305 lines
32 KiB
XML
305 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFB8FFBB16BFF8A7FDBDFE79" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Micronycteris megalotis" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="494" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="493" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6715183" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6715183" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFB8FFBB16BFF8A7FDBDFE79" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFB8FFBB16BFF8A7FDBDFE79" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="494" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<subSubSection box="[1411,1466,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1406,2486,1821,1954]" box="[1411,1466,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<heading box="[1411,1466,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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||
<figureCitation box="[1411,1466,1821,1871]" captionStart="Plate 35: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="5.[140,170,3304,3329]" captionTargetBox="[27,2763,17,3651]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="1. Californian Leat-nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus), 2. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Macrotus waterhousu), 3. Orange-throated Bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis), 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris minuta), 5. Sanborn’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris sanborni), 6. Schmidts’ Big-eared Bat (Mucronycteris schmidtorum), 7. Yates’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycleris yaltest), 8. Hairy Big-eared Bat (Muicronycteris hirsuta), 9. Brosset’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris brosseti), 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris giovanniae), 11. Matses Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris matses), 12. Litde Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis), 13. Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis), 14. Saint Vincent Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris buriri), 15. Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngii), 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina aurita), 19. Fernandez’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina fernandez), 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina inusitata), 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis), 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina mankomara), 23. Marinkelle’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina marinkellei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458620/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">12.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1482,1886,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1406,2486,1821,1954]" box="[1482,1886,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<heading box="[1482,1886,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<vernacularName box="[1482,1886,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Litde Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1954,2368,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1406,2486,1821,1954]" box="[1954,2368,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<heading box="[1954,2368,1821,1871]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1954,2368,1821,1871]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">
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<emphasis box="[1954,2368,1821,1871]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Micronycteris megalotis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1406,2486,1821,1954]" box="[1408,2485,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<heading box="[1408,2485,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1483,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1493,1710,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Micronyctere oreillard</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1731,1822,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1831,2072,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Kleine GroRohrblattnase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2092,2184,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2194,2324,1889,1910]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Micronicterio</vernacularName>
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comin de Gray
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1406,2486,1821,1954]" box="[1407,1888,1928,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<heading box="[1407,1888,1928,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1654,1928,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1665,1888,1928,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Brazilian Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[2014,2612,1995,2423]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2019,2174,1995,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="J. E. Gray, 1842" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1842" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">Phyllophora megalotis J. E. Gray, 1842</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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“Brazils.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Perequé,
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<collectingRegion box="[2267,2407,2083,2108]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Sao Paulo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2423,2505,2083,2108]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[2014,2612,1995,2423]" lastBlockId="9.[1405,2613,2429,3487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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J. KE. ‘Gray in 1866 first used the current name,
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<taxonomicName box="[2121,2288,2161,2186]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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. Later, G. S. Miller in 1898 described the subspecies
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<taxonomicName box="[2494,2612,2193,2226]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexicana">mexicana</taxonomicName>
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and macrotis. C. C. Sanborn in 1949 extended and revised the genus, restricting
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<taxonomicName box="[2022,2137,2311,2344]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">megalotis</taxonomicName>
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to subgenus
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<taxonomicName box="[2368,2535,2311,2344]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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and considering three subspecies:
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<taxonomicName box="[2491,2605,2350,2383]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">megalotis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[2022,2142,2394,2423]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexicana">mexicana</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2232,2328,2394,2423]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">macrotis</taxonomicName>
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. N. B. Simmons in 1996 suggested that
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<taxonomicName box="[1692,1811,2429,2462]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Crataegus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexicana">mexicana</taxonomicName>
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is not a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName box="[2117,2232,2429,2462]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">megalotis</taxonomicName>
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but a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName box="[2509,2605,2429,2462]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">microtis</taxonomicName>
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, recognizing the latter as a species distinct from
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<taxonomicName box="[2079,2194,2468,2501]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">megalotis</taxonomicName>
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. Under that view,
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<taxonomicName box="[2451,2613,2468,2501]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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was confined to South America and M. macrotis (sensu stricto) from
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<collectingCountry box="[2375,2454,2512,2541]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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to western
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<collectingCountry box="[1407,1552,2547,2580]" name="Nicaragua" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Nicaragua</collectingCountry>
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. B. K. Lim and collaborators in 1999 based on skull morphology, B. F. S. Simoes in 2012 based on morphologic and morphometric data from
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<collectingCountry box="[2383,2464,2587,2620]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, and C. A. Porter and collaborators in 2007 based on phylogenetic analyses did not support the occurrence of a cladogesic event separating these two species. Moreover, some authors suggested that
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<taxonomicName box="[1624,1790,2705,2738]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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(including
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<taxonomicName box="[1966,2062,2705,2738]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">microtis</taxonomicName>
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) comprised a cryptic complex, whose morphological diversity required proper assessment. These authors refrained from making any definitive changes in taxonomy of
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<taxonomicName box="[2060,2222,2784,2817]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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, pending additional studies and resolution of species boundaries. Thus,
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<taxonomicName box="[2027,2171,2823,2856]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">M. microtis</taxonomicName>
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, formerly classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName box="[1504,1666,2863,2896]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phyllophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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, is here considered as a full species. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458626" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458626" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458626/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" targetBox="[1405,1995,2006,2419]" targetPageId="9">
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<paragraph blockId="9.[1405,2613,2429,3487]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1581,2911,2936]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N South America from
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<collectingCountry box="[1936,2073,2911,2936]" name="Colombia" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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to SE
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<collectingCountry box="[2173,2240,2911,2936]" name="Peru" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[2295,2391,2911,2936]" name="Bolivia" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and SE
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<collectingCountry box="[2523,2604,2911,2936]" name="Brazil" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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; also on the Lesser Antilles (Margarita,
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<collectingCountry box="[1950,2073,2942,2975]" name="Grenada" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Grenada</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2089,2212,2942,2975]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[2291,2396,2942,2975]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Tobago</collectingCountry>
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Is).
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</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="494" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="9.[1405,2613,2429,3487]" lastBlockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="494" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1405,1656,2981,3014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="493">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 38-59 mm, tail 10-16 mm, ear 17-1-23 mm, hindfoot 7-4-10 mm, forearm 31-5-36-4 mm; weight 5:5-6-3 g. The Little Big-eared Bat is a small species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1637,1804,3060,3093]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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. Greatest lengths of skulls are 17:5-20-2 mm. Dorsum is brown; one-quarter to one-half of hair bases are pale to white on anterior part of back, whereas hairs on posterior part of back have pale bases comprising one-third to onehalf of each hair. Venter is brown, although color can vary geographically and within populations. Dorsal and ventral hair lengths are 8-11 mm. Forearm is naked. Wings are short and wide, and they are attached to bases of feet. Calcar is longer than foot. Tail reaches center of uropatagium and only tip protrudes freely. Uropatagium and tail are naked. Ears are large, rounded, and connected by transverse band that extends overhead with shallow notch at middle of upper margin of band; transverse bands of females and young males are much reduced. Hair lengths on outside of medial onethird of ear pinna are 5-8 mm, longer than in other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[2300,2466,3454,3487]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="493" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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||
; although there is variation among populations, fur length can help distinguish similar species where they occur in sympatry. Some adult male Little Big-eared Bats have a developed triangular cutaneous fossa behind interauricular band. Noseleaf is small and pointed. Skull is small and slender, rostrum is narrow, and braincase is large, swollen, and elevated above rostrum. Sagittal crest is weak, and mastoid breadth is less than zygomatic breadth. Teeth are robust. I' is large and chisel-shaped, and I? is small. Lower incisors are short, forming continuous row between canines. P* and P* are subequal in length, P,, P,, and P, are about the same size, and in some cases,P, is slightly larger than either P, or P,. Little Big-eared Bats and Common Big-eared Bats (
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<taxonomicName box="[1025,1171,615,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">M. microtis</taxonomicName>
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) have identical chromosomal complement of 2n = 40 and FN = 68.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,293,694,727]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Various habitats such as evergreen and deciduous forests, primary and secondary forests, swamps, clearings, pastures lands, and urban areas up to elevations slightly above
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<quantity box="[380,485,771,804]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,444,812,845]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Little Big-eared Bat is a gleaning insectivore. Detailed studies on natural history and feeding habits of supposedly Little Big-eared Bat were conducted in Central America and
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<collectingCountry box="[575,680,891,924]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but these studies certainly refer to the Common Big-eared Bat. Given the close relationship between these two species,it is expected that feeding habits of both species are very similar. As other insectivorous bats, feeding habitats of the Little Big-eared Bat likely depend on local conditions, such as relative abundance of insects; thus, predation behavior is opportunistic. Studies on the Little Big-eared Bat in South America, certainly referring to this species in its current classification, showed that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[660,834,1128,1161]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[911,1067,1128,1161]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
were the two primary food sources, depending on habitat. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[761,879,1176,1201]" name="Ecuador" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
, lepidopterans dominated remains in a roost in a disturbed habitat (pasture lands), but coleopterans were dominant in remains in a roost at the base of a tree in a primary forest. In Atlantic Forest in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1297,1378,1246,1279]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Little Big-eared Bats preferred species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[780,936,1285,1318]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[989,1165,1285,1318]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[451,618,1329,1358]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
), cicadas (Homoptera), dragonflies (Odonata), and cockroaches (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[374,510,1364,1397]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Blattodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are also common in diets of congeners ofthe Little Big-eared Bat, and some of these groups represent nearly 50% of diets of Common Big-eared Bats in Central America. Although no information regarding prey-seeking strategies of the Little Big-eared Bat is available,literature suggests that most of these insect groups, either diurnal or nocturnal, are noisy and move along the ground or among foliage, and perhaps sounds made by them attract Little Big-eared Bats. Evidence also suggests that the Little Big-eared Bat uses echolocation to find prey. Fruits are important in diets of Little Big-eared Bats; they are known to feed on fruits of banana, guava,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[180,393,1680,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jambos">Syzygium jambos</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,566,1680,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[597,702,1680,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cecropia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[774,931,1680,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Eriobotrya japonica (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1230,1366,1680,1713]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[243,529,1719,1752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paniculatum">Solanum paniculatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[551,710,1719,1752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[773,855,1719,1752]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In Trinidad, they plucked small ripe guavas from a tree while hovering in the air and carry them to a nearby tree to eat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[177,312,1798,1831]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[373,512,1798,1831]" name="Colombia" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[532,679,1798,1831]" name="Venezuela" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[767,1076,1798,1831]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pregnant Little Bigeared Bats have been reported in February-April and June. Lactation has been noted in May-June. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[422,489,1877,1910]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[509,605,1877,1910]" name="Bolivia" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[692,773,1877,1910]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pregnant females have been recorded in February-August and lactating females in June, August, and November. The Little Big-eared Bat might have two reproductive cycles each year, both associated with rainy seasons, but births in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[481,546,1995,2028]" name="Peru" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
were noted in dry and rainy seasons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,409,2035,2068]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Little Big-eared Bats are nocturnal. On bright moonlight nights, they remain in roosts until the moon goes down and will leave roosts c.15 minutes before it is too dark for an observer to see it. Observations suggest that day roosts are also used as feeding roosts. Little Big-eared Bats are slow flying, highly maneuverable, foliage gleaners and capable of hovering. Relative broad wings could produce lift with slower motion. Little Big-eared Bats usually roost under fallen trees; in hollow trees, cavities in standing trees, smaller cavities in branches or roots, small caverns, culverts, crevices in rocks, termite nests; and under bridges, tunnels, and buildings. In hollow trees, they prefer to roost near openings and might also prefer places with someillumination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[175,879,2390,2423]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In South America, Little Big-eared Bats roost with Silky Short-tailed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[738,1021,2434,2463]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevicaudum">Carollia brevicaudum</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Seba’s Short-tailed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[188,386,2474,2503]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="537" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">C. perspicillata</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Little Big-eyed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[718,1014,2474,2503]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatum">Chiroderma trinitatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Common Vampire Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[186,450,2509,2542]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">Desmodus rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), White-winged Vampire Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[917,1144,2509,2542]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngii">Diaemus youngii</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Miller's Longtongued Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[378,678,2549,2582]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">Glossophaga longirostris</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Pallas’s Long-tongued Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1082,1223,2549,2582]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">G. soricina</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Hairy Bigeared Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[340,608,2592,2621]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hirsuta">Micronycteris hirsuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Tiny Big-eared Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[925,1070,2592,2621]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="492" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Greater Spear-nosed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[255,539,2627,2660]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">Phyllostomus hastatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ¥ringe-lipped Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[848,1090,2627,2660]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Trachops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cirrhosus">Trachops cirrhosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Parnell’s Common Mustached Bats (Pleronotus parnellii), Common Black Myotis (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1016,1230,2671,2700]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Myotis nigricans</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Trinidadian Funnel-eared Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[508,610,2710,2739]" class="Mammalia" family="Natalidae" genus="Natalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Natalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tumidirostris), Lesser Dog-like Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1117,1365,2710,2739]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Peropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrotis">Peropteryx macrotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Greater Sac-winged Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[535,680,2750,2779]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saccopteryx</taxonomicName>
|
||
bilineata), and Lesser Sac-winged Bats (S. leptura). Roosting groups of Little Big-eared Bats rarely exceed twelve individuals of both sexes. Observations suggested that they regularly foraged in small familiar areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[174,1224,2863,2896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" box="[174,1224,2863,2896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,523,2863,2896]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="494" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="10.[173,1389,300,3134]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[174,327,2912,2937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="494">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alonso-Mejia & Medellin (1991), Andersen (1906a), Belwood (1988a, 1988b), Brosset & Charles-Dominique (1991), Brosset et al. (1996), Cabrera (1958), Carter et al. (1981), Gardner (1977b), Graham (1988), Gray (1842, 1866c), Hartman (1963), Hershkovitz (1949), Lasso & Jarrin-Valladares (2005), LaVal & LaVal (1980b), Lim, B.K. et al. (1999), Miller (1898a), Morales-Martinez (2017), Nogueira, Peracchi & Moratelli (2007), Porter et al. (2007), Rengifo et al. (2013), Sanborn (1949a), Simmons (1996), Simmons & Voss (1998), Simoes (2012), Voss etal. (2016), Wilson (1979).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |