200 lines
17 KiB
XML
200 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFE4FFE41641FE1CF84EF882" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ectophylla alba H. Allen 1892" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="569" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="569" updateTime="1658347675726" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6761628" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6761628" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFE4FFE41641FE1CF84EF882" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFE4FFE41641FE1CF84EF882" lastPageNumber="569" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<subSubSection box="[1405,1484,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1400,2479,422,548]" box="[1405,1484,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<heading box="[1405,1484,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<figureCitation box="[1405,1484,422,468]" captionStart="Plate 43: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="79.[122,152,3291,3316]" captionTargetBox="[12,2757,15,3657]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="165. White-lined Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus lineatus), 166. Short-headed Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhainus brachycephalus), 167. Heller's Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus helleri), 168. Matapalo Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus matapalensis), 169. Recife Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus recifinus), 170. Guianan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus guianensis), 171. Incan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus incarum), 172. Slender Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus angustirostris), 173. Brown-bellied Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrriunus fuscrventris), 174. Alberico’s Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus albericoi), 175. Greater Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus vittatus), 176. Choco Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus chocoensis), 177. Thomas’s Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus dorsalis), 178. Bufty Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus infuscus), 179. Darien Broad-nosed Bat (Platyriunus aquilus), 180. Eldorado Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus aurarius), 181. Ismael’s Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus ismaeli), 182. Quechuan Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus masu), 183. Shadowy Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus umbratus), 184. Western Broad-nosed Bat (Platyrrhinus nitelinea), 185. Velvety Fruit-eating Bat (Enchisthenes hart), 186. Honduran White Bat (Ectophylla alba)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459037" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459037/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">186.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1502,1945,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1400,2479,422,548]" box="[1502,1945,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<heading box="[1502,1945,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<vernacularName box="[1502,1945,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Honduran White Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1993,2280,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1400,2479,422,548]" box="[1993,2280,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<heading box="[1993,2280,422,468]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<taxonomicName authority="H. Allen, 1892" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[1993,2280,422,468]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ectophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">
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<emphasis box="[1993,2280,422,468]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Ectophylla alba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1400,2479,422,548]" box="[1402,2478,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<heading box="[1402,2478,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1402,1477,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1487,1669,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Sténoderme blanc</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1690,1780,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1791,2058,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Honduras-Weif3fledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2080,2171,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2181,2290,487,508]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Murciélago</vernacularName>
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hondureno blanco
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1400,2479,422,548]" box="[1401,1755,527,548]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<heading box="[1401,1755,527,548]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1401,1648,527,548]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1655,1755,527,548]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">\/Vhite Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2014,2605,591,624]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[2014,2609,591,1018]" box="[2014,2605,591,624]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2014,2170,591,624]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="H. Allen, 1892" authorityName="H. Allen" authorityYear="1892" box="[2184,2601,591,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ectophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">Ectophylla alba H. Allen, 1892</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[2014,2609,591,1018]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819564475" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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“vicinity of the Segovia River, Eastern
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<collectingCountry name="Honduras" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[2014,2609,591,1018]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<taxonomicName box="[2014,2218,709,742]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Ectophylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alba">Ectophylla alba</taxonomicName>
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has been associated with
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<taxonomicName box="[2016,2158,749,782]" class="Insecta" family="Flatidae" genus="Mesophylla" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mesophylla</taxonomicName>
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, mostly based on their similar fur pattern. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="multiple">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803406/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" startId="85.[2015,2187,827,860]" targetBox="[1399,1992,600,1017]" targetPageId="85">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[2014,2609,591,1018]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2015,2191,827,860]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Lowlands of Caribbean slope in Central America (E
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<collectingCountry box="[2345,2488,871,900]" name="Honduras" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry name="Nicaragua" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry box="[2162,2319,915,940]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, and extreme NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2016,2135,950,979]" name="Panama" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Panama</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[2014,2609,591,1018]" lastBlockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2015,2267,985,1018]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 37-47 mm (tailless), ear 10-15 mm, hindfoot 7-10 mm, forearm 27-8-29-3 mm; weight 5-6 g. Skull is typical of species of Stenodermatinae. Fur is white, and rump and lower belly are pale gray, with gray eye rings. The Honduran White Bat has the most distinctive fur color pattern of any phyllostomid, giving it its common name. Eyes are black. Ears and noseleaf are bright yellow from deposits of significant amounts of carotenoid pigments in the skin, and noseleaf has smooth serrated edge. Ears are moderately large and rounded. Wing membranes are black, except for second interdigital membrane that is translucent; forearms, fingers, and thumbs are yellowish. Dental formula is
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<date box="[2526,2568,1311,1336]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">I 2</date>
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/2, Cl/1,P 2/2, M 2/2 (
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<date box="[1724,1758,1346,1375]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">x2</date>
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) = 28. Upper incisors are conical, and I ave larger than P, with relatively broader bases. Premolars are aciculate, and P, almost touches C, and is smaller than P,. P, is deeply concave posteriorly, with conspicuous heel and cusp. M,is subrounded, with no trace of cusps other than longitudinal ridge in middle of deeply excavate crown. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Sex-determination system is the classic XX/XY.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1403,1515,1578,1611]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Lowland secondary forest with
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<taxonomicName box="[1974,2096,1578,1611]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Heliconia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2118,2321,1578,1611]" family="Heliconiaceae" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" rank="family">Heliconiaceae</taxonomicName>
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) and evergreen forests up to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[1759,1854,1618,1651]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
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. The Honduran White Bat needs high canopy cover and low understory cover to establish roosts. It is considered a tent specialist. Whitish body pelage and yellowish ears and noseleaf might help it to blend in with surroundings during the day, because light that passes through sheltering leaves creates a diffuse yellowish green environment.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1664,1816,1849]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Honduran White Bat feeds almost exclusively on fruits of
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<taxonomicName box="[2544,2610,1816,1849]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
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colubrinae (
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<taxonomicName box="[1561,1706,1855,1888]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
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), which it seeks using its sense of smell. Recently, it has been observed feeding from F schippur.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1538,1934,1967]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Lactating Honduran White Bats leave their young in roosts, and they can return up to six times per night. Young are able to fly at 3-4 weeks of age. In Sarapiqui,
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<collectingCountry box="[1405,1554,2013,2046]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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, young are born in April, and females nurse their young until June. It has been suggested that a second young can be born in August-September.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1403,1635,2092,2125]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Honduran White Bat is nocturnal and roosts during the day. It roosts only in leaves of
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<taxonomicName box="[1741,1861,2131,2164]" class="Liliopsida" family="Heliconiaceae" genus="Heliconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Heliconia</taxonomicName>
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or similar plants (
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<taxonomicName box="[2128,2203,2131,2164]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Musa</taxonomicName>
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spp.,
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<taxonomicName box="[2291,2427,2131,2164]" family="Musaceae" pageId="85" pageNumber="569" rank="family">Musaceae</taxonomicName>
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; seven other species known) at heights of 1-2 m. Leaves are modified to build a “boat-type tent.” Honduran White Bats usually use new leaves (less than 30 days of age) to construct tents.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,2105,2250,2283]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Female and male Honduran White Bats participate in the building of tents. Mean home range is 63-2 ha, and night movements are positively related to distribution of FE colubrinae. Groups are stable, usually made up of one male and several females. When a tent becomes unusable, a group moves together to a new leaf and builds a new tent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1762,2447,2480]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Honduran White Bat has declined at a rate of less than 30% over the past three generations (18 years) due to habitat conversion for urban areas. It almost qualifies as Vulnerable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="85" pageNumber="569" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="85.[1402,2611,1030,2758]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1559,2614,2639]" pageId="85" pageNumber="569">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Allen (1898), Brooke (1990), Galvan et al. (2016), LaVal & Rodriguez-Herrera (2002), Reid (2009), Ripperger et al. (2019), Rodriguez-Herrera, Arroyo-Cabrales & Medellin (2019), Rodriguez-Herrera, Ceballos & Medellin (2011), Rodriguez-Herrera, Medellin & Gamba-Rios (2008), Rodriguez-Herrera, Medellin & Timm (2007), Timm (1982), Villalobos-Chaves etal. (2017).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |