300 lines
30 KiB
XML
300 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFE6FFE916B8FAC1FBFEF11F" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Artibeus fraterculus Anthony 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="572" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="571" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>583</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6761645" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6761645" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFE6FFE916B8FAC1FBFEF11F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFE6FFE916B8FAC1FBFEF11F" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="572" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1412,1492,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1408,2455,1403,1531]" box="[1412,1492,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<heading box="[1412,1492,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1412,1492,1403,1449]" captionStart="Plate 44: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="87.[142,171,3248,3273]" captionTargetBox="[12,2759,16,3658]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="187. Brown Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus concolor), 188. Honduran Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus inopinatus), 189. Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus fraterculus), 190. Hairy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus hirsutus), 192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aequatorialis), 193. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus jamaicenss), 194. Dark Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus obscurus), 195. Schwartz’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus schwartzi), 196. Great Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus lLituratus), 197. Large Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus amplus), 198. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus planirostris), 199. Rosenberg’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus rosenberg), 200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus watsoni), 201. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus toltecus), 202. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus phaeotis), 203. Gervais’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus cinereus), 204. Andersen’s Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus anderseni), 205. Little Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus ravus), 206. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus aztecus), 207. Bogota Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus bogotensis), 208. Silvery Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus glaucus), 209. Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeus gnomus), 210. Jamaican Fig-eating Bat (Ariteus flavescens), 211. Tree Bat (Ardops nichollsi), 212. Red Fruit Bat (Stenoderma rufum), 213. Wrinkle-faced Bat (Centurio senex), 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat (Pygoderma bilabiatum), 215. Visored Bat (Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum), 216. Little White-shouldered Bat (Ametrida centurio), 217. Cuban Fig-eating Bat (Phyllops falcatus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459039/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">189.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1508,2039,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1408,2455,1403,1531]" box="[1508,2039,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<heading box="[1508,2039,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1508,2039,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2104,2454,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1408,2455,1403,1531]" box="[2104,2454,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<heading box="[2104,2454,1403,1449]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Anthony, 1924" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1924" box="[2104,2454,1403,1449]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2104,2454,1403,1449]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Artibeus fraterculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1408,2455,1403,1531]" box="[1409,2285,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<heading box="[1409,2285,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1485,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1492,1671,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Artibée dAnthony</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1691,1782,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1792,1970,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Peru-Fruchtvampir</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1990,2082,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2090,2285,1468,1489]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Artibeo de Anthony</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1408,2455,1403,1531]" box="[1409,1842,1508,1529]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<heading box="[1409,1842,1508,1529]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1409,1656,1508,1529]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1666,1842,1508,1529]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Fraternal Artibeus</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[2021,2616,1571,2001]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2021,2177,1571,1604]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Anthony, 1924" authorityName="Anthony" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">Artibeus fraterculus Anthony, 1924</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<materialsCitation pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
“Portovelo, Provincia del Oro,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Ecuador" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
;altitude,
|
||
<quantity box="[2215,2316,1651,1684]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" unit="ft" value="2000.0">2000 ft.</quantity>
|
||
[=
|
||
<quantity box="[2367,2457,1651,1684]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="610.0">610 m</quantity>
|
||
].”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[2021,2616,1571,2001]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2022,2274,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">Artibeus fraterculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2503,2609,1690,1723]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Artibeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Molecular analyses suggest thatit is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2063,2209,1769,1802]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsutus">A. hirsutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from central
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2411,2517,1769,1802]" name="Mexico" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. A few authors listed
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2224,2398,1809,1842]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fraterculus">A. fraterculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2060,2245,1853,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">A. jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458975/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" startId="87.[2023,2195,1888,1921]" targetBox="[1407,2000,1585,2002]" targetPageId="87">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[2021,2616,1571,2001]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2023,2199,1888,1921]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Endemic to Pacific coast from W
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2142,2261,1932,1961]" name="Ecuador" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2283,2525,1932,1961]" country="Ecuador" name="Manabi" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Manabi Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
) to W
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2024,2089,1972,2001]" name="Peru" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2112,2186,1972,2001]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Lima</collectingRegion>
|
||
Department).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1411,2623,2012,3146]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1411,1664,2012,2041]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 64-76 (tailless), ear 15-21 mm, hindfoot 12-16 mm, forearm 52-59 mm; weight 30-55 g. The Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat is the smallest and palest species in subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1787,1892,2086,2119]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Artibeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in South America. Pelageis soft and velvety. Dorsal fur is dark gray to grayish brown and has dichromatic appearance, occurring in grayish brown and yellowish brown morphs. Dorsalfuris short (less or equal to
|
||
<quantity box="[2406,2490,2165,2198]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Ventral pelage is pale, with tips of hairs appearing silvery gray, giving a frosted appearance. Basally, dorsal and ventral surfaces of forearm are hairy. Horseshoe of noseleat is free. Wing membraneis blackish gray and extends to near metatarsals. Uropatagium is dark brown and broad (greater or equal to
|
||
<quantity box="[1970,2073,2323,2356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with central notch and slightly hairy and fringed medially. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 2/3 (
|
||
<date box="[2379,2413,2366,2395]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">x2</date>
|
||
) = 30. Crowns of I' are bilobed. Shape of M' is almost triangular in occlusal view, and hypocone is well developed—a character unique to the Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56, with XX/XY sex-determination system.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1411,2623,2012,3146]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1525,2525,2554]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Coastal mangroves, desert scrubland, deciduous and semideciduous forests, disturbed habitats, croplands, and urban areas from sea level to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity box="[2505,2613,2569,2594]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" unit="m" value="2150.0">2150 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat is more common in drier areas (tropical dry forests) and less abundant in wet areas (mangroves).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1411,2623,2012,3146]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1414,1682,2679,2712]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat is a generalist frugivore; its diet is varied and includes fruits of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1811,1945,2722,2751]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Mangifera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Mangifera</taxonomicName>
|
||
indica (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2052,2266,2722,2751]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2290,2419,2722,2751]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Brosimum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Brosimum</taxonomicName>
|
||
alicastrum and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1415,1482,2762,2791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1566,1711,2762,2791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1737,1878,2762,2791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Muntingiaceae" genus="Muntingia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Muntingia</taxonomicName>
|
||
calabura (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2018,2235,2762,2791]" family="Muntingiaceae" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" rank="family">Muntingiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2261,2366,2762,2791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Psidium</taxonomicName>
|
||
guajava and Syzygiumjambos (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1580,1731,2801,2830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Eriobotryajaponica (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2022,2159,2801,2830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2184,2294,2801,2830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Acnistus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acnistus</taxonomicName>
|
||
arborescens and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2509,2622,2801,2830]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Solanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
crinitipes (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1550,1714,2837,2870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1741,1820,2837,2870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Styracaceae" genus="Styrax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Styrax</taxonomicName>
|
||
subargentea (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1997,2167,2837,2870]" family="Styracaceae" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" rank="family">Styracaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2256,2361,2837,2870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2447,2606,2837,2870]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Insect remains have been found in feces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1411,2623,2012,3146]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1416,1550,2915,2948]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat exhibits seasonal bimodal polyestry, with parturition occurring during dry and wet seasons, with peaks in February and May. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1416,1534,2994,3027]" name="Ecuador" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pregnant females were found in October-November and lactating females in July and November.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="572" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[1411,2623,2012,3146]" lastBlockId="88.[170,1378,274,861]" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="572" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1651,3073,3106]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat is nocturnal and appears to be active throughout the night without distinctive peaks. It inhabits natural roosts such as hollow trees, shrubs, caves, termite mounds, and artificial structureslike bridges, churches, houses, gardens, and mines. Parameters of search-phase FM echolocation call taken in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[258,321,353,386]" country="Ecuador" name="Loja" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Loja</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[339,456,353,386]" name="Ecuador" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, included starting frequency of 95-8 kHz (range 89-4-104 kHz), ending frequency of 62-3 kHz (59-2-68 kHz), frequency of maximum energy 74-4 kHz (67-9-84-1 kHz), and duration 1-6 milliseconds; it had three harmonics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459039" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6459039" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459039/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" startId="87.[142,171,3248,3273]" targetBox="[12,2759,16,3658]" targetPageId="86">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="87.[139,2624,3220,3474]" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">
|
||
On following pages: 190. Hairy Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[644,821,3246,3271]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsutus">Artibeus hirsutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 191. Fringed Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1146,1346,3244,3269]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="72" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fimbriatus">Artibeus fimbriatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 192. Ecuadorian Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1712,1938,3241,3267]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">Artibeus aequatorialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 193. Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2287,2504,3239,3264]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jamaicensis">Artibeus jamaicensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 194. Dark Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[421,611,3286,3311]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="574" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">Artibeus obscurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 195. Schwartz's Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[973,1060,3284,3309]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Artibeus</taxonomicName>
|
||
schwartz); 196. Great Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1474,1651,3281,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lituratus">Artibeus lituratus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 197. Large Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1955,2127,3280,3305]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amplus">Artibeus amplus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 198. Flat-faced Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="planirostris">Artibeus planirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 199. Rosenberg’s Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[637,843,3329,3350]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rosenbergi">Artibeus rosenbergi</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 200. Thomas's Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1192,1368,3327,3348]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="576" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watson">Artibeus watson</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 201. Toltec Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1674,1852,3325,3346]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toltecus">Artibeus toltecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 202. Pygmy Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2176,2359,3323,3344]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="phaeotis">Artibeus phaeotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 203. Gervais's Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[262,445,3365,3391]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">Artibeus cinereus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 204. Andersen's Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[814,1010,3363,3388]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="578" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anderseni">Artibeus anderseni</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 205.Little Fruit-eating Bat (Artibeusravus); 206. Aztec Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1773,1947,3359,3384]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aztecus">Artibeus aztecus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 207.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2017,2090,3358,3383]" country="Colombia" name="Bogota" pageId="87" pageNumber="571">Bogota</collectingRegion>
|
||
Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2270,2480,3357,3382]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bogotensis">Artibeus bogotensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 208. Silvery Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[314,489,3405,3430]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="579" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glaucus">Artibeus glaucus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 209. Dwarf Fruit-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[805,985,3402,3428]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="580" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">Artibeus gnomus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 210. Jamaican Fig-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1320,1513,3400,3425]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ariteus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavescens">Ariteus flavescens</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 211. Tree Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1676,1750,3398,3423]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ardops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ardops</taxonomicName>
|
||
nicholls); 212. Red Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2061,2260,3396,3421]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Stenoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="583" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufum">Stenoderma rufum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 213. Wrinkle-faced Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Centurio" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="senex">Centurio senex</taxonomicName>
|
||
): 214. Ipanema Broad-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[565,799,3442,3468]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Pygoderma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="571" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bilabiatum">Pygoderma bilabiatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 215. Visored Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1003,1307,3440,3466]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Sphaeronycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="582" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="toxophyllum">Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 216. Little White-shouldered Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1678,1866,3437,3462]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ametrida" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="583" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centurio">Ametrida centurio</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 217. Cuban Fig-eating Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2164,2339,3434,3460]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllops" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="87" pageNumber="583" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falcatus">Phyllops falcatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="572" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="88.[170,1378,274,861]" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,901,471,504]" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Fraternal Fruit-eating Bats have been found in groups ranging from nine individuals in a termite nest to 709 individuals in an active coalmine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="572" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="88.[170,1378,274,861]" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,519,590,623]" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Fraternal Fruit-eating Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population, and itis unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="88" pageNumber="572" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="88.[170,1378,274,861]" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,324,756,781]" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Albuja (1999), Anthony (1924a), Baker (1979), Carrera et al. (2010), Koopman (1978), Larsen, PA. et al. (2007), Marques-Aguiar (2008a),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[597,657,795,820]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Mena</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Williams de Castro (2002), Novoa et al. (2011), Patterson et al. (1992), Pinto et al. (2013),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[458,554,834,859]" country="Antigua and Barbuda" name="Redonda" pageId="88" pageNumber="572">Redondo</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2008), Salas et al. (2018), Tirira (2012c).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |