191 lines
18 KiB
XML
191 lines
18 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="46590D9D03028C0EF026235C13684015">The Hawkmoth Fauna of Pakistan (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7DDA54B9CEBDAFCAC84817FA5C6227AA">Rafi, Muhammad Ather</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="154B4892CC59B7988E9675641AFF69CB">Sultan, Amir</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D00E8F26235125F7D52699A49F6509A4">Kitching, Ian J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F615AE9175CEEC38B37D1BF906EF2047">Pittaway, Anthony R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D739D658448C3125E5949949B4B12B76">Markhasiov, Maxim</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0399B9BF8FC6109CEFCBA197D70BE55E">Khan, Muhammad Rafique</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B8F0FB1B3524D438C7E2466F7A2B255C">Naz, Falak</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="04F1A8228A9E24EE82FACA5EA79B49C1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0F30846A20DEB7450A555B1E17342BF8">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1CA2473FB66EB5B08889F16012C8AA91">3794</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E787F841059E6BEBAD47E7FAC0F84B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6134934" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119425211" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6134934" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E787F841059E6BEBAD47E7FAC0F84B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E787F841059E6BEBAD47E7FAC0F84B" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<subSubSection id="C354656541059E6BEBAD47E7FEE3FB77" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41059E6BEBAD47E7FDC2FB0F" blockId="1.[151,893,1157,1254]" box="[151,530,1157,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<heading id="D0B9818241059E6BEBAD47E7FDC2FB0F" bold="true" box="[151,530,1157,1182]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEBAD47E7FDC2FB0F" ID-CoL="66K82" authority="Druce, 1882" authorityName="Druce" authorityYear="1882" box="[151,530,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEBAD47E7FDC2FB0F" bold="true" box="[151,530,1157,1182]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEBAD47E7FEBAFB0F" bold="true" box="[151,362,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Anambulyx elwesi</emphasis>
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(Druce, 1882)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41059E6BEBAD47CBFEE3FB77" blockId="1.[151,893,1157,1254]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEBAD47CBFE5AFB53" bold="true" box="[151,394,1193,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEB8D47CBFE5AFB53" box="[183,394,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEB8D47CBFE5AFB53" bold="true" box="[183,394,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Anambulyx elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEAE547CBFCADFB53" bold="true" box="[479,893,1193,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEAE547CBFD96FB53" bold="true" box="[479,582,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">kitchingi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41059E6BE97647CBFCD5FB53" author="Smetacek" box="[588,773,1193,1218]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" refString="Smetacek, P. (2004) Descriptions of new Lepidoptera from the Kumaon Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101, 269 - 276." type="journal article" year="2004">Smetacek, 2004</bibRefCitation>
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syn. nov.)
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</emphasis>
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Plate 1, Fig. 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354656541059E6BEBAD4677FE34FAC3" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41059E6BEBAD4677FE34FAC3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1301,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEBAD4677FC46FABF" bold="true" box="[151,918,1301,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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Material examined.
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEAB54677FDCDFABF" box="[399,541,1301,1326]" name="Pakistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">PAKISTAN</collectingCountry>
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, [Azad Jammu and Kashmir,]
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</emphasis>
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Rawalakot,
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<date id="FFF0102E41059E6BEF114674FB14FABF" box="[1067,1220,1301,1326]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" value="2000-07-24">24. vii. 2000</date>
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, Abdul Wahab; as previous except, 2001, Zahid.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354656541059E6BEBFD463FFAC0F84B" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF136EE41059E6BEBFD463FFAC0F84B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1301,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEBFD463FFEEBFAE7" bold="true" box="[199,315,1373,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41059E6BEA73463FFDC0FAE7" author="Smetacek" box="[329,528,1373,1398]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" refString="Smetacek, P. (2004) Descriptions of new Lepidoptera from the Kumaon Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101, 269 - 276." type="journal article" year="2004">Smetacek (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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described the population of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BE84C463CFC33FAE7" box="[886,995,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BE84C463CFC33FAE7" box="[886,995,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">A. elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Uttaranchal,
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEF95463FFB3BFAE7" box="[1199,1259,1373,1398]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">India</collectingCountry>
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, as a separate subspecies,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEA2446E3FE3AFA0B" box="[286,490,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEA2446E3FE3AFA0B" box="[286,490,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Anambulyx elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BE97846E3FD74FA0B" box="[578,676,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">kitchingi</emphasis>
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. He noted that many
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BE8A646E3FBF6FA0B" box="[924,1062,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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, including species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEE2446E3FA4CFA0B" box="[1310,1436,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Sphingidae</taxonomicName>
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(but especially the
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEA4B46C7FDD8FA2F" box="[369,520,1445,1470]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Smerinthinae">Smerinthinae</taxonomicName>
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) found along the southern slopes of the Himalaya are generally slightly smaller and paler at the drier northwestern end of their distributions in NW
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BE8A846ABFC1CFA73" box="[914,972,1481,1506]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">India</collectingCountry>
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and northern
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEF5346ABFB18FA73" box="[1129,1224,1481,1506]" name="Pakistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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compared to more eastern populations, that this change is clinal (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41059E6BE990468FFC03F997" author="Kitching" box="[682,979,1517,1542]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" refString="Kitching, I. J. & Cadiou, J. - M. (2000) Hawkmoths of the world: an annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 227 pp." type="book" year="2000">Kitching & Cadiou, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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), and that the situation in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEE3A468CFAB7F997" box="[1280,1383,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEE3A468CFAB7F997" box="[1280,1383,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">A. elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was another case of this phenomenon. However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41059E6BE9B04573FC52F9BB" author="Smetacek" box="[650,898,1553,1578]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" refString="Smetacek, P. (2004) Descriptions of new Lepidoptera from the Kumaon Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101, 269 - 276." type="journal article" year="2004">Smetacek (2004: 275)</bibRefCitation>
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also noted that “the dark dorsal triangular mark on the thorax contrasting with the paler greyish-brown of the sides and the paler abdomen easily distinguish ssp.
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEBAD453BFF29F9E3" box="[151,249,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">kitchingi</emphasis>
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from ssp.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEAB8453BFE18F9E3" box="[386,456,1625,1650]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEAB8453BFE18F9E3" box="[386,456,1625,1650]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which has a uniform dark thorax and a similar dark abdomen”. However, Peter Smetacek (pers. comm. to IJK,
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<date id="FFF0102E41059E6BEAC5451FFDAFF907" box="[511,639,1661,1686]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" value="2013-12-10">10.xii.2013</date>
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) now accepts that the presence of a dark thorax flanked by paler grey tegulae is normal throughout the entire range of the species and that he was misled by both the description in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41059E6BEE5745C3FE9BF94F" author="Bell" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" refString="Bell, T. R. D. & Scott, F. B. (1937) The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Moths. 5 Sphingidae. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London, xviii + 537 pp." type="book" year="1937">Bell & Scott (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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, which incorrectly states “head, thorax and abdomen brown”, and the specimen illustrated in D’Abrera (1987), which appears to have an entirely dark thorax. However, close examination of this specimen from the Khasi Hills, Meghalaya,
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BE92D446FFD83F8B7" box="[535,595,1805,1830]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">India</collectingCountry>
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, shows that the tegulae are nevertheless still slightly paler than the dorsum of the thorax. Examination of the long series of specimens in the BMNH demonstrates that although all specimens do indeed have this character, it is more obvious in paler moths and quite obscure in the darkest. Thus, we do not consider that
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BEA0A4418FE46F803" box="[304,406,1913,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEA0A4418FE46F803" box="[304,406,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">A. elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BEAD7441BFD9FF803" box="[493,591,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">kitchingi</emphasis>
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warrants recognition as a separate subspecies and therefore synonymize it with the nominotypical subspecies.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4E4D6D41059E6BE90F44FFFCD4F827" box="[565,772,1949,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Sphingidae" genus="Anambulyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elwesi">
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<emphasis id="B93AEAFC41059E6BE90F44FFFCD4F827" box="[565,772,1949,1974]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Anambulyx elwesi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known from northern
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<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEF1744FFFB5FF827" box="[1069,1167,1949,1974]" name="Pakistan" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEE3D44FFFA93F827" box="[1287,1347,1949,1974]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEE6844FFFA48F827" box="[1362,1432,1949,1974]" name="Nepal" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEA0844A3FEA8F84B" box="[306,376,1985,2010]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BEAB944A0FE22F84B" box="[387,498,1986,2010]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BE95844A3FD16F84B" box="[610,710,1985,2010]" name="Thailand" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F359767E41059E6BE85844A3FC11F84B" box="[866,961,1985,2010]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="394">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDF4B1F41059E6BE8F544A3FAD4F84B" author="Pittaway" box="[975,1284,1985,2010]" pageId="1" pageNumber="394" refString="Pittaway, A. R. & Kitching, I. J. (2013) Sphingidae of the Eastern Palaearctic. Available from: http: // tpittaway. tripod. com / china / china. htm (accessed 1 December 2013)" type="journal article" year="2013">Pittaway & Kitching, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |