194 lines
18 KiB
XML
194 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFA6FFA61642FEB1F6E0F8E4" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Phyllostomus hastatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="507" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="507" updateTime="1657123119086" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6727094" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196400335" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6727094" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFA6FFA61642FEB1F6E0F8E4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFA6FFA61642FEB1F6E0F8E4" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<subSubSection box="[1406,1463,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1405,2455,267,353]" box="[1406,1463,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[1406,1463,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<figureCitation box="[1406,1463,267,313]" captionStart="Plate 36: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="17.[137,167,3288,3313]" captionTargetBox="[23,2765,17,3655]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="24. Long-legged Bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum), 25. Fringe-lipped Bat (Trachops cirrhosus), 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum), 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani), 28. Koepcke’s Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae), 29. Kalko’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae), 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense), 31. Carriker’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri), 32. Schulz’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi), 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale), 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis), 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola), 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens), 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila), 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops), 39. Pale Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolor), 40. Lesser Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus), 41. Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), 42. Guianan Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus latifolius), 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus), 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennettii), 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae), 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458675/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">41.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1482,1991,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1405,2455,267,353]" box="[1482,1991,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[1482,1991,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<vernacularName box="[1482,1991,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Greater Spear-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2059,2455,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1405,2455,267,353]" box="[2059,2455,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[2059,2455,267,313]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[2059,2455,267,313]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">
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<emphasis box="[2059,2455,267,313]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Phyllostomus hastatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1406,2284,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1405,2455,267,353]" box="[1406,2284,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[1406,2284,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1481,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1491,1680,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Grand Phyllostome</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1701,1792,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1801,1989,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Grof3e Lanzennase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2010,2102,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[2112,2207,331,352]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Filostoma</vernacularName>
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grande
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2018,2615,402,825]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2018,2174,402,431]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Pallas, 1767" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2191,2604,402,431]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">Vespertilio hastatus Pallas, 1767</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819564409" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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“Amérique,” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1904 to
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<collectingCountry box="[2133,2271,480,509]" name="Suriname" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Suriname</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2019,2485,516,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2018,2615,402,825]" box="[2019,2485,516,549]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Three subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458685/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" targetBox="[1404,1995,409,822]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2018,2615,402,825]" box="[2019,2420,559,588]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2019,2420,559,588]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2018,2615,402,825]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<taxonomicName authority="Pallas, 1767" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1767" box="[2019,2383,595,628]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hastatus" subSpecies="hastatus">P.h.hastatusPallas,1767—mostofVenezuela(EofLakeMaracaiboandSofCordilleradeMérida)toEPeru,N&EBolivia,NParaguay,andSEBrazil;alsoonMargaritaandTrinidadIs.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[2018,2615,402,825]" lastBlockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1924" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1924" box="[2019,2382,792,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hastatus" subSpecies="aruma">P.h.arumaThomas,1924—reportedonlyfromtypelocalityin“Taguatinga,”Tocantins,ECBrazil.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<taxonomicName authority=". A. Allen, 1904" authorityName=". A. Allen" authorityYear="1904" box="[1406,1861,871,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="hastatus" subSpecies="panamensisJ">P. h. panamensisJ. A. Allen, 1904</taxonomicName>
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— from S
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<collectingCountry box="[2004,2087,871,904]" name="Belize" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Belize</collectingCountry>
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and E
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<collectingCountry box="[2192,2345,871,904]" name="Guatemala" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Guatemala</collectingCountry>
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S through Central America, on both coasts, to N & W of Lake Maracaibo in NW
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<collectingCountry box="[2319,2464,918,943]" name="Venezuela" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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and to W
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<collectingCountry box="[1407,1544,950,983]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and W
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<collectingCountry box="[1654,1772,950,983]" name="Ecuador" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1655,993,1022]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 90-124 mm, tail 12-31 mm, ear 26-34 mm, hindfoot 18-25 mm, forearm 77-94 mm; weight 55-140 g. Males tend to be larger than females and have well-developed gland on throat, which is rudimentary in females. The Greater Spear-nosed Bat is robust, with short and velvety fur; dorsal and ventral fur is similar, ranging from black to reddish brown. Noseleaf is simple and well developed, and horseshoe 1s not fused to upper lip. Lowerlip has V-shaped groove, edged with wart-like protuberances. Ears are triangular, pointed, and well separated. Ears, noseleaf, and skin on head are dark brown to blackish. Besidesits size, the Great Spear-nosed Batis easily differentiated from congeners by its long calcar (similar or greater in length than foot), its lack of white spots on tips of wings, and position of alar membrane thatis inserted at height of foot in its middle portion. Due to its size, it has a strong bite force. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN= 58. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Ychromosome is acrocentric. It also has two rDNA sites and two telomeric chromosomes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1517,1502,1535]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Variety of habitats including primary, secondary, and intervened forests; forest edges; gallery forests; and cultivation areas from sea level to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[2496,2605,1541,1574]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" unit="m" value="1800.0">1800 m</quantity>
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. The Greater Spear-nosed Bat has been found in humid forests, savannas, and dry deciduous forests of the
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<collectingRegion box="[1716,1807,1620,1653]" country="Argentina" name="Chaco" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Chaco</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1669,1660,1693]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diets of Greater Spear-nosed Bats include fruits, flower parts, nectar, pollen, and a variety of insects and small vertebrates. Because ofits large size, it is omnivorous, feeding on insects, termites, bats, mice, and birds. It might be the primary dispersal agent of seeds of
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<taxonomicName box="[1860,2097,1778,1811]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" genus="Gurania" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spinulosa">Gurania spinulosa</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2118,2329,1778,1811]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cucurbitaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cucurbitales" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cucurbitaceae</taxonomicName>
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), a Neotropical vine with flagellichorous (dangling at a distance from leaves) fruits.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1540,1857,1890]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Female Greater Spear-nosed Bats are polyestrous in South America and monoestrous in Central America. Sexual maturity of females is reached at c¢.16 months, and they give birth to one young at a time. In Central America, pregnant and lactating females are found in March—September. In South America, breeding season is in April-October, with pregnant females present in August.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1404,1639,2054,2087]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Great Spear-nosed Bat is nocturnal, foraging during the darkest parts of nights; full and crescent moonlit nights are avoided. It roosts in hollow trunks, foliage, active termite mounds, caves, thatched roofs, and buildings.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,2102,2172,2205]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Great Spear-nosed Bats leave roosts when itis dark and are active in hours well after sunset. They tend to fly through forest understories. Individuals forage separately and occasionally in groups around fruiting trees, returning to day roosts c.2 hours later. While foraging, females produce group-specific screech calls to keep in contact with other members of their harems. Nursing females meet in colonies and form nurseries with their young. Males form stable harems with 10-100 females. The Great Spearnosed Bat commonly roosts with the Woolly False Vampire Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1473,1733,2453,2482]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Chrotopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auritus">Chrotopterus auritus</taxonomicName>
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), the Common Vampire Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2149,2400,2453,2482]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">Desmodus rotundus</taxonomicName>
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), Pallas’s Longtongued Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1603,1872,2488,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">Glossophaga soricina</taxonomicName>
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), Seba’s Short-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2236,2500,2488,2521]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">Carollia perspicillata</taxonomicName>
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), Davy’s Naked-backed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1674,1884,2528,2561]" class="Mammalia" family="Mormoopidae" genus="Pteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="davyi">Pteronotus davyi</taxonomicName>
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), and the Lesser Dog-like Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2301,2543,2528,2561]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Peropteryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Peropteryx macrotis</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1406,2458,2567,2600]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" box="[1406,2458,2567,2600]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1406,1756,2567,2600]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[1404,2613,831,2720]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1407,1560,2616,2641]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Aguirre et al. (2002), Allen (1904), Baker (1979), Barquez & Diaz (2015), Gardner (1977b), Kalko & Condon (1998), McCracken & Bradbury (1981), Rodriguez-Posada & Sanchez-Palomino (2009), Santos et al. (2003), Siles et al. (2007), Taddei (1975), Tirira (2017), Willams & Genoways (2008).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |