398 lines
64 KiB
XML
398 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="58D9D332990CBC26E591D68BCF5DA98D" ID-CLB-Dataset="31847" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4329.6.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e5f6453-78e1-4fed-831b-a6385cc5cf07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1010145" ID-ZooBank="EC2E87B4-47CB-4F7D-AF86-4EBAB14D1514" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1507884713398" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jeffrey H Robinson" docDate="2017" docId="03A687F30A77FF94FF362D9678034D01" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4329.6.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4329 (6)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Novocrania huttoni" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="523" masterDocId="FF9FFF8B0A62FF82FFA12D017A3A4E5C" masterDocTitle="A review of all Recent species in the genus Novocrania (Craniata, Brachiopoda)" masterLastPageNumber="559" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="522" updateTime="1698469512098" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4A477EC94A894D5FD5433C50CC24EDC6">A review of all Recent species in the genus Novocrania (Craniata, Brachiopoda)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE49A2BE592B1F8B0ADA951E5C5B6572">Jeffrey H Robinson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A61E11B23E8FE294B6E4164123A85BF6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F519C5C05C99D1E5BCAFCD130318246A">
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<mods:date id="3CF1C9C5CC55D244B6BD9F271E772823">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B8777023EF557DD983E591EA095260AD">2017-10-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="042CDF1D17797D649B9014FFF052270E">4329</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03A687F30A77FF94FF362D9678034D01" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6041635" ID-GBIF-Taxon="135435378" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6041635" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687F30A77FF94FF362D9678034D01" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687F30A77FF94FF362D9678034D01" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<subSubSection id="C315656E0A77FF97FF362D96795F4E8F" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF362D9678674EEE" blockId="21.[151,869,151,211]" box="[151,605,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<heading id="D0F881890A77FF97FF362D9678674EEE" bold="true" box="[151,605,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FF362D9678674EEE" ID-CoL="4826Y" authority="(Thomson, 1916)" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[151,605,151,178]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Novocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF362D9678674EEE" bold="true" box="[151,605,151,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF362D967BBE4EED" bold="true" box="[151,388,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Novocrania huttoni</emphasis>
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(Thomson, 1916)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF362DBB795F4E8F" blockId="21.[151,869,151,211]" box="[151,869,186,211]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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Stratigraphic range: Late Oligocene–Recent (Robinson
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FCA42DBA79664E8E" box="[773,860,187,210]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">in press</emphasis>
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||
)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A77FF97FF362C037EEF4CD5" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF362C0378CC4F44" blockId="21.[151,1141,258,403]" box="[151,758,258,280]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<bibRef id="52AFA2130A77FF97FF362C0378CC4F44" box="[151,758,258,280]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="journal volume">
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<year id="FFA777B60A77FF97FF362C037AF74F44" box="[151,205,258,280]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">1873</year>
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||
:
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<title id="F90BDDD30A77FF97FF762C027B444F44" box="[215,382,258,280]" jopScore="0.023809524" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF762C027B254F44" box="[215,287,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Crania</emphasis>
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sp. indet
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||
</title>
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.
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<journalOrPublisher id="51CE3C290A77FF97FE262C0278954F44" box="[391,687,258,280]" jopScore="0.0952381" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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||
Hutton.
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FE7B2C0278934F44" box="[474,681,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z</emphasis>
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||
.
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||
</journalOrPublisher>
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||
, p.
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||
<part id="FFAB9C780A77FF97FD742C0378CB4F44" box="[725,753,258,280]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="volume">87</part>
|
||
.
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||
</bibRef>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF362C2078944F6B" blockId="21.[151,1141,258,403]" box="[151,686,289,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<bibRef id="52AFA2130A77FF97FF362C2078944F6B" box="[151,686,289,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="journal article">
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<year id="FFA777B60A77FF97FF362C207AF74F6B" box="[151,205,289,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">1906</year>
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:
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<title id="F90BDDD30A77FF97FF762C237B044F6B" box="[215,318,290,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF762C237B254F6B" box="[215,287,290,311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Crania</emphasis>
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sp
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||
</title>
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.
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<journalOrPublisher id="51CE3C290A77FF97FEE92C2078744F6B" box="[328,590,289,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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Hamilton.
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FE152C2078724F6B" box="[436,584,289,311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Bull. Col. Mus</emphasis>
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.
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</journalOrPublisher>
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,
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<part id="FFAB9C780A77FF97FDFA2C2078524F6B" box="[603,616,289,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="volume">1</part>
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, p.
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||
<pagination id="B2C6C8110A77FF97FD2C2C2078934F6B" box="[653,681,289,311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="pagination">41</pagination>
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.
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||
</bibRef>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF362C417E584FCF" blockId="21.[151,1141,258,403]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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||
<bibRef id="52AFA2130A77FF97FF362C417E584FCF" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="journal article">
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<year id="FFA777B60A77FF97FF362C417AF74F0A" box="[151,205,320,342]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">1916</year>
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:
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<title id="F90BDDD30A77FF97FF762C4078894F0A" box="[215,691,320,342]" jopScore="0.87799823" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="_" typeScore="344">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF762C407B574F0A" box="[215,365,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Crania huttoni</emphasis>
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Thomson,
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FE7E2C4078B14F0A" box="[479,651,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Trans. N. Z. Inst.</emphasis>
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, 48
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||
</title>
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||
, p.
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<part id="FFAB9C780A77FF97FD772C4178CB4F0A" box="[726,753,320,342]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="volume">41</part>
|
||
, pl. 1, figs.
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||
<pagination id="B2C6C8110A77FF97FCC92C4179AB4F0A" box="[872,913,320,342]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="pagination">1–2</pagination>
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. 1986:
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF762C617BAA4F28" box="[215,400,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Neocrania huttoni</emphasis>
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(Thomson), Lee & Brunton,
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<journalOrPublisher id="51CE3C290A77FF97FD182C5F7E644FCF" jopScore="4.249591" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FD182C5F79B04F29" box="[697,906,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus.</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC382C5F79EB4F28" box="[921,977,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Geol.</emphasis>
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), 40 (4), p. 152. 2001:
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF762C7F7BA64FCF" box="[215,412,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Novocrania huttoni</emphasis>
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(Thomson), Lee & Brunton,
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FD672C7C79AA4FCF" box="[710,912,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC3E2C7C79ED4FCF" box="[927,983,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Geol.</emphasis>
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), 57 (1), p. 5
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||
</journalOrPublisher>
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||
.
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||
</bibRef>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF362CBE7EEF4CD5" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF362CBE7B204F84" bold="true" box="[151,282,447,472]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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Hutton (1873) first recorded the presence of Recent
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FC062CC179CC4F8B" authorityName="Retzius" authorityYear="1871" box="[935,1014,448,471]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Crania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC062CC179CC4F8B" box="[935,1014,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Crania</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FB892CC17EF34F84" box="[1064,1225,447,472]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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. Thomson (1916) described and named the new Recent species
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FD132CE5791F4FA7" baseAuthorityName="Thomson" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[690,805,483,507]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Novocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FD132CE5791F4FA7" box="[690,805,483,507]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">C. huttoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Whangaroa Harbour,
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<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FBCD2CE27EE44FA0" box="[1132,1246,483,508]" country="New Zealand" name="Northland" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Northland</collectingRegion>
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(Lee 1987) and described them as having “fine radial ribs”. Bowen (1968) described specimens without radial ribs. Campbell & Fleming (1981) first recorded its presence in the Sounds of Fiordland. Lee and Brunton (1986) placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FAED2F2A7ADC4C3A" authorityName="Thomson" authorityYear="1916" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Crania" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FAED2F2A7ADC4C3A" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Crania huttoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
in
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FEB62F4E7BAF4C3A" box="[279,405,591,614]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FEB62F4E7BAB4C3A" box="[279,401,591,614]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neocrania</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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Lee (1987) discussed the morphology, ecology, distribution and variability of Recent
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<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FF362F737B594CD5" box="[151,355,625,649]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF362F737B594CD5" box="[151,355,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Neocrania huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FE262F7378274CD6" box="[391,541,625,650]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Lee & Brunton (2001) replaced
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FC322F737E334CD5" box="[915,1033,626,649]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC322F737E334CD5" box="[915,1033,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Neocrania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
with
|
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<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FBE82F737EEF4CD5" box="[1097,1237,626,649]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FBE82F737EEB4CD5" authorityName="Lee & Brunton" authorityYear="2001" box="[1097,1233,626,649]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Novocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="genus">Novocrania</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A77FF97FF662F957F434DDE" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF662F9579194D44" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF662F957B7B4CF1" bold="true" box="[199,321,660,685]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Localities.</emphasis>
|
||
Doherty (1976), Lee (1987), Robinson & Lee (2011) and Robinson (2014a) listed 63 localities where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FF432FB87B6B4C8C" box="[226,337,696,720]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
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||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF432FB87B6B4C8C" box="[226,337,696,720]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
has been collected around
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<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FDDF2FB879224C8D" box="[638,792,696,721]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
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. Previously unpublished localities from
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<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FB792FB87F574C8D" box="[1240,1389,696,721]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FF362FDA7AC44CA8" box="[151,254,731,756]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
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are listed herein (
|
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<tableCitation id="C68D035E0A77FF97FE7E2FDA78064CA8" box="[479,572,731,756]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="51.[151,239,870,893]" captionText="TABLE 7. Novocrania huttoni, N. indonesiensis and N. roseoradiata material examined. Latitude / longitude with a ‘ ~ ’ indicates locality is approximate." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Table 7</tableCitation>
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||
). Localities are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FCDD2FDA79DA4CA8" box="[892,992,731,756]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1992,2014]" captionTargetBox="[291,1308,1437,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[169,1418,1386,1972]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Localities of Novocrania huttoni (red dots), N. indonesiensis (pink square) and N. roseoradiata (yellow rectangle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010151/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
which includes localities of material examined (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68D035E0A77FF97FEB32FFE7B524D4B" box="[274,360,767,792]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="51.[151,239,870,893]" captionText="TABLE 7. Novocrania huttoni, N. indonesiensis and N. roseoradiata material examined. Latitude / longitude with a ‘ ~ ’ indicates locality is approximate." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Table 7</tableCitation>
|
||
) and published localities (Appendix 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF662E237F434DDE" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF662E237B834D67" bold="true" box="[199,441,802,827]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Stratigraphic range.</emphasis>
|
||
Robinson & Lee (2007) noted that fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FC322E227E394D67" box="[915,1027,803,827]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC322E227E394D67" box="[915,1027,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Late Eocene age had been found in North
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FF5C2E467B7E4D03" box="[253,324,839,863]" country="New Zealand" name="Otago" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Otago</collectingRegion>
|
||
, however, Robinson (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FD992E4678434D02" box="[568,633,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">in pre</emphasis>
|
||
ss) assigned that material to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FC182E467E004D02" baseAuthorityName="Joubin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[953,1082,838,862]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Novocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="lecointei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC182E467E004D02" box="[953,1082,838,862]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. lecointei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Robinson (
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FB652E467F214D02" box="[1220,1307,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">in press</emphasis>
|
||
) illustrated Late Oligocene (Duntroonian, 27.3–25.2 Ma) specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FC062E6B7E2D4DDD" box="[935,1047,873,897]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FC062E6B7E2D4DDD" box="[935,1047,873,897]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FBFD2E687EEA4DDE" box="[1116,1232,873,898]" country="New Zealand" name="Southland" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Southland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FB7A2E6B7F4F4DDE" box="[1243,1397,873,898]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A77FF97FF662E8C79614A0B" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF662E8C79614A0B" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF662E8C7B554DFA" bold="true" box="[199,367,909,934]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Ventral valve.</emphasis>
|
||
Hutton (1873, p. 87) described the ventral valve of this species only as “smooth”. Thomson (1916) did not mention the ventral valve at all. Lee (1987, p. 53) stated that the ventral valve “is a thin, flat, organic membrane with little, if any, calcite present.” Robinson (2014a) assumed this species was like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FB442ED47F534DB0" baseAuthorityName="Joubin" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1253,1385,980,1004]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Novocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="lecointei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FB442ED47F534DB0" box="[1253,1385,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. lecointei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and stated that the ventral valve of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FE4C2EF978664A53" box="[493,604,1015,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FE4C2EF978664A53" box="[493,604,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had an organic rostellum and posterior adductor pads. However, since that publication I have been able to examine five dried ventral valves with poorly preserved rostella. It appears that the rostellum is composed of a non-crystalline calcareous material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A77FF97FF6629607F274A9D" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF6629607FA64AC2" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF662960787D4A26" bold="true" box="[199,583,1121,1146]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B488470A77FF97FF6629607B384A26" box="[199,258,1121,1146]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material and
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B488470A77FF97FE0F29607BDB4A26" box="[430,481,1121,1146]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B488470A77FF97FD252963788E4A26" box="[644,692,1122,1146]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material is held in Te Papa Tongarewa, the National Museum of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FF3629877B174AC2" box="[151,301,1157,1182]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1EAE200A77FF97FE9A29877BB54AC2" box="[315,399,1158,1182]" country="New Zealand" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fg7h-t7tk" name="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">NMNZ</collectionCode>
|
||
BR.000069). The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B488470A77FF97FDC1298778AA4AC2" box="[608,656,1158,1182]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality is Whangaroa Harbour,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FC5F29847E484AC2" box="[1022,1138,1157,1182]" country="New Zealand" name="Northland" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Northland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FBDC29877F294AC2" box="[1149,1299,1157,1182]" name="New Zealand" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Lee 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF6629A97F274A9D" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" box="[199,1309,1192,1217]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF6629A97B8A4A9D" bold="true" box="[199,432,1192,1217]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Recent specimens were examined from New Zealand and Australia (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C68D035E0A77FF97FB1929A97F354A9D" box="[1208,1295,1192,1217]" captionStart="TABLE 7" captionStartId="51.[151,239,870,893]" captionText="TABLE 7. Novocrania huttoni, N. indonesiensis and N. roseoradiata material examined. Latitude / longitude with a ‘ ~ ’ indicates locality is approximate." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Table 7</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A77FF94FF6629CD794C4FD4" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF6629CD78874889" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FF6629CD7B634AB9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1228,1253]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The dorsal valves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FDE729CC788F4AB8" box="[582,693,1228,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FDE729CC788F4AB8" box="[582,693,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are highly variable in outline, from sub-circular to sub-quadrate to having five or six sides to irregular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FD8C29EE78894B54" box="[557,691,1263,1288]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
; Lee 1987, figs. 4–7). The dorsal valves vary in profile from being nearly flat to sub-conical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FE61281278184B77" box="[448,546,1299,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12F</figureCitation>
|
||
) to strongly conical, the apex is usually in the posterior third of the valve. The posterior margin is straight or slightly curved. The largest specimen examined was
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A77FF97FBE728367EAF4B12" box="[1094,1173,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A77FF97FB7F28367F144B12" box="[1246,1326,1335,1359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A77FF97FF36285B7AD54B2E" box="[151,239,1370,1395]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" unit="mm" value="6.6">6.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
high (Lee 1987, fig. 14). The valve ornament and colour are highly variable. Specimens from Thomson Sound, Doubtful Sound and Bradshaw Sound, Fiordland may be smooth with fine concentric growth lamellae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FACE287C7AF24BE5" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
) or may have discontinuous fine radial riblets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FD7728A079644BE5" box="[726,862,1441,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12B, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Specimens from the east coast of the North Island have discontinuous fine radial riblets, as originally described by Thomson (1916) for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B488470A77FF97FB6128C47ECA4B81" box="[1216,1264,1477,1501]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens. In populations from Three Kings Islands (Lee 1987, fig 5.5) and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FCFD28E679F4485C" box="[860,974,1511,1536]" country="New Zealand" name="Northland" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Northland</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Robinson & Lee 2011, fig. 5A–C, E–I) some specimens have developed the radial riblets into tiny spines up to 100 µm long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FB282B0A7F234878" box="[1161,1305,1547,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12C, H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fiordland populations may be grey, sometimes with concentric rings of light and dark grey, or mottled brown and white. Populations from East Cape,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FE7E2B53786B4837" box="[479,593,1618,1643]" country="New Zealand" name="Northland" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Northland</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Three Kings may be brown or white or mottled brown and white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FACE2B537AFC48D2" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12E</figureCitation>
|
||
, Ia). The single specimen from off Flinders Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A77FF97FCB32B74794748D2" box="[786,893,1653,1678]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
(exterior partly covered in epibionts) is smooth and light brown. Specimens from Lord Howe Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A77FF97FD5A2B98795848EE" box="[763,866,1689,1714]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
have a smooth but hummocky surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FA8C2B987FAE48EE" box="[1325,1428,1689,1714]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
|
||
) and are various shades of white to greyish-white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A77FF97FF662BE1799249AD" blockId="21.[151,1437,447,2033]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
The dorsal interior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A77FF97FE1E2BE0781548A4" box="[447,559,1760,1784]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A77FF97FE1E2BE0781548A4" box="[447,559,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FD9E2BE178FE48A4" box="[575,708,1760,1785]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 13A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
) is less variable than the exterior ornament. The valve surface is densely punctate. The posterior adductor muscle scars vary in shape from sub-round to sub-oval and lie close to the posterior margin. They may be flush with the valve surface, slightly concave or convex. The anterior adductor slow-muscle scars are reniform to U-shaped with dimples of the anterior adductor quick-muscle scar tucked into the concave side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FEC42A6F7BD449DB" box="[357,494,1902,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 13C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The support structure scars are cresentic in shape and lie laterally of the anterior adductor muscle scars. The small anterior muscle scars are small, sub-oval to teardrop shaped and may be separated and flush with the valve surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FD2D2AB4792C4991" box="[652,790,1973,1998]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 13B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
) or they may be side by side and sometimes on a small raised mound (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A77FF97FE9F2AD97BFE49AD" box="[318,452,2008,2033]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Fig. 13D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), this variation occurs in most populations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A74FF94FF662D96794C4FD4" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
The ventral valve of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A74FF94FE112D98781A4EEC" box="[432,544,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FE112D98781A4EEC" box="[432,544,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is an organic membrane overlying a very thin, patchy layer of a non-crystalline calcareous material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FEDE2DBD7BF54E89" box="[383,463,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
Ib,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FE552DBD78AA4E88" box="[500,656,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 13G, H, I</figureCitation>
|
||
). The non-crystalline calcareous material layer ranges from extensive (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FF3E2DDE7AC94EA4" box="[159,243,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="23.[151,250,1561,1583]" captionTargetBox="[202,1380,221,1513]" captionTargetId="figure@23.[174,1413,195,1539]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 12. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valves. A, F. NMNZ BR. 001497 (Doubtful Sound). A. Smooth valve exterior. F. Lateral view. B, G. OU 43710 (Three Kings Islands) B. Valve exterior with fine radial ribs. G. Close-up of radial ribs. C, H. NMNZ BR. 001485 a (Northland). C. Valve exterior with tiny spines in radial rows. H. Close-up of spines. D. NMNZ BR. 001442 a (Lord Howe Island). Hummocky valve exterior. I. OU 44471 a – b (Three Kings Islands). Two specimens (a & b) attached to a cobble, specimen a shows dorsal valve exterior, specimen b shows dried organic ventral valve membrane with most of the rostellum missing and extensive non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve membrane." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1010155/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
Ib) to very little (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FE652DDE781F4EA4" box="[452,549,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FFB110250A74FF94FE5D2DE1781F4EA4" box="[508,549,224,248]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" value="2013-01">13I</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The rostellum is also composed of the non-crystalline calcareous material overlain by the ventral valve membrane (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FDD92C0578C14F40" box="[632,763,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 13J–N</figureCitation>
|
||
) and there appears to be older layers of the ventral valve membrane interlayered within the rostellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FD342C2679194F1C" box="[661,803,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 13L, M</figureCitation>
|
||
). The single complete rostellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FB3C2C267F234F1C" box="[1181,1305,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 13G, J</figureCitation>
|
||
) appears to have dried out and split. Four dried ventral valves have a partial rostellum, the anterior tip and area where the anterior adductors attach are partly preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FD012C6E79504FD4" box="[672,874,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 13H, I, K–M</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A74FF94FF662C957BF44C44" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A74FF94FF662C957BF44C44" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FF662C957B114FF1" bold="true" box="[199,299,404,429]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Around
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A74FF94FE332C9478104FF1" box="[402,554,404,429]" name="New Zealand" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A74FF94FD922C94789E4FF0" box="[563,676,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FD922C94789E4FF0" box="[563,676,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attaches to the undersides of rocky surfaces, in caves and beneath boulders. It occurs from just below low tide to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A74FF94FD092CB978D54F93" box="[680,751,440,464]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
(Lee 1987). The Australian specimens were collected at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A74FF94FAD32CB67A974FA8" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" unit="m" value="640.0">640 m</quantity>
|
||
(off
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49CBF8070A74FF94FF4F2CDD7B614FA9" box="[238,347,476,501]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A74FF94FE652CDD782A4FA8" box="[452,528,476,500]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
off Lord Howe Island (empty valves picked from shell hash, possibly from shallower water originally).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C315656E0A74FF94FF662F2578034D01" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A74FF94FF662F257B8E4CF4" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FF662F257B014C61" bold="true" box="[199,315,548,573]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
This is the first time that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A74FF94FDD22F2478DC4C60" box="[627,742,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FDD22F2478DC4C60" box="[627,742,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A74FF94FBAC2F257E4D4C61" box="[1037,1143,548,573]" name="Australia" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, thus it can no longer be considered an endemic
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A74FF94FE052F4978064C3C" box="[420,572,583,608]" name="New Zealand" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
species. A specimen figured by Lee (1987, fig. 5.4, AUZ 53) as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A74FF94FA8B2F487FA14C3C" box="[1322,1435,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Eriocraniidae" genus="Neocrania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="huttoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FA8B2F487FA14C3C" box="[1322,1435,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">N. huttoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<quantity id="4CF79B000A74FF94FF792F6D7B194CD8" box="[216,291,620,644]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
depth off Three Kings Islands,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31876750A74FF94FD3C2F6C790D4CD9" box="[669,823,620,645]" name="New Zealand" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
was re-examined and is identified as a specimen of
|
||
<emphasis id="B97BEAF70A74FF94FF362F917B8E4CF4" box="[151,436,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0F4D660A74FF94FF362F917B8A4CF4" authorityName="Helmcke" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,432,656,680]" class="Craniata" family="Craniidae" genus="Valdiviathyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Craniida" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Brachiopoda" rank="species" species="quenstedti">Valdiviathyris quenstedti</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB036E50A74FF94FF662FB578034D01" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
The non-crystalline material in the ventral valve fizzed in weak hydrochloric acid and is thus assumed to be at least partly calcareous.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FE092FD678164CAC" box="[424,556,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Figure 13N</figureCitation>
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shows a fragment of the rostellum with the (dried) overlying ventral valve membrane attached. The non-crystalline material is very fine grained and firm but is scored easily by fine tweezers. The curving fractures (
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<figureCitation id="13342A600A74FF94FE382E1E78204D64" box="[409,538,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="25.[151,250,182,204]" captionText="FIGURE 13. NOvOcrania huttOni dorsal valve interior and ventral valve. A. NMNZ BR. 001442 b (Lord Howe Island). Valve interior. B, C. NMNZ BR. 001485 c (Northland). B. Valve interior. C. Line drawing of muscle scars. D, E. NMNZ BR. 001485 b (Northland, NZ). D. Valve interior. E. Line drawing of muscle scars. F. NMV F 120541 (Tasmania). Valve interior. G – N. OU 44471 a – e (Three Kings Islands). G, J. OU 44471 a. G. Dried organic ventral valve with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum, dried posterior adductor muscle and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. J. Close-up of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. H, K, L. OU 44471 c. H. Dried organic ventral valve with partial non-crystalline calcitic rostellum and thin patches of non-crystalline calcitic material beneath valve. K. Close-up of rostellum showing shapes of anterior adductor muscle scars. L. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcite rostellum. I, M. OU 44471 d. I. Dried organic ventral valve with partial noncrystalline calcitic rostellum and very little non-crystalline layer beneath. M. Posterior side of partial rostellum showing dried ventral valve membrane both overlying and interlayering with non-crystalline calcitic rostellum. N. OU 44471 e. SEM image of fragment of non-crystalline calcitic rostellum with overlying ventral valve membrane." pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Fig. 13J, N</figureCitation>
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) suggest that the non-crystalline material is wet when the animals are alive and that it shrinks and cracks when dried.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |