309 lines
36 KiB
XML
309 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6BA0AFA74A813EBDB90F19308AB1CC14">Annotated checklist and illustrated key to parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae Eulophidae and Pteromalidae) of fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in Brazil</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3142D19AFEB766ED78252B9F819B5674">Shimbori, Eduardo Mitio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D014844E04337A4FA461A3E6F98A6C05">shimbori @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4655 - 2591</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="9BA252274FFA685F848F0F395C0629FA" type="email">shimbori@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="544CFAF8312269C40A946D7B50B2B459">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="2848016EB39302113C0A3239C2E657CA">Costa, Valmir Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5D12D4BA9702C33AEE6F8CDA00F33CAA" type="ORCID">0000-0003-0122-3567</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="5C9471E9686F9C5A907D48B71CC4692B">Instituto Biológico, Centro Avançado de Pesquisa em Proteção de Plantas e Saúde Animal, Alameda dos Vidoeiros 1097, 13101 - 680 Campinas, SP, Brasil. valmir. costa @ sp. gov. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 0122 - 3567</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D1989756A2FDDF42C71EF37E1E38DCD9" type="email">valmir.costa@sp.gov.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C476A87C2BCFFC64B388DF76EADBB0B5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B545D11E5DAED90B7EB2A3890CEAC6B1">Zucchi, Roberto Antonio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="1107AAC9B3D70A1432F4CAFF5ADC35DB" type="ORCID">0000-0001-9861-7460</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="F4033477C383AB65474F893FDBF92A11">razucchi @ usp. br; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9861 - 7460</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AAF6CB3903F2B13FC56B74ECD571319A" type="email">razucchi@usp.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="2888F494DD2C88F6F22C3E957CF15F2F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="5538413FAD2A58BF765E70A3B3ADDCC3">
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<mods:date id="5A16DCF3CD70291A9CE67CD0B316501B">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EEB73D0EEDCA9566F28FD7FE1A36AFFE">2020-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="71ACC9F64B65341759EF8BE4A8E96926">4858</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B2D608908C2EE7165D987DF5CA54C4B0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4858.1.3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="99901F4DEC6CBE0713E10008838E9CA3" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="4420EC13B3BD0105FE72F3C82A032BB6" type="Zenodo-Dep">4411551</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="1137956EFFB4FFFFFF27B799FBDEFDC9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411535" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177211949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411535" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1137956EFFB4FFFFFF27B799FBDEFDC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1137956EFFB4FFFFFF27B799FBDEFDC9" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB4FFFDFF27B799FD80F90E" box="[151,532,1676,1703]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="99212478FFB4FFFDFF27B799FD80F90E" blockId="9.[151,532,1676,1737]" box="[151,532,1676,1703]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="C2699314FFB4FFFDFF27B799FD80F90E" bold="true" box="[151,532,1676,1703]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFF27B799FD80F90E" ID-CoL="6Z7V9" authority="Walker, 1839" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" box="[151,532,1676,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endius">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFF27B799FD80F90E" bold="true" box="[151,532,1676,1703]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFF27B799FEFDF90F" bold="true" box="[151,361,1676,1703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Spalangia endius</emphasis>
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Walker, 1839
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB4FFFDFF27B7BAFE8EF961" box="[151,282,1711,1737]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="description">
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<paragraph id="99212478FFB4FFFDFF27B7BAFE8EF961" blockId="9.[151,532,1676,1737]" box="[151,282,1711,1737]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
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(
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<figureCitation id="01A538FDFFB4FFFDFF2FB7BAFE85F961" box="[159,273,1711,1737]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–17" captionStartId="10.[151,264,1816,1840]" captionTargetBox="[178,1409,181,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-21@10.[178,1409,181,1793]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 9–17. 9–11, Head: 9, Spalangia endius; 10, Spalangia gemina; 11, Spalangia simplex. 12–14, Pro- and mesonotum (arrows at pronotal sculpturing): 12, S. endius; 13, S. gemina; 14, S. simplex (arrow at median pit of mesoscutum). 15–17, Fore wing: 15, S. simplex; 16, Trichopria sp. aff. anastrephae; 17, Coptera haywardi (adapted from Loiácono 1981). (bar = 0.2 mm)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411557/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Figs 9, 12</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB4FFFDFF27B7E1FC93F8FC" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="99212478FFB4FFFDFF27B7E1FC93F8FC" blockId="9.[151,1437,1780,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFF27B7E1FE86F8A6" bold="true" box="[151,274,1780,1806]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Head and pronotal collar with sparse and circular setiferous punctures, interstices smooth and shiny; gena with malar sulcus present; posterior half of mesoscutal median lobe punctate-rugose medially, with punctures varying in size and shape (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFE71B62FFDCEF8FC" author="Boucek, Z." box="[449,602,1850,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="429 - 512" refId="ref10381" refString="Boucek, Z. (1963) A taxonomic study in Spalangia Latr. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Sbornik Entomologickeho Oddeleni Narodniho Musea v Praze, 35, 429 - 512." type="journal article" year="1963">Bouček 1963</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFDD6B62FFD6FF8FC" author="Gibson, G. A. P." box="[614,763,1850,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref11375" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa, 2259 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2259.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Gibson 2009</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB4FFFFFF77B649FDCCFE5D" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="99212478FFB4FFFDFF77B649FACDF877" blockId="9.[151,1437,1780,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFF77B649FEB1F8DE" bold="true" box="[199,293,1884,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Biology.</emphasis>
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Recorded from about 50 species in nine families of
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFCE7B649FBD2F8DF" authority="(Noyes 2019)" baseAuthorityName="Noyes" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[855,1094,1884,1911]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" rank="order">
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Diptera (
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFC06B648FBAAF8DF" author="Noyes, J. S." box="[950,1086,1885,1911]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" refId="ref13469" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2019) Universal Chalcidoidea Database. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available from: http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / chalcidoids (accessed 16 July 2019)" type="url" year="2019">Noyes 2019</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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, developing as solitary ectoparasitoid idiobionts on pupae.
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFE7AB66AFD13F831" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" box="[458,647,1919,1945]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endius">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFE7AB66AFD13F831" box="[458,647,1919,1945]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Spalangia endius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is also recorded as a hyperparasitoid on
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFB8EB66AFB51F831" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1086,1221,1919,1945]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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, probably via
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFAEEB66AFED0F815" authority="(Diptera)" baseAuthorityName="Diptera" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tachinidae (Diptera)</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFEE2B6B7FE70F814" author="Gibson, G. A. P." box="[338,484,1954,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref11375" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa, 2259 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2259.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Gibson 2009</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Tephritid hosts in
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<collectingCountry id="E18964E8FFB4FFFDFD08B6B7FD6FF814" box="[696,763,1954,1980]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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include
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFCE8B6B7FB4EF814" authority="(Nicacio et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Nicacio" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[856,1242,1954,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Anastrepha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alveatoides">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFCE8B6B7FC65F814" box="[856,1009,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">A. alveatoides</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFC4FB6B7FB46F814" author="Nicacio, J. N. & Uchoa, M. A. & Faccenda, O. & Guimaraes, J. A. & Marinho, C. F." box="[1023,1234,1954,1980]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="407 - 419" refId="ref13211" refString="Nicacio, J. N., Uchoa, M. A., Faccenda, O., Guimaraes, J. A. & Marinho, C. F. (2011) Native larval parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of frugivorous Tephritoidea (Diptera) in South Pantanal Region, Brazil. Florida Entomologist, 94 (3), 407 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.094.0305" type="journal article" year="2011">
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||
Nicácio
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFBECB6B6FB06F814" box="[1116,1170,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2011
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFB53B6B7FAECF814" box="[1251,1400,1954,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Anastrepha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFB53B6B7FAECF814" box="[1251,1400,1954,1980]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">A. fraterculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFA34B6B7FF7FF876" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Anastrepha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obliqua">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFA34B6B7FF7FF876" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">A. obliqua</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFF49B6D1FDE2F877" author="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L. & Menezes, E. B." box="[249,630,1988,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="589 - 595" refId="ref9638" refString="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L. & Menezes, E. B. (2002) Effect of time of permanence of host fruits in the field on natural parasitism of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Neotropical Entomology, 31, 589 - 595. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2002000400011" type="journal article" year="2002">Aguiar-Menezes & Menezes 2002</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFD31B6D1FCD0F877" author="Uchoa, M. A. & Molina, R. M. S. & Oliveira, I. & Zucchi, R. A. & Canal, N. A. D. & Diaz, N. B." box="[641,836,1988,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="181 - 186" refId="ref15068" refString="Uchoa, M. A., Molina, R. M. S., Oliveira, I., Zucchi, R. A., Canal, N. A. D. & Diaz, N. B. (2003) Larval endoparasitoids (Hymenoptera) of frugivorous flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) reared from fruits of the cerrado of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 47 (2), 181 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262003000200005" type="journal article" year="2003">
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Uchôa
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFD7FB6D0FC92F876" box="[719,774,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2003
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and
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<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB4FFFDFC31B6D0FAC1F877" authority="(Aguiar-Menezes et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Aguiar-Menezes" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[897,1365,1988,2015]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oxalidaceae" genus="Averrhoa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Oxalidales" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sororcula">
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<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFC31B6D0FB9DF876" box="[897,1033,1988,2015]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">A. sororcula</emphasis>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB4FFFDFBA6B6D1FAD8F877" author="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L. & Menezes, E. B. & Loiacono, M. S." box="[1046,1356,1988,2015]" pageId="9" pageNumber="62" pagination="355 - 358" refId="ref9702" refString="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L., Menezes, E. B. & Loiacono, M. S. (2003) First record of Coptera haywardi Loiacono (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) as a parasitoid of fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 32, 355 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2003000200025" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Aguiar-Menezes
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB4FFFDFB64B6D0FA9FF876" box="[1236,1291,1988,2014]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="CDE174F0FFB7FFFEFF27B60DFF53F821" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4411557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4411557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4411557/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" startId="10.[151,264,1816,1840]" targetBox="[178,1409,181,1780]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="99212478FFB7FFFEFF27B60DFF53F821" blockId="10.[151,1436,1816,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFF27B60DFED3F899" bold="true" box="[151,327,1816,1841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">FIGURES 9–17.</emphasis>
|
||
9–11, Head: 9,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFE58B60DFD0CF898" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" box="[488,664,1816,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endius">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFE58B60DFD0CF898" box="[488,664,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Spalangia endius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 10,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFD7BB60DFC17F898" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1963" box="[715,899,1816,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFD7BB60DFC17F898" box="[715,899,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Spalangia gemina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 11,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFC06B60DFBE4F898" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1910" box="[950,1136,1816,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFC06B60DFBE4F898" box="[950,1136,1816,1840]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Spalangia simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 12–14, Pro- and mesonotum (arrows at pronotal sculpturing): 12,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFDBCB623FDF3F8E6" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1839" box="[524,615,1846,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="endius">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFDBCB623FDF3F8E6" box="[524,615,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. endius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 13,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFD2AB623FD6BF8E6" authorityName="Boucek" authorityYear="1963" box="[666,767,1846,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gemina">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFD2AB623FD6BF8E6" box="[666,767,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. gemina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 14,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFC82B623FC0CF8E6" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1910" box="[818,920,1846,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFC82B623FC0CF8E6" box="[818,920,1846,1870]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(arrow at median pit of mesoscutum). 15–17, Fore wing: 15,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFEB3B641FEF8F8C3" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1910" box="[259,364,1875,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFEB3B641FEF8F8C3" box="[259,364,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">S. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 16,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFE15B646FD85F8C3" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1893" box="[421,529,1875,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Diapriidae" genus="Trichopria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFE15B646FD85F8C3" box="[421,529,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Trichopria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFDF0B646FD7DF8C3" box="[576,745,1875,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Diapriidae" genus="Trichopria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anastrephae">
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFDDBB646FD7DF8C3" box="[619,745,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">anastrephae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFD5AB646FD64F8C3" box="[746,752,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">;</emphasis>
|
||
17,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB7FFFEFC92B641FC49F8C3" box="[802,989,1875,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Diapriidae" genus="Coptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haywardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB7FFFEFC92B641FC49F8C3" box="[802,989,1875,1899]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="63">Coptera haywardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(adapted from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB7FFFEFB30B646FA8BF8C3" author="Loiacono, M. S." box="[1152,1311,1875,1899]" pageId="10" pageNumber="63" pagination="237 - 241" refId="ref12315" refString="Loiacono, M. S. (1981) Notas sobre Diapriinae neotropicales (Hymenoptera, Diapriidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina, 40, 237 - 241." type="journal article" year="1981">Loiácono 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). (bar = 0.2 mm)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="99212478FFB6FFFFFF77B182FA94FF51" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFF77B182FEDEFF19" bold="true" box="[199,330,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFE7AB182FDA8FF19" box="[458,572,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFE7AB182FDA8FF19" box="[458,572,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Spalangia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFD5EB182FC04FF19" author="Gibson, G. A. P." box="[750,912,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref11375" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa, 2259 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2259.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Gibson (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and recognition of species using the illustrated identification key is simple and straightforward. The three species listed here, are discussed in Gibson’s revision (2009), which should be consulted for further information and identification of species of
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFB37B1CAFA94FF51" box="[1159,1280,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFB37B1CAFB68FF51" box="[1159,1276,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spalangia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="99212478FFB6FFFFFF77B017FDCCFE5D" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFF77B017FE36FEB5" bold="true" box="[199,418,258,285]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Biological control.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFD96B016FD0CFEB5" box="[550,664,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFD96B016FD0CFEB5" box="[550,664,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Spalangia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the most commonly used biological control agents for filth flies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFF2FB032FF6DFEE9" baseAuthorityName="Noyes" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[159,249,295,321]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFEB4B032FEE7FEEA" box="[260,371,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on animal manure in several countries (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFCC1B032FBD2FEE9" author="Tormos, J. & Beitia, F. & Asisa, J. D. & de Pedro, L." box="[881,1094,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="155 - 159" refId="ref14962" refString="Tormos, J., Beitia, F., Asisa, J. D. & de Pedro, L. (2018) Natal host and learning as factors in host preference by Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Crop Protection, 110, 155 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cropro. 2017.11.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Tormos
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFC7DB032FB92FEE9" box="[973,1030,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references within), where companies mass-rear and sell parasitoids for augmentative biological control, with variable success (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFB4EB05EFE91FE21" author="Machtinger, E. T. & Geden, C. J. & Kaufman, P. E. & House, A. M." pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="16" refId="ref12411" refString="Machtinger, E. T., Geden, C. J., Kaufman, P. E. & House, A. M. (2015 a) Use of Pupal Parasitoids as Biological Control Agents of Filth Flies on Equine Facilities. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 6 (1), 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jipm / pmv 015" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Machtinger
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFA38B05EFF20FE21" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFEA1B07BFEC8FE21" author="Machtinger, E. T. & Geden, C. J. & Leppla, N. C." box="[273,348,366,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="0129105" refId="ref12483" refString="Machtinger, E. T., Geden, C. J. & Leppla, N. C. (2015 b) Linear Dispersal of the Filth Fly Parasitoid Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Parasitism of Hosts at Increasing Distances. PLoS ONE, 10 (6), e 0129105. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0129105" type="journal article" year="2015">2015b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These are polyphagous species, not restricted to one dipteran family, and the same species are known to use
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFE81B086FE24FE05" box="[305,432,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFE55B086FDC6FE05" box="[485,594,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species as hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFCA4B086FC3DFE05" author="Gibson, G. A. P." box="[788,937,403,429]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref11375" refString="Gibson, G. A. P. (2009) Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa, 2259 (1), 1 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2259.1.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Gibson 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with no observed preference for one family over the other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFEF3B0A2FDB4FE79" author="Tormos, J. & Beitia, F. & Asisa, J. D. & de Pedro, L." box="[323,544,439,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="155 - 159" refId="ref14962" refString="Tormos, J., Beitia, F., Asisa, J. D. & de Pedro, L. (2018) Natal host and learning as factors in host preference by Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Crop Protection, 110, 155 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cropro. 2017.11.014" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Tormos
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFE12B0A2FE4FFE79" box="[418,475,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Use of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFD35B0A2FD63FE79" box="[645,759,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Pteromalidae" genus="Spalangia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFD35B0A2FD63FE79" box="[645,759,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Spalangia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. in biological control of tephritids is still restricted, and considered inefficient (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFE29B0CEFDC5FE5D" author="Pena, J. E. & Sharp, J. L. & Wysoki, M." box="[409,593,475,501]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" refId="ref13885" refString="Pena, J. E., Sharp, J. L. & Wysoki, M. (2002) Tropical fruit pests and pollinators. CAB International Publishing, New York, 448 pp." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Peña
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFE68B0CEFD84FE5D" box="[472,528,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D18477F3FFB6FFFFFF77B0EBFBDEFDC9" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="99212478FFB6FFFFFF77B0EBFBFCFDB1" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,609]" box="[199,1128,510,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFF77B0EBFEF5FDB0" bold="true" box="[199,353,510,536]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This is a cosmopolitan species, found in all biogeographical regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="99212478FFB6FFFFFF77B337FBDEFDC9" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFF77B337FE5DFD94" bold="true" box="[199,457,546,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Distribution in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E18964E8FFB6FFFFFE30B337FE5DFD94" box="[384,457,546,572]" name="Brazil" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5E9E5FFBFFB6FFFFFD3EB336FC87FD96" box="[654,787,547,574]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tephritidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). MG (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFCD1B336FBB4FD95" author="Silva, C. G. & Marchiori, C. H. & Fonseca, A. R. & Torres, L. C." box="[865,1056,547,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="1264 - 1267" refId="ref14345" refString="Silva, C. G., Marchiori, C. H., Fonseca, A. R. & Torres, L. C. (2003) Himenopteros parasitoides de larvas de Anastrepha spp. em frutos de carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) na regiao de Divinopolis, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, 27 (6), 1264 - 1267. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1413 - 70542003000600009" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFC14B336FC49FD95" box="[932,989,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), MS (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFBDCB336FAA3FD95" author="Uchoa, M. A. & Molina, R. M. S. & Oliveira, I. & Zucchi, R. A. & Canal, N. A. D. & Diaz, N. B." box="[1132,1335,547,573]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="181 - 186" refId="ref15068" refString="Uchoa, M. A., Molina, R. M. S., Oliveira, I., Zucchi, R. A., Canal, N. A. D. & Diaz, N. B. (2003) Larval endoparasitoids (Hymenoptera) of frugivorous flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) reared from fruits of the cerrado of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 47 (2), 181 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262003000200005" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Uchôa
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFB0EB336FB63FD95" box="[1214,1271,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFAF5B336FE9BFDC9" author="Nicacio, J. N. & Uchoa, M. A. & Faccenda, O. & Guimaraes, J. A. & Marinho, C. F." pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="407 - 419" refId="ref13211" refString="Nicacio, J. N., Uchoa, M. A., Faccenda, O., Guimaraes, J. A. & Marinho, C. F. (2011) Native larval parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of frugivorous Tephritoidea (Diptera) in South Pantanal Region, Brazil. Florida Entomologist, 94 (3), 407 - 419. https: // doi. org / 10.1653 / 024.094.0305" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Nicácio
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFF27B352FF5BFDC9" box="[151,207,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and RJ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFEC9B352FD6BFDC9" author="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L. & Menezes, E. B." box="[377,767,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="589 - 595" refId="ref9638" refString="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L. & Menezes, E. B. (2002) Effect of time of permanence of host fruits in the field on natural parasitism of Anastrepha spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Neotropical Entomology, 31, 589 - 595. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2002000400011" type="journal article" year="2002">Aguiar-Menezes & Menezes 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FD0F5989FFB6FFFFFCB8B352FBD6FDC9" author="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L. & Menezes, E. B. & Loiacono, M. S." box="[776,1090,583,609]" pageId="11" pageNumber="64" pagination="355 - 358" refId="ref9702" refString="Aguiar-Menezes, E. L., Menezes, E. B. & Loiacono, M. S. (2003) First record of Coptera haywardi Loiacono (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) as a parasitoid of fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 32, 355 - 358. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1519 - 566 X 2003000200025" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Aguiar-Menezes
|
||
<emphasis id="ABEAF86AFFB6FFFFFC79B352FB96FDC9" box="[969,1026,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="64">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |