204 lines
16 KiB
XML
204 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594" ID-GBIF-Dataset="adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458594" approvalRequired="120" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="95" approvalRequired_for_treatments="25" checkinTime="1600878147105" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03A687BCFF9DFF9D13FAFCE1FC6EF951" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hsunycteris thomasi" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="528" masterDocId="FF9FFFC4FFB1FFB1133CFFBAFFE0F244" masterDocTitle="Phyllostomidae" masterLastPageNumber="583" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="528" updateTime="1656355241220" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Phyllostomidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>444</mods:start>
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<mods:end>583</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458594</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">adeeb71f-7f8d-4e00-bc9f-35089363f76e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6458594</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6762146" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6762146" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A687BCFF9DFF9D13FAFCE1FC6EF951" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A687BCFF9DFF9D13FAFCE1FC6EF951" lastPageNumber="528" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[196,1248,859,983]" box="[198,255,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<heading box="[198,255,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<figureCitation box="[198,255,859,905]" captionStart="Plate 39: Phyllostomidae" captionStartId="43.[109,139,3333,3358]" captionTargetBox="[13,2756,14,3657]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="83. Cadena’s Nectar Bat (Hsunycteris cadenai), 84. Dashe’s Nectar Bat (Hsunycteris dashe), 85. Patton’s Nectar Bat (Hsunycteris pationi), 86. Thomas's Nectar Bat (Hsunycteris thomasi), 87. Chestnut Long-tongued Bat (Lionycteris spurrelli), 88. Brazilian Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla mordax), 89. Chocoan Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla chocoana), 90. Goldman's Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla concava), 91. Pacific Forest Long-tongued Bat (Lonchophylla fornicata), 92. Orces’s Long-tongued Bat (Lonchophylla orcesi), 93. Western Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla hesperia), 94. Eastern Cordilleran Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla orienticollina), 95. Handley’s Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla handleyi), 96. Orange Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla robusta), 97. Dekeyser’s Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla dekeyseri), 98. Pale-bellied Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla inexpectata), 99. Bokermann’s Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla bokermanni), 100. Peracchi’s Nectar Bat (Lonchophylla peracchii), 101. Long-snouted Bat (Platalina genovensium), 102. Vieira’s Long-tongued Bat (Xeronycleris vierrai)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459029/files/figure.png" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">86.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[272,706,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[196,1248,859,983]" box="[272,706,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<heading box="[272,706,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<vernacularName box="[272,706,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Thomas's Nectar Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[774,1134,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[196,1248,859,983]" box="[774,1134,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<heading box="[774,1134,859,905]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="J. A. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1904" box="[774,1134,859,905]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Hsunycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">
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<emphasis box="[774,1134,859,905]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Hsunycteris thomasi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[196,1248,859,983]" box="[198,1247,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<heading box="[198,1247,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,273,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[283,528,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Lonchophylle de Thomas</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[549,639,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[645,911,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Thomas-Nektarfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[932,1023,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1033,1247,923,944]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Sunicterio de Thomas</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="44.[196,1248,859,983]" box="[197,720,962,983]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<heading box="[197,720,962,983]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[197,444,962,983]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[449,720,962,983]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Thomas's Small Nectar Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[807,1401,1029,1457]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[809,964,1029,1062]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J.A. Allen" authorityYear="1904" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomasi">Lonchophylla thomas J. A. Allen, 1904</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation box="[894,1362,1073,1102]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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“Cuidad [sic]
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<collectingRegion box="[1091,1191,1073,1102]" country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Bolivar</collectingRegion>
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,”
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<collectingCountry box="[1215,1362,1073,1102]" name="Venezuela" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[807,1401,1029,1457]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<taxonomicName box="[810,1063,1108,1141]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Hsunycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hsunycteris thomas</taxonomicName>
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: 1s considered paraphyletic to
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<taxonomicName box="[921,1059,1156,1181]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Hsunycteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">H. pattoni</taxonomicName>
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, but no formal subdivisions (subspecies) have been recognized.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="44.[807,1401,1029,1457]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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It is also a nomenclatural matter because both genetic lineages are found in
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<collectingRegion country="Venezuela" name="Bolivar" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Bolivar State</collectingRegion>
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near type locality. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="multiple">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458782" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6458782" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6458782/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" targetBox="[194,784,1039,1452]" targetPageId="44">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[807,1401,1029,1457]" lastBlockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[808,984,1349,1378]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Distribution.</emphasis>
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C & E
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<collectingCountry box="[1117,1230,1349,1378]" name="Panama" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Panama</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1254,1393,1349,1378]" name="Colombia" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[807,952,1388,1417]" name="Venezuela" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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(mostly S of Orinoco River), the Guianas, Amazonian
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<collectingCountry box="[1184,1265,1428,1457]" name="Brazil" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry name="Ecuador" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, E
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<collectingCountry box="[288,355,1466,1495]" name="Peru" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Peru</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[434,531,1466,1495]" name="Bolivia" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[195,447,1510,1535]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 45-56 mm, tail 4-11 mm, ear 11-18 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, forearm 29-7-34-3 mm; weight 5-10 g. Thomas’s Nectar Bat is among the smaller species in the subfamily. Dorsal pelage is dark brown to clove-brown, with hairs 5-7 mm and basal two-thirds whitish. Ventral coloris similar to dorsum but slightly paler; it generally darkens from abdomen to neck, and hairs are indistinctly bicolored. Ears and wing membranes are blackish brown, and wings attach to ankles. Tail membraneis only sparsely haired. Muzzle is elongated, with lower jaw extending slightly beyond upperjaw. Spear of noseleaf is relatively large (c.
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<quantity box="[824,905,1778,1811]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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tall). Forearms are naked. Rostrum is narrow and about as long as braincase. Rostrum is only slightly inflated above M', lateral outlines are gently convex, and postorbital region is inflated, typically lacking lateral projections. In palatal view, obvious gaps occur between I' and I°. I' is more than double the height of I’. Lower incisors are small but always present. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30-36 and FN = 34-48, which suggests an accelerated chromosomal evolution.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,304,2015,2048]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Rainforest in lowlands and foothills up to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[1135,1247,2015,2048]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" unit="m" value="1300.0">1300 m</quantity>
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. Thomas's Nectar Bat prefers evergreen forests but can be found in clearings, apparently because of availability of floral resources in gardens and plantations. In
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<collectingCountry box="[1092,1305,2094,2127]" name="French Guiana" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">French Guiana</collectingCountry>
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, it was caught primarily in ground-level (0-2 m) mist nets and rarely in canopy nets, suggesting thatit typically flies in lower foreststrata.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,457,2212,2245]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Thomas’s Nectar Bats from south-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[1066,1132,2212,2245]" name="Peru" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Peru</collectingCountry>
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fed mostly on pollen and insects. Pollen of
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<taxonomicName box="[570,801,2252,2285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryocaraceae" genus="Caryocar" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="villosum">Caryocar villosum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[823,1035,2252,2285]" family="Caryocaraceae" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" rank="family">Caryocaraceae</taxonomicName>
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), seeds of
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<taxonomicName box="[1192,1277,2252,2285]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" genus="Vismia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vismia</taxonomicName>
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sp. (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Hypericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Hypericaceae</taxonomicName>
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), and beetles remains were found in stomachs of Brazilian specimens. It might feed on banana flowers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,327,2370,2403]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Pregnant Thomas’s Nectar Bats have been found in February and June-October, lactating females in January-March and October, and subadults in January-February.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[191,428,2488,2521]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Thomas’s Nectar Bat roosts in tree hollows and hollow logs and on undersides of buttresses offallen trees.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[192,887,2567,2600]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Small colonies of males and females numbering up to four individuals have been found to roosting together.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,542,2650,2679]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Lonchophylla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="44" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thomas">Lonchophylla thomas</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="528" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="44.[191,1400,1466,2837]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[193,346,2734,2759]" pageId="44" pageNumber="528">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Allen (1904), Baker et al. (1982), Davalos & Jansa (2004), Griffiths & Gardner (2008b), Handley (1976), Nogueira, Dias & Peracchi (2007), Parlos et al. (2014), Ribeiro et al. (2003), Simmons & Voss (1998 Velazco et al. (2017), Woodman (2007), Woodman & Timm (2006).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |