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<mods:title id="3F53CFC6790815329D06D215602FAB2F">Late Pleistocene Red Sea Mollusca: 1. Polyplacophora</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D21D39FFB4395EFF7BF8C5FADCDFF4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3844059" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164035826" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3844059" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D21D39FFB4395EFF7BF8C5FADCDFF4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D21D39FFB4395EFF7BF8C5FADCDFF4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="408" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
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<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB4395FFF7BF8C5FDEFD993" blockId="6.[151,543,1910,1937]" box="[151,543,1910,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<heading id="D08C1B43FFB4395FFF7BF8C5FDEFD993" bold="true" box="[151,543,1910,1937]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB4395FFF7BF8C5FDEFD993" bold="true" box="[151,543,1910,1937]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB4395FFF02F8C5FDEFD993" ID-CoL="7P5XK" authority="Gray, 1847" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[238,543,1910,1937]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Ischnochitonidae" genus="Ischnochiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB4395FFF02F8C5FE7ED992" bold="true" box="[238,398,1910,1937]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Ischnochiton</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB4395FFE79F8C5FDEFD993" author="Gray, J. E." box="[405,543,1910,1936]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="129 - 206" refId="ref32170" refString="Gray, J. E. (1847) A list of the genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 129 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1847. tb 00164. x" type="journal article" year="1847">Gray, 1847</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C361FFA4FFB4395FFF7BF80DFEAED9FF" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB4395FFF7BF80DFEAED9FF" blockId="6.[151,1436,1981,2044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB4395FFF7BF80DFEC3D9DB" bold="true" box="[151,307,1981,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">
<typeStatus id="54C0128DFFB4395FFF7BF80DFF22D9DB" box="[151,210,1982,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB4395FFED6F80DFDAFD9DB" authority="Gray, 1828" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1828" box="[314,607,1982,2008]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Chitonidae" genus="Chiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="textilis">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB4395FFED6F80DFE29D9DB" box="[314,473,1982,2008]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="407">Chiton textilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB4395FFE0CF80DFDAFD9DB" author="Gray, J. E." box="[480,607,1982,2008]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="5 - 6" refId="ref32115" refString="Gray, J. E. (1828) Spicilegia Zoologica; or original figures and short systematic descriptions of new and unfigured animals. Vol. 1. Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., London, 2 pp., pls. 3, 6. [pp. 5 - 6]" type="book chapter" year="1828">Gray, 1828</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB4395FFC4EF80DFBA8D9DA" author="Gray, J. E." box="[930,1112,1982,2009]" pageId="6" pageNumber="407" pagination="129 - 206" refId="ref32170" refString="Gray, J. E. (1847) A list of the genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyms and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15, 129 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1847. tb 00164. x" type="journal article" year="1847">Gray 1847: 168</bibRefCitation>
). For synonymy, see
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB4395FFAABF80DFEA9D9FF" author="Kaas, P. &amp; Van Belle, R. A." pageId="6" pageNumber="407" refId="ref32978" refString="Kaas, P. &amp; Van Belle, R. A. (1990) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Volume 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). Additions to Volumes 1, 2 and 3. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 298 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kaas &amp; Van Belle (1990)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361FFA4FFB5395EFF2BFF2AFEA0DED5" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB5395EFF2BFF2AFEA0DED5" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFF2BFF2AFECBDEB0" bold="true" box="[199,315,153,179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Remarks.</emphasis>
The diagnosis of subgenera within
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB5395EFD25FF2BFCAADEB1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[713,858,152,178]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Ischnochitonidae" genus="Ischnochiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFD25FF2BFCAADEB1" box="[713,858,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Ischnochiton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is based mainly on girdle characters, not detectable in fossil species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361FFA4FFB5395EFF2BFF53FADCDFF4" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC4AC2FFFB5395EFF2BFF53FADCDFF4" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFF2BFF53FE91DEF8" bold="true" box="[199,353,224,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB5395EFE84FF53FE09DEF9" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[360,505,224,250]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Ischnochitonidae" genus="Ischnochiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFE84FF53FE09DEF9" box="[360,505,224,250]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Ischnochiton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most ancient extant genera, with a present-day circumglobal distribution, excluding the northern Atlantic and Arctic Oceans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFCEBFEB6FBFFDF1C" author="Kaas, P. &amp; Van Belle, R. A." box="[775,1039,260,287]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" refId="ref32978" refString="Kaas, P. &amp; Van Belle, R. A. (1990) Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Volume 4. Suborder Ischnochitonina: Ischnochitonidae: Ischnochitoninae (continued). Additions to Volumes 1, 2 and 3. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 298 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kaas &amp; Van Belle 1990</bibRefCitation>
). Beside a questionable record from the Jurassic of
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB5395EFED1FE9AFE55DF40" box="[317,421,297,323]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Germany</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB5395EFE59FE9BFBFFDF40" authority="Fiedel &amp; Keupp, 1988" authorityName="Fiedel &amp; Keupp" authorityYear="1988" box="[437,1039,296,323]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Ischnochitonidae" genus="Ischnochiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="marloffsteinensis">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFE59FE9BFCFCDF41" box="[437,780,296,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Ischnochiton marloffsteinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFCFFFE9BFBFFDF40" author="Fiedel, U. &amp; Keupp, H." box="[787,1039,296,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="49 - 58" refId="ref31812" refString="Fiedel, U. &amp; Keupp, H. (1988) Ischnochiton marloffsteinensis n. sp., eine Polyplacophore aus dem Frankischen Lias. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 62, 49 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02989833" type="journal article" year="1988">Fiedel &amp; Keupp, 1988</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), the genus is present in the Eocene of Europe (
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and
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB5395EFE5EFEFFFDE1DF64" box="[434,529,332,359]" name="Ukraine" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
), the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene of
<collectingRegion id="49BF62CDFFB5395EFC35FEFFFB91DF65" box="[985,1121,332,358]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Washington</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB5395EFB82FEFEFB4BDF64" box="[1134,1211,333,359]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">U.S.A.</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFB20FEFFFF2FDF88" author="Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Bonfitto, A. &amp; Taviani, M." pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="936 - 954" refId="ref30788" refString="Dell'Angelo, B., Bonfitto, A. &amp; Taviani, M. (2011 a) Chitons (Polyplacophora) from Paleogene strata in Western Washington State, U. S. A. Journal of Paleontology, 85, 936 - 954. https: // doi. org / 10.1666 / 10 - 114.1" type="journal article" year="2011">
DellAngelo
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFA8EFEFEFA65DF65" box="[1378,1429,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
. 2011a
</bibRefCitation>
), the Miocene to Pleistocene of Europe (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFD71FEC3FC58DF88" author="Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Bonfitto, A. &amp; Sabelli, B. &amp; Taviani, M." box="[669,936,368,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="45 - 62" refId="ref30734" refString="Dell'Angelo, B., Bonfitto, A., Sabelli, B. &amp; Taviani, M. (2004) Chitons (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) from bioclastic sands of the Ifaty-Tulear back reefs (Madagascar, Western Indian Ocean). Bollettino Malacologico, Supplment 5, 45 - 62." type="journal article" year="2004">
DellAngelo
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFCDCFEC2FC90DF89" box="[816,864,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFC5DFEC3FC1CDF88" author="Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Giuntelli, P. &amp; Sosso, M. &amp; Zunino, M." box="[945,1004,368,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="217 - 242" refId="ref30970" refString="Dell'Angelo, B., Giuntelli, P., Sosso, M. &amp; Zunino, M. (2015) Polyplacophora from the Miocene of North Italy. Part 1: Leptochitonidae, Hanleyidae, Ischnochitonidae and Callistoplacidae. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 121, 217 - 242." type="journal article" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFC1BFEC3FB4DDF88" author="Garilli, V. &amp; Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Vardala-Theodorou, E." box="[1015,1213,368,395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="117 - 134" refId="ref31858" refString="Garilli, V., Dell'Angelo, B. &amp; Vardala-Theodorou, E. (2005) Polyplacophora from the Pleistocene of Kyllini (NW Peloponnese, Greece). Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana, 44, 117 - 134." type="journal article" year="2005">
Garilli
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFBAAFEC2FB86DF89" box="[1094,1142,368,394]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFB24FEC3FF23DFAC" author="Studencka, B. &amp; Dulai, A." pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="257 - 274" refId="ref36528" refString="Studencka, B. &amp; Dulai, A. (2010) Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from the Middle Miocene sandy facies of Ukraine, Central Paratethys. Acta Geologica Polonica, 60, 257 - 274." type="journal article" year="2010">Studencka &amp; Dulai 2010</bibRefCitation>
), Africa (
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB5395EFED5FE27FE52DFAD" box="[313,418,404,430]" name="Tanzania" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFE41FE27FDC0DFAC" author="Davis, A. G." box="[429,560,404,431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="17 - 20" refId="ref30585" refString="Davis, A. G. (1954) Lower Miocene Chitons from Mafia Island, East Africa. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 31, 17 - 20." type="journal article" year="1954">Davis 1954</bibRefCitation>
), Australasia (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFD21FE27FC37DFAC" author="Ashby, E. &amp; Cotton, B. C." box="[717,967,404,431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="209 - 242" refId="ref29153" refString="Ashby, E. &amp; Cotton, B. C. (1939) New fossil chitons from the Miocene and Pliocene of Victoria. Records of the South Australian Museum, 6, 209 - 242, pls. 19 - 21." type="journal article" year="1939">Ashby &amp; Cotton 1939</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFC3EFE26FB2FDFAC" author="Cotton, B. C. &amp; Godfrey, F. K." box="[978,1247,404,431]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="569 - 590" refId="ref30337" refString="Cotton, B. C. &amp; Godfrey, F. K. (1940) Australian Fossil Chitons. In: Handbook, Molluscs of South Australia. Pt. 2. South Australian Museum, Adelaide, pp. 569 - 590." type="book chapter" year="1940">Cotton &amp; Godfrey 1940</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFB06FE26FF23DFD0" author="Beu, A. G. &amp; Maxwell, P. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="1 - 518" refId="ref29463" refString="Beu, A. G. &amp; Maxwell, P. A. (1990) Cenozoic Mollusca of New Zealand. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin, 58, 1 - 518." type="journal article" year="1990">Beu &amp; Maxwell 1990</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB5395EFF0BFE0BFEA4DFD1" box="[231,340,440,466]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFE8EFE0BFDB2DFD0" author="Verbeek, R. D. M. &amp; Boettger, O. &amp; Fritsch, K. von" box="[354,578,440,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="34 - 102" refId="ref37390" refString="Verbeek, R. D. M., Boettger, O. &amp; Fritsch, K. von (1882) Die Conchylien der Mittelmiocaen-Schichten Sud-Sumatra's. In: Die Tertiarformation von Sumatra und ihre Thierreste. Palaeontographica, Supplement III (II Theil), 34 - 102, pls. 1 - 8." type="book chapter" year="1882">
Verbeek
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFE2BFE0AFE08DFD1" box="[455,504,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al</emphasis>
. 1882
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F36CECBFFFB5395EFDBAFE0AFD66DFD0" box="[598,662,441,467]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFD48FE0BFC78DFD0" author="Itoigawa, J. &amp; Kuroda, M. &amp; Naruse, A. &amp; Nishimoto, H." box="[676,904,440,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="171 - 204" refId="ref32464" refString="Itoigawa, J., Kuroda, M., Naruse, A. &amp; Nishimoto, H. (1976) Polyplacophora assemblages from the Pleistocene formations of Boso and Miura Peninsulas, environs of Tokyo, Japan. Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum, 3, 171 - 204." type="journal article" year="1976">
Itoigawa
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFCE3FE0AFCB8DFD1" box="[783,840,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">et al.</emphasis>
1976
</bibRefCitation>
) and the
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFBA0FE0AFB21DFD0" author="Berry, C. T." box="[1100,1233,441,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="207 - 217" refId="ref29365" refString="Berry, C. T. (1940) Some fossil Amphineura from the Atlantic coastal plain of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 91, 207 - 217, pls. 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="1940">Berry 1940</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C7BD7ACFFB5395EFB08FE0BFA85DFD1" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[1252,1397,440,466]" class="Polyplacophora" family="Ischnochitonidae" genus="Ischnochiton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chitonida" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F703DFFB5395EFB08FE0BFA85DFD1" box="[1252,1397,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="408">Ischnochiton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. is the only chiton species reported from deep waters (&gt;
<quantity id="4C8301CAFFB5395EFCEAFE6EFCBEDFF4" box="[774,846,477,503]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
) in the Red Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEAD1DEFFB5395EFBE2FE6EFAD0DFF4" author="Janssen, R. &amp; Taviani, M." box="[1038,1312,476,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="408" pagination="511 - 529" refId="ref32517" refString="Janssen, R. &amp; Taviani, M. (2015) Taxonomic, Ecological and Historical Considerations on the Deep-Water Benthic Mollusc Fauna of the Red Sea. In: Rasul, N. M. A. &amp; Stewart, I. C. F. (Eds.), The Red Sea. Springer Earth System Sciences, Springer- Verlag, Berlin &amp; Heidelberg, pp. 511 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 662 - 45201 - 1 _ 29." type="book chapter" year="2015">Janssen &amp; Taviani 2015</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>