233 lines
20 KiB
XML
233 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFFA6FFA613BFFC42FBE9FFC8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Phyllostomus elongatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1810" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="507" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="507" updateTime="1656353518553" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6726944" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6726944" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFFA6FFA613BFFC42FBE9FFC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFFA6FFA613BFFC42FBE9FFC8" lastPageNumber="507" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<subSubSection box="[131,189,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[129,1169,1016,1102]" box="[131,189,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[131,189,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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||
<figureCitation box="[131,189,1016,1062]" captionStart="Plate 36: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="17.[137,167,3288,3313]" captionTargetBox="[23,2765,17,3655]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="24. Long-legged Bat (Macrophyllum macrophyllum), 25. Fringe-lipped Bat (Trachops cirrhosus), 26. Striped Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris crenulatum), 27. Keenan's Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris keenani), 28. Koepcke’s Hairy-nosed Bat (Gardnerycteris koepckeae), 29. Kalko’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma kalkoae), 30. Pygmy Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma brasiliense), 31. Carriker’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma carrikeri), 32. Schulz’s Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma schulzi), 33. Western Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma occidentale), 34. Davis's Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma evotis), 35. White-throated Round-eared Bat (Lophostoma silvicola), 36. Greater Round-eared Bat (Tonatia bidens), 37. Stripe-headed Round-eared Bat (Tonatia saurophila), 38. Pale-faced Bat (Phylloderma stenops), 39. Pale Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus discolor), 40. Lesser Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus elongatus), 41. Greater Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus hastatus), 42. Guianan Spear-nosed Bat (Phyllostomus latifolius), 43. Woolly False Vampire Bat (Chrotopterus auritus), 44. Southern Golden Bat (Mimon bennettii), 45. Cozumelan Golden Bat (Mimon cozumelae), 46. Spectral Bat (Vampyrum spectrum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458675/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">40.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[205,686,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[129,1169,1016,1102]" box="[205,686,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[205,686,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<vernacularName box="[205,686,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Lesser Spear-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[735,1169,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[129,1169,1016,1102]" box="[735,1169,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[735,1169,1016,1062]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<taxonomicName authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" box="[735,1169,1016,1062]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatus">
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<emphasis box="[735,1169,1016,1062]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Phyllostomus elongatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[131,1104,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[129,1169,1016,1102]" box="[131,1104,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<heading box="[131,1104,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,206,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[216,483,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Phyllostome des sous-bois</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[504,595,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[605,790,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Kleine Lanzennase</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[811,903,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[913,1008,1080,1101]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Filostoma</vernacularName>
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pequeno
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[743,1335,1146,1574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[743,899,1146,1179]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1810" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="elongatum">Phyllostoma elongatum E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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type locality not given. Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Rio Branco,
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<collectingRegion box="[920,1099,1269,1298]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1115,1197,1269,1298]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[744,1106,1305,1338]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[743,1335,1146,1574]" box="[744,1106,1305,1338]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458683" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458683/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" targetBox="[129,720,1157,1571]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[743,1335,1146,1574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[743,920,1344,1377]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Lowlands E of Andes in
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<collectingCountry name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[863,1010,1387,1416]" name="Venezuela" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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, the Guianas, Amazonian Basin to SE
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<collectingCountry box="[990,1056,1427,1456]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Peru</collectingCountry>
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and N & C
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<collectingCountry box="[1232,1328,1427,1456]" name="Bolivia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, and E
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<collectingCountry box="[843,924,1462,1495]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, also an isolated population in W
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<collectingCountry box="[819,956,1502,1535]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and NW
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<collectingCountry box="[1091,1210,1502,1535]" name="Ecuador" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[743,1335,1146,1574]" lastBlockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[743,986,1541,1574]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 65-100 mm, tail 15-24 mm, ear 25-32 mm, hindfoot 14-20 mm, forearm 58-71 mm; weight 30-57 g. The Lesser Spear-nosed Bat is large and robust. Its morphology is very similar to the Greater Spear-nosed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[483,624,1660,1693]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Phyllostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hastatus">P. hastatus</taxonomicName>
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), but it is much smaller and less robust in all aspects. Fur is short, soft, velvety, and glossy; dorsal fur is brown to reddish brown; head, neck, and shoulders are often paler than back; venter is paler than back to fairly dark. Head is large; snout is broad and robust; face and noseleaf are black to dark brown; noseleaf is medium-sized, broad, and pear-shaped, with base horseshoe-shaped and entire free edge separated from upper lip; ears are medium-sized, broad, and triangular, with rounded tips; eyes are large; and chin has small tubercles forming a Vsshape. Wing membranes are blackish, but tips are sometimes white; caudal membrane is developed; calcar is longer than foot (more than
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<quantity box="[449,551,1979,2008]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
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); and tail is short, reaching to middle of membrane or less. Teeth are strong and pointed. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 58.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,241,2054,2087]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Mainly evergreen forest habitats but also humid tropical to low subtropical forests, Andean foothills mainly in Amazonia, and humid tropical forest in
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<collectingRegion box="[1243,1334,2093,2126]" country="Panama" name="Embera-Wounaan" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Choco</collectingRegion>
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Ecoregion at elevations of 60-1100 m. The Lesser Spearnosed Bat is occasionally found in drier habitats near streams, semi-humid forests, and flooded savannas. It also occurs in terra firma forest; flooded forests; swamps; primary, secondary, selectively logged and gallery forests; forest edges; cultivated areas; and pastures. It usually flies low over streams and rivers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,386,2330,2363]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Diet of the Lesser Spear-nosed Bat includes small vertebrates, flower parts, nectar, fruits, and large insects. In
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<collectingCountry box="[699,765,2374,2403]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, pollen has been found on it. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1234,1327,2374,2403]" name="Bolivia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, several families of insects occur in its diet (
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<taxonomicName box="[727,852,2417,2442]" class="Insecta" family="Blattidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Blattidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[870,997,2417,2442]" class="Insecta" family="Gryllidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gryllidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1013,1168,2417,2442]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Reduviidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1186,1327,2417,2442]" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Carabidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[131,330,2448,2481]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Curculionidae</taxonomicName>
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, Hydrophylidae,
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<taxonomicName box="[576,758,2448,2481]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Scarabaeidae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[843,1006,2448,2481]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
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), along with orthopterans, coleopterans, and other undetermined arthropods. In
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<collectingCountry box="[968,1048,2492,2521]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, fruit of Rollinia mucosa (
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<taxonomicName box="[203,371,2531,2560]" class="Magnoliopsida" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="order">Magnoliales</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[386,561,2531,2560]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Annonaceae</taxonomicName>
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) was eaten. It is occasionally carnivorous; in Amazonas,
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<collectingCountry box="[130,210,2566,2599]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, it was reported eating ajuvenile of Seba’s Short-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1038,1297,2566,2599]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Carollia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perspicillata">Carollia perspicillata</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,264,2606,2639]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Reproductive female Lesser Spear-nosed Bats have been found in June in
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<collectingCountry box="[131,268,2645,2678]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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and July-August in
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<collectingCountry box="[552,620,2645,2678]" name="Peru" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Peru</collectingCountry>
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. In western
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<collectingCountry box="[791,909,2645,2678]" name="Ecuador" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, mothers with young attached to their nipples have been recorded in November and February. In northern
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<collectingCountry box="[1246,1328,2685,2718]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, several pregnant and lactating females were caught at beginning of rainy season.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[128,363,2764,2797]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Lesser Spear-nosed Bat is nocturnal and aerial. It emerges from its roosts at complete darkness and forage for c.2 hours before returning to roosts. In
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<collectingCountry box="[173,268,2843,2876]" name="Bolivia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, it has been captured in mist net at 18:00-20:00 h. Echolocation calls are 51-4-78-2 kHz. It roosts in hollow trees, culverts, and tunnels and under bridges.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,824,2921,2954]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Lesser Spear-nosed Bats roost in aggregations, divided up into smaller social units consisting of permanent harems of a single male and up to twelve females and their young and groups of non-breeding males. This social structure is very similar to that of the Greater Spear-nosed Bat. In
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<collectingRegion box="[1170,1328,3040,3073]" country="Ecuador" name="Esmeraldas" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Esmeraldas</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[131,246,3079,3112]" name="Ecuador" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, a colony of ¢.200 individuals was found sharing space with Seba’s Short-tailed Bats. In
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<collectingRegion box="[244,309,3118,3151]" country="Bolivia" name="Beni" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Beni</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[325,419,3118,3151]" name="Bolivia" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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, an individual was found roosting in a tree hollow of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phytolaccaceae" genus="Gallesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="integrifolia">Gallesia integrifolia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[226,442,3158,3191]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phytolaccaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phytolaccaceae</taxonomicName>
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), sharing space with Seba’s Short-tailed Bats, Common Vampire Bats (
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<taxonomicName box="[206,459,3198,3231]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Desmodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rotundus">Desmodus rotundus</taxonomicName>
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), and Pallas’s Long-tongued Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[936,1200,3198,3231]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Glossophaga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soricina">Glossophaga soricina</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,478,3237,3270]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Spear-nosed Batis fairly common and widespread. Its conservation status is considered stable and is found at several protected areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="507" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="23.[128,1337,1585,3468]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,283,3364,3389]" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aguirre (2002), Aguirre & Teran (2007), Aguirre, Lens & Matthysen (2003), Albuja (1999), Cabrera (1958), Fischer et al. (1997), Gardner (1977b), Handley (1976), Hill (1965a), Nogueira, Peracchi & Moratelli (2007),
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[215,280,3443,3468]" country="Uruguay" name="Rivera" pageId="23" pageNumber="507">Rivera</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. (2015), Tirira (2017), Tuttle (1970), Williams & Genoways (2008).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |