292 lines
31 KiB
XML
292 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFB7FFB61692FE06FBC4F56C" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Micronycteris minuta" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="491" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="490" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6762004" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFB7FFB61692FE06FBC4F56C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFB7FFB61692FE06FBC4F56C" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="491" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<subSubSection box="[1454,1486,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1452,2431,444,571]" box="[1454,1486,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<heading box="[1454,1486,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<figureCitation box="[1454,1486,444,490]" captionStart="Plate 35: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="5.[140,170,3304,3329]" captionTargetBox="[27,2763,17,3651]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="1. Californian Leat-nosed Bat (Macrotus californicus), 2. Waterhouse’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Macrotus waterhousu), 3. Orange-throated Bat (Lampronycteris brachyotis), 4. Tiny Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris minuta), 5. Sanborn’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris sanborni), 6. Schmidts’ Big-eared Bat (Mucronycteris schmidtorum), 7. Yates’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycleris yaltest), 8. Hairy Big-eared Bat (Muicronycteris hirsuta), 9. Brosset’s Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris brosseti), 10. Giovanni's Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris giovanniae), 11. Matses Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris matses), 12. Litde Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris megalotis), 13. Common Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris microtis), 14. Saint Vincent Big-eared Bat (Micronycteris buriri), 15. Common Vampire Bat (Desmodus rotundus), 16. White-winged Vampire Bat (Diaemus youngii), 17. Hairy-legged Vampire Bat (Diphylla ecaudata), 18. Common Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina aurita), 19. Fernandez’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina fernandez), 20. Uncommon Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina inusitata), 21. Orinoco Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina orinocensis), 22. Chiribiquete Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina mankomara), 23. Marinkelle’s Sword-nosed Bat (Lonchorhina marinkellei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458620/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">4.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1503,1890,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1452,2431,444,571]" box="[1503,1890,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<heading box="[1503,1890,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<vernacularName box="[1503,1890,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Tiny Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1940,2339,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1452,2431,444,571]" box="[1940,2339,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<heading box="[1940,2339,444,490]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1940,2339,444,490]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">
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<emphasis box="[1940,2339,444,490]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Micronycteris minuta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1452,2431,444,571]" box="[1453,2430,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<heading box="[1453,2430,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1529,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1539,1733,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Micronyctere menu</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1754,1845,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1854,2088,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">ZwerggroRohrblattnase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2108,2200,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2210,2340,509,530]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Micronicterio</vernacularName>
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menudo
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1452,2431,444,571]" box="[1453,1981,547,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<heading box="[1453,1981,547,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1700,547,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1706,1981,547,568]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">White-bellied Big-eared Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[2062,2658,617,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2063,2219,617,650]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="P. Gervais" authorityName="P. Gervais" box="[2232,2656,617,650]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Schizostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutum">Schizostoma minutum P. Gervais</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation box="[2102,2326,660,689]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Castelnau, 1856</treatmentCitation>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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“Capella-Nova,”
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<collectingRegion country="Brazil" name="Minas Gerais" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Minas Gerais</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2170,2252,699,728]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[2062,2658,617,1044]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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In 1900, J. A. Allen described the species M. hypoleuca with type locality of Bonda, Santa Marta,
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<collectingCountry box="[2270,2409,818,847]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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. Later, in 1949, C. C. Sanborn suggested that M. hypoleuca could be recognized as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[2063,2208,936,965]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="492" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
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. In 1996, N. B. Simmons confirmed that
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[2231,2371,971,1004]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
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includes M. hypoleuca, after examining holotype of the latter.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1436,2654,1057,3488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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Meanwhile, in 1967, P. Pirlot described
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<taxonomicName box="[2013,2270,1057,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="megalotis" subSpecies="homezi">M. megalotis homezi</taxonomicName>
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, based on three specimens from the north-western region of Maracaibo,
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<collectingCountry box="[2105,2252,1088,1121]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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. Simmons and R. S. Voss in 1998 elevated
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<taxonomicName box="[1658,1825,1128,1161]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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homezi to a full species. J. Ochoa and J]. Sanchez in 2005 showed that development of a cutaneous fossa behind interauricular band also exists in other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1732,1899,1215,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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such as
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[2029,2173,1215,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="492" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[2194,2342,1215,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">M. microtis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2429,2596,1215,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
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but with distinct degrees of development. As a consequence, M. homezi was considered a Junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1713,1854,1285,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
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. Finally, C. A. Porter and collaborators in 2007, based on phylogenetic analysis, recognized four primary lineages within
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<taxonomicName box="[2328,2495,1325,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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, proposing them as subgenera. The new subgenus Schizonycteris includes
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[2326,2469,1373,1398]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schmidtorum">M. schmidtorum</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[1579,1735,1408,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanborni">M. sanborni</taxonomicName>
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. In concordance with this work, L.. Siles and collaborators in 2013 suggested that
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="P. Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1658,1799,1443,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="492" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minuta">M. minuta</taxonomicName>
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might have underestimated or cryptic diversity. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458608" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458608" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458608/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" targetBox="[1448,2038,622,1035]" targetPageId="6">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1436,2654,1057,3488]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1446,1623,1482,1515]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widely distributed in Central and South America, from extreme E
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<collectingCountry name="Guatemala" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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(Sierra del Caral) and
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<collectingCountry box="[1841,1981,1526,1555]" name="Honduras" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Honduras</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[2028,2167,1526,1555]" name="Colombia" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2180,2327,1526,1555]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, the Guianas,
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<collectingCountry box="[2527,2645,1526,1555]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry box="[1475,1542,1563,1592]" name="Peru" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Peru</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1559,1641,1563,1592]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1719,1815,1563,1592]" name="Bolivia" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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; also on
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<collectingCountry box="[1939,2061,1563,1592]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="491" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="6.[1436,2654,1057,3488]" lastBlockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="491" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1446,1699,1605,1634]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.42-58 mm, tail 7-15 mm, ear 17-24 mm, hindfoot 7-14 mm, forearm 31-3-40-5 mm; weight 5-8-5 g. The Tiny Big-eared Bat is one of the smaller species of
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<taxonomicName box="[1752,1920,1680,1713]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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. Greatest lengths of skulls are 17-3-21-9 mm. Dorsal pelage is pale brown to blackish brown, with pale white bases comprising one-half to two-thirds of hair length in most individuals. Hairs near shoulders are 4-8 mm long. Ventral fur is gray-brown or gray to almost white, although rarely true white as seen in Sanborn’s Big-eared Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1851,2018,1837,1870]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sanborni">M. sanborni</taxonomicName>
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). Pelage of the Tiny Big-eared Batis slightly buffy or hazel on sides, with pale white bases comprising one-fourth to one-half of hair length. Ventral fur clearly contrasts with dorsal fur. Hairs of underparts are 3-5 mm long. Some specimens from
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<collectingCountry box="[1841,1920,1956,1989]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1990,2109,1956,1989]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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have variations of orange tones in ventral fur. There is a report of a completely albino female in a group offive individuals caught in San José,
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<collectingCountry box="[1717,1863,2035,2068]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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in 2004. Uropatagium and base oftail are naked. Wings are relatively short, and membranes are attached on ankles or extremity oftibias. Second phalanx of fourth digit is subequal to first phalanx. Tail slightly protrudes from upper section of uropatagium. Calcar is mostly shorter than foot, sometimes similar in length. Upperlip has a few white translucent hairs, in contrast to other members of the subgenus that lack them entirely. As other species of
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<taxonomicName box="[2206,2373,2232,2265]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Micronycteris</taxonomicName>
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, ears are large and rounded, and they are connected across head by relatively high interauricular band with deep central notch that divides membrane into two notorious triangular skin lappets with naked swollen borders. Anterior surfaces of lappets have short and dense fur; posterior surfaces have distinguishable tufts of hairs. Hairs on medial border of pinna are short (less than
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<quantity box="[1723,1804,2434,2463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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) and dense. Male Tiny Big-eared Bats have cutaneous fossa behind interauricular band; this structure resembles a depression in the head, with an internal semicircular surface (4-5 mm diameter), formed by smooth, naked and translucent membranous surface and surrounded by thick cutaneous edge, sometimes with wrinkled appearance. Peripheral dense and stiff hairs are directed to center of fossa. Developmentof fossa apparently is related to age. In young males, stage one of development is characterized by cutaneousfossa with inconspicuous border with fringe of soft hairs; interauricular band shows modest development, with naked and moderately swollen lappets. Stage two of development is characterized by better-defined border of fossa, mostly naked, with fringe ofstiff, coarse, whitish, 4-5 mm long hairs. In stage three of development, fossa shows maximum depth and extension due to high growth of surrounding border, which also develops small wrinkles or folds on its anterior surface; hairs are also stiff, coarse, whitish, and 4-5 mm long. In this last stage, interauricular band is highly hypertrophied, with skin lappets c¢.
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<quantity box="[2241,2318,2942,2975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and thick border that is a prolongation of interauricular band and whosetissue contains cartilaginous plaque and striated muscle fibers, suggesting capability of movement, control of fossa inner surface exposure, and regulation of sebaceous substances. Histological analysis of posterior fossa revealed that it has no sebaceous cells; interauricular band is responsible for production of glandular substances. Gradual hypertrophy of band would result from accumulation of sebaceous cells. Ochoa and Sanchez in 2005 suggested that these secretions were related to differential social interactions and male hierarchy. Skull is narrow and elongated; braincase is domed, with little or no development of sagittal crest. Mastoid breadth is greater than zygomatic breadth in most specimens. Dental formula of all species of Micronyeterisis 1.2/2, C 1/1, P 2/5. M 3/3 (
|
||
<date box="[2513,2547,3340,3369]" pageId="6" pageNumber="490">x2</date>
|
||
) = 34. Shape and presence of lobes in upperincisor of the Tiny Big-eared Bat are variable, although mostly bilobed; lower incisors are small and bilobed. To preserve phylogenetic information ofteeth,letter-number symbols are used; for example,in this genus, positional upperfirst premolaris noted as P?, given that original P' is considered a missing tooth during diversification of the group. P? is visibly shorter than the P*—about the same height in the Little Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[701,865,378,411]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">M. megalotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the Common Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[146,299,418,451]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="494" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microtis">M. microtis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); P, slightly larger and taller than P,; and P,is tiny, much smaller than P, and P,. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 50 or 52.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,244,497,530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Mostly evergreen, dry, and deciduous tropical forests from low to mid-elevations (less than
|
||
<quantity box="[365,468,536,569]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600 m</quantity>
|
||
) and more frequently below
|
||
<quantity box="[895,986,536,569]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Tiny Big-eared Bat also occurs near streams and in swampy areas, cloud forests, orchards, pastures, clearings, croplands (banana groves), yards, lawns, and gardens in the vicinity of human settlings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,401,694,727]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Tiny Big-eared Bat is a gleaning insectivore. Its diet is composed of insects, predominantly
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[606,760,733,766]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[781,938,733,766]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1025,1201,733,766]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Analyses from stomach contents in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[514,663,773,806]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[739,851,773,806]" name="Panama" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
detected vegetative material, so it has been suggested that fruits can be important food items.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[134,268,855,884]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[525,606,855,884]" name="Brazil" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, pregnant Tiny Big-eared Bats were caught in September and one lactating female in February. In Trinidad, one pregnant female, two lactating females, and two females nursing young were caught in May. There are also records of pregnant females in March, one containing a
|
||
<quantity box="[972,1065,970,1003]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" unit="mm" value="17.0">17mm</quantity>
|
||
embryo, and a reproductively active male in July in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[627,776,1009,1042]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There are records from
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1140,1275,1009,1042]" name="Suriname" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
of a lactating female and a reproductive male in September.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[133,888,1089,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" box="[133,888,1089,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[133,368,1089,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Tiny Big-eared Bat is nocturnal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[135,850,1127,1160]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Tiny Big-eared Bat has been found in large caves with Seba’s Short-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[845,1118,1167,1200]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">Carollia perspicillata</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Little Bigeyed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[281,581,1206,1239]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chiroderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trinitatum">Chiroderma trinitatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Woolly False Vampire Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1324,1206,1239]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chrotopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">Chrotopterus auritus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Common Vampire Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[532,792,1246,1279]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">Desmodus rotundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the White-winged Vampire Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Diaemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngii">Diaemus youngii</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[727,1007,1285,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">Glossophaga soricina</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Handley’s Nectar Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[147,447,1325,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="handleyi">Lonchophylla handleyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Little Big-eared Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[840,1146,1325,1358]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Micronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megalotis">Micronycteris megalotis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the Greater Spear-nosed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[385,673,1368,1397]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">Phyllostomus hastatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Parnell’s Common Mustached Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1206,1341,1368,1397]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pteronotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
parnellii), and Wagner’s Lesser Mustached Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[828,1007,1404,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="personatus">P. personatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
). It has been recorded in hollow trees roosting with Greater Sac-winged Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[922,1176,1443,1476]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Saccopteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptura">Saccopteryx leptura</taxonomicName>
|
||
), Little Bigeared Bats, Heller's Broad-nosed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[678,927,1486,1515]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Platyrrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="helleri">Platyrrhinus helleri</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and Seba’s Short-tailed Bats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[137,1187,1522,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" box="[137,1187,1522,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[137,485,1522,1555]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="491" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[132,1343,299,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[137,290,1570,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1900), Andersen (1906a), Ascorra, Wilson & Romo (1991), Baker (1973), Brosset & Charles-Dominique (1991), Feijo,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[512,575,1614,1635]" country="Uruguay" name="Rocha" pageId="7" pageNumber="491">Rocha</collectingRegion>
|
||
& Ferrari (2015), Fleming et al. (1972), Gamba-Rios (2010), Gardner (1977b), Gardner et al. (1970), Genoways & Williams (1979), Goodwin & Greenhall (1961), Graham (1988), Handley (1976), Larsen et al. (2011), Lopez-Gonzéalez (1988a), Nogueira, Peracchi & Moratelli (2007), Ochoa & Sanchez (2005), Pérez-Consuegra et al. (2017), Pirlot (1967), Porter et al. (2007), Rengifo et al. (2013), Sanborn (1949a), Siles et al. (2013), Simmons (1996), Simmons & Voss (1998), Simmons et al. (2002), Simoes (2012), Teixeira & Peracchi (1996), Whitaker & Findley (1980), Williams & Genoways (1980a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |