 420." type="journal article" year="2006">Hanson & Heydon 2006</bibRefCitation>
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). Most of the knowledge on biology was acquired through examination of two unrelated subfamilies,
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFB67B4CAFAFFFA51" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1239,1387,1503,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFF27B714FD97F9B3" authority="(Peters et al. 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[151,515,1537,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spalangiinae">
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Spalangiinae (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFE85B714FE6FF9B3" author="Peters, R. S. & Niehuis, O. & Gunkel, S. & Blasere, M. & Mayer, C. & Podsiadlowski, L. & Kozlov, A. & Donath, A. & Noort, S. & Liuj, X. & Zhou, X. & Misof, B. & Heraty, J. & Krogmann, L." box="[309,507,1537,1563]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="286 - 296" refId="ref13922" refString="Peters, R. S., Niehuis, O., Gunkel, S., Blasere, M., Mayer, C., Podsiadlowski, L., Kozlov, A., Donath, A., Noort, S., Liuj, X., Zhou, X., Misof, B., Heraty, J. & Krogmann, L. (2018) Transcriptome sequence-based phylogeny of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) reveals a history of rapid radiations, convergence, and evolutionary success. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 120 (2018), 286 - 296. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.12.005" type="journal article" year="2018">
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Peters
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFE31B717FE2CF9B3" box="[385,440,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
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2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Even though the two groups have relatively distant evolutionary histories and very distinct morphologies, they possess several biological traits in common, and all the representatives of parasitoids on fruit-infesting tephritids in
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<collectingCountry id="E18964E8FFB5FFFCFE57B752FDBFF9C9" box="[487,555,1607,1633]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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belong to these subfamilies. Pteromalids are usually synovigenic, requiring the female to feed, usually on the host, to acquire the necessary nutrients for oogenesis (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFBFDB77CFA9DF92C" author="Simmonds, F. J." box="[1101,1289,1641,1668]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="773 - 778" refId="ref14582" refString="Simmonds, F. J. (1953) Observations on the biology and mass-breeding of Spalangia drosophilae Ashm. (Hymenoptera: Spalangiidae), a parasite of the frit-fly, Oscinella frit (L.). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 44, 773 - 778. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300024718" type="journal article" year="1953">Simmonds 1953</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFAA5B77FFA00F92B" author="Doutt, R. L." box="[1301,1428,1641,1668]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="145 - 167" refId="ref10772" refString="Doutt, R. L. (1964) Biological characteristics of entomophagous adults. In: DeBach, P. & Schlinger, E. I. (Eds.), Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 145 - 167." type="book chapter" year="1964">Doutt 1964</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFF27B798FE37F90E" author="Legner, E. F. & Gerling, D." box="[151,419,1676,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="678 - 691" refId="ref12152" refString="Legner, E. F. & Gerling, D. (1967) Host-Feeding and oviposition on Musca domestica by Spalangia cameroni, Nasonia vitripennis, and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) influences their longevity and fecundity. Annals of the Entomolological Society of America, 60 (3), 678 - 691. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 60.3.678" type="journal article" year="1967">Legner & Gerling 1967</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFE1FB799FD2EF90F" author="Keller, L. J. & Sullivan, D. J." box="[431,698,1676,1703]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="206 - 211" refId="ref11849" refString="Keller, L. J. & Sullivan, D. J. (1976) Oviposition Behavior and Host Feeding of Asaphes lucens an Aphid Hyperparasitoid. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 84, 206 - 211." type="journal article" year="1976">Keller & Sullivan 1976</bibRefCitation>
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), but also as water-intake strategy (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFBF5B799FA05F90E" author="Bezerra da Silva, C. S. & Price, B. E. & Walton, V. M." box="[1093,1425,1676,1702]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="3592" refId="ref10235" refString="Bezerra da Silva, C. S., Price, B. E. & Walton, V. M. (2019 a) Water-Deprived Parasitic Wasps (Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae) Kill More Pupae of a Pest (Drosophila suzukii) as a Water-Intake Strategy. Scientific Reports, 9, 3592. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 019 - 40256 - 8" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Bezerra da Silva
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFAB8B798FAD5F90E" box="[1288,1345,1676,1702]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
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2019a
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Host-feeding by
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFEE1B7BAFCDAF962" authority="(Pteromalinae)" baseAuthorityName="Pteromalinae" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[337,846,1711,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Pachycrepoideus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vindemmiae">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFEE1B7BAFD0AF961" box="[337,670,1711,1737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae</emphasis>
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(Pteromalinae)
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</taxonomicName>
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, for instance, usually occurs in young pupae (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFAF7B7BAFF46F943" author="Phillips, D. S." pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="75 - 82" refId="ref14048" refString="Phillips, D. S. (1993) Host-feeding and egg maturation by Pachycrepoideus vindemiae [sic]. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 69 (1), 75 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1570 - 7458.1993. tb 01730. x" type="journal article" year="1993">Phillips 1993</bibRefCitation>
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), and may increase host mortality rate (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFD25B7C4FC73F944" author="Bezerra da Silva, C. S. & Price, B. E. & Walton, V. M." box="[661,999,1745,1772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="0218301" refId="ref10307" refString="Bezerra da Silva, C. S., Price, B. E. & Walton, V. M. (2019 b) Factors affecting the biology of Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii). PLoS ONE, 14 (7), e 0218301. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0218301" type="journal article" year="2019">
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Bezerra da Silva
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFCEBB7C7FC19F943" box="[859,909,1745,1771]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
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. 2019b
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</bibRefCitation>
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). This is the only
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFB04B7C4FADCF943" baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1204,1352,1745,1771]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pteromalinae</taxonomicName>
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known to attack fruit flies in
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<collectingCountry id="E18964E8FFB5FFFCFE20B7E1FE4CF8A6" box="[400,472,1780,1806]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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. For the
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFD8DB7E1FD45F8A6" box="[573,721,1780,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spalangiinae">Spalangiinae</taxonomicName>
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, four species have been recorded in
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<collectingCountry id="E18964E8FFB5FFFCFBC0B7E1FB20F8A6" box="[1136,1204,1780,1806]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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attacking tephritids, all in the genus
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFEF9B602FE57F899" box="[329,451,1815,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFEF9B602FE2AF899" box="[329,446,1815,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spalangia</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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It is likely that many species in that genus occasionally parasitize fruit flies due to their polyphagous habit, as demonstrated by
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFDEAB62CFCBFF8FB" author="Silva, B. K. A. & Silva, H. M. & Fernandes, C. E. & Costa, V. A. & Araujo, E. L." box="[602,811,1849,1875]" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="20190002" refId="ref14492" refString="Silva, B. K. A., Silva, H. M., Fernandes, C. E., Costa, V. A. & Araujo, E. L. (2020) Pupal parasitoids associated with Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a semiarid environment in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 64 (2), e 20190002. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1806 - 9665 - rbent- 2019 - 0002" type="journal article" year="2020">
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Silva
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFD2CB62FFD41F8FB" box="[668,725,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
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(2020)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who obtained five species of
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFB36B62CFB6CF8FB" box="[1158,1272,1849,1875]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFB36B62CFB6CF8FB" box="[1158,1272,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Spalangia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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using sentinel puparia of
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFEA1B649FE36F8DE" box="[273,418,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">
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Ce.
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFE8FB648FE0AF8DE" baseAuthorityName="Wiedemann" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[319,414,1885,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Ceratitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capitata">capitata</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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For two of the five species (i.e.
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFCBFB649FC0AF8DE" authorityName="Gibson" authorityYear="2009" box="[783,926,1884,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leiopleura">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFCBFB649FC0AF8DE" box="[783,926,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. leiopleura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFC65B649FBE4F8DE" box="[981,1136,1884,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impunctata">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFC65B649FBE4F8DE" box="[981,1136,1884,1910]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">S. impunctata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
), there are no previous association records with fruit flies. The two species were not included in our results by the absence of association with host plants. For any species of
|
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB5FFFCFE5CB6B4FDCAF813" box="[492,606,1953,1979]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB5FFFCFE5CB6B4FDCAF813" box="[492,606,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="61">Spalangia</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
reared from tephritids, checking the identification key provided by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB5FFFCFAFBB6B4FF76F876" author="Gibson, G. A. P." pageId="8" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref11375" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa, 2259 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2259.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Gibson (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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is strongly recommended.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |