252 lines
22 KiB
XML
252 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFACFFAF16B3F2A3FC52F928" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Leptonyctenis curasoae G. S. Miller 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="514" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="513" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727126" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727126" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFACFFAF16B3F2A3FC52F928" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFACFFAF16B3F2A3FC52F928" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="514" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<subSubSection box="[1423,1481,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[1421,2518,3353,3479]" box="[1423,1481,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<heading box="[1423,1481,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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||
<figureCitation box="[1423,1481,3353,3399]" captionStart="Plate 37: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="27.[133,163,3312,3337]" captionTargetBox="[24,2766,17,3654]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="47. Insular Single-leat Bat (Monophyllus plethodon), 48. Leach’s Single-leat Bat (Monophyllus redmani), 49. Commissaris’s L. ong-tongued Bat (Glossophaga commissaris), 50. Western Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga morenoi), 51. Gray's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga leachii), 52. Miller's Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga longirostris), 53. Pallas’s Long-tongued Bat (Glossophaga soricina), 54. Southern LLong-nosed Bat (Leptonyctenis curasoae), 55. Greater Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris nivalis), 56. Lesser Long-nosed Bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae), 57. Antillean Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla cavernarum), 58. Cuban Fruit-eating Bat (Brachyphylla nana), 59. Jamaican Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris aphylla), 60. Cuban Flower Bat (Phyllonycteris poeyi), 61. Brown Flower Bat (Erophylla bombifrons), 62. Buffy Flower Bat (Erophylla sezekorni)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458756" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458756/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">54.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1498,2036,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[1421,2518,3353,3479]" box="[1498,2036,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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||
<heading box="[1498,2036,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<vernacularName box="[1498,2036,3353,3399]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Southern LLong-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2086,2502,3354,3400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1421,2518,3353,3479]" box="[2086,2502,3354,3400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<heading box="[2086,2502,3354,3400]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1900" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1900" box="[2086,2502,3354,3400]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonyctenis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="513" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curasoae">
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<emphasis box="[2086,2502,3354,3400]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Leptonyctenis curasoae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="513" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[1421,2518,3353,3479]" box="[1423,2517,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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||
<heading box="[1423,2517,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1423,1499,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1508,1759,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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Leptonyctéere de
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<collectingCountry box="[1679,1759,3418,3439]" name="Curaçao" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Curacao</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1779,1870,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1879,2145,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Curacao-Blutenfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2166,2257,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2267,2397,3418,3439]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Leptonicterio</vernacularName>
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de
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<collectingCountry box="[2437,2517,3418,3439]" name="Curaçao" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Curacao</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="29.[1421,2518,3353,3479]" box="[1422,1949,3457,3478]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<heading box="[1422,1949,3457,3478]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1422,1669,3457,3478]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1679,1949,3457,3478]" pageId="29" pageNumber="513">Curacaoan Long-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[775,1367,287,713]" lastBlockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="reference_group">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[775,928,287,320]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="G. S. Miller, 1900" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curasoae">Leptonycteris curasoae G. S. Miller, 1900</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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“
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<collectingCountry box="[910,1027,335,360]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Curacao</collectingCountry>
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, West Indies.” Restricted by M. W. Lyon and W. H. Osgood in 1909 to “Willemstad,
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<collectingCountry box="[994,1111,409,438]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Curacao</collectingCountry>
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, West Indies.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="discussion">
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<taxonomicName box="[776,1059,444,477]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curasoae">Leptonycteris curasoae</taxonomicName>
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is the only allopatric species of
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<taxonomicName box="[929,1092,484,517]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptonycteris</taxonomicName>
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. Its nomenclatural history influenced knowledge of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curasoae">L. curasoae</taxonomicName>
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, given that
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<taxonomicName box="[1008,1204,563,596]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yerbabuenae">L. yerbabuenae</taxonomicName>
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with a distribution in south-western
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<collectingCountry box="[1167,1231,607,636]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1253,1358,607,636]" name="Mexico" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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, and Central America, was considered part of
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<taxonomicName box="[814,963,680,713]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curasoae">L. curasoae</taxonomicName>
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for enough time for studies to be published under this name. Monotypic.
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</subSubSection>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458706" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458706" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458706/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" targetBox="[160,751,296,710]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,336,759,792]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Dry tropical areas of N & W
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<collectingCountry box="[738,877,759,792]" name="Colombia" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, N & W
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<collectingCountry box="[990,1135,759,792]" name="Venezuela" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(including Margarita I), and
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<collectingCountry box="[354,642,802,831]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Netherlands Antilles</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[664,753,802,831]" name="Aruba" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Aruba</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[770,888,802,831]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Curacao</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[967,1077,802,831]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
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Is).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,407,838,871]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 75-84 mm (no external tail), ear 16-18 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm, forearm 51-55 mm; weight 21-26 g. The Southern [Long-nosed Bat is a medium-sized phyllostomid, large for a New World nectarfeeding bat and small for the genus
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<taxonomicName box="[252,411,956,989]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Leptonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptonycteris</taxonomicName>
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. Dorsum is pale brown to cinnamon-brown, with paler venter. Adult pelage is dense and short. Ears and wing membranes are dark brown. Face and snout are slightly elongated, and tongue is long, with hair-like papillae on its tip. Noseleaf small and triangular, and ears are small and broad. Lowerlip has V-shaped groove. Tail is minute and often overlooked. Uropatagium is narrow and almost completely naked Calcar is short. Third phalanx ofthird finger is shorter than
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<quantity box="[1008,1106,1153,1186]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
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. Zygomatic arches are slender but complete. Dental formula of all species of Leptonycterisis 1 2/2, C 1/ P2/3,M2/2 (
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<date box="[362,395,1231,1264]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">x2</date>
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) = 30.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1344,1362,1035,1068]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">is</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1357,1361,1114,1147]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1339,1362,1193,1226]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">1,</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,269,1276,1305]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Semiarid and arid habitats, subject to annual fluctuations in temperature rainfall, or both, in thorn forest, spiny scrublands, cardon cactus forests, xeric scrub and tropical dry forests usually at elevations below
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<quantity box="[870,955,1351,1384]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
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but up to ¢.
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<quantity box="[1123,1232,1351,1384]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1356,1361,1276,1305]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">,</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1356,1361,1316,1345]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">,</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,427,1390,1423]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Southern Long-nosed Bat feeds on nectar, pollen, and soft fruits of species of
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<taxonomicName box="[430,572,1434,1463]" family="Cactaceae" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" rank="family">Cactaceae</taxonomicName>
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||
,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[589,783,1434,1463]" family="Asparagaceae" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[801,996,1434,1463]" family="Bombacaceae" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" rank="family">Bombacaceae</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1015,1236,1434,1463]" family="Convolvulaceae" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" rank="family">Convolvulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Leguminosae. It lands on flowers or might hover for short periods to feed. More than 70% of ingested pollen grainsis assimilated and defecated empty, which gives it the most effective pollen digestibility index among bats. Diet is composed primarily of nectar and pollen of columnar cacti such as
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<taxonomicName box="[791,931,1587,1620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stenocereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Stenocereus</taxonomicName>
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||
griseus,
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<taxonomicName box="[1043,1191,1587,1620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Pilosocereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pilosocereus</taxonomicName>
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lanuginosus and
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<taxonomicName box="[226,306,1635,1660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Cereus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cereus</taxonomicName>
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horrispinus, among others, and several trees such as
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1067,1134,1635,1660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
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pentandra,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Pseudobombax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudobombax</taxonomicName>
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septenatum, and Bombacopsis fendleri (all
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<taxonomicName box="[841,993,1666,1699]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
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||
). Seventy to 100% offecal samples in
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<collectingCountry box="[318,463,1706,1739]" name="Venezuela" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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had pollen of columnar cacti, and 66% had pollen of papaya (
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<taxonomicName box="[169,256,1745,1778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carica</taxonomicName>
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papaya,
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<taxonomicName box="[379,538,1745,1778]" family="Caricaceae" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" rank="family">Caricaceae</taxonomicName>
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). The Southern Long-nosed Bat also eats pollen of
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" genus="Agave" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Asparagaceae">Agave (Asparagaceae)</taxonomicName>
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and other plants. Females increase ingestion of pollen and nectar when they are lactating. Pollen composition in diets varies seasonally, related to the flowering patterns of plants in the area. Southern Long-nosed Bats are important pollinators of cacti and agaves in xerophytic habitats and Andean arid zones.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1355,1360,1587,1620]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">,</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[155,290,1943,1976]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Female Southern Long-nosed Bats give birth to one young. Mating system is apparently polygynous. In northern
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<collectingCountry box="[702,849,1982,2015]" name="Venezuela" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Southern Long-nosed Bats mate in November-December and births peak in May, synchronized with onset of flowering season of columnar cacti. Lactation lasts c.2 months. Males create sebaceous patch on their backs where they deposit saliva, feces, urine, and other products and byproducts smearing themselves until an area of center of back appears oily and is smelly. This patch attracts females, and males with the most symmetrical patch tend to have fewer ectoparasites and presumably greater reproductive success.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1354,1359,2101,2134]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">,</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,393,2258,2291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Southern Long-nosed Bats tend to leave their roosts after sunset Because of their pollinivorous habits, they need to visit many flowers on many different cacti, trees, or agaves to fulfill energetic requirements. This means that they spend long periods flying each night. They roost in caves that are usually hot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" box="[1354,1358,2258,2291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">.</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[154,829,2416,2449]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies of Southern Long-nosed Bats can contain up to several thousand individuals, sexually segregated. Direct and indirect evidence indicates thatit is migratory, but not all subpopulations migrate annually. They share their roosts with many other bat species including mormoopids, phyllostomids, and noctilionids. Southern Long-nosed Bats can move between the islands of
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1213,1300,2583,2608]" name="Aruba" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Aruba</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[302,416,2614,2647]" name="Curaçao" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Curacao</collectingCountry>
|
||
and also to the Venezuelan state of Falcon on the mainland. Longest distance moved between captures (weeks apart) was
|
||
<quantity box="[873,956,2653,2686]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="30" pageNumber="514" unit="km" value="78.0">78 km</quantity>
|
||
between
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1088,1196,2653,2686]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1266,1354,2653,2686]" name="Aruba" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Aruba</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[154,501,2693,2726]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Rapid development of native habitats of the Southern Long-nosed Bat, particularly along coasts, is the primary threat, and most ofits distribution is under protection.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="514" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[152,1366,719,2924]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[154,308,2820,2845]" pageId="30" pageNumber="514">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Arita & Humphrey (1988), Cole & Wilson (2006a), Handley (1976), Lyon & Osgood (1909), Martino, Aranguren & Arends (2002), Martino, Arends & Aranguren (1998), Munoz-Romo et al. (2011), Petit (1997), Sanchez & Cadena (1999), Simal et al. (2015), Smith & Genoways (1974).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |