626 lines
57 KiB
XML
626 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a1" ID-ISSN="1638-9387" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7542077" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6BBB9994-B222-41C6-85AA-AB61E924AA71" approvalRequired="11" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="11" checkinTime="1673897251747" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Milano, Filippo, Tolve, Marco & Isaia, Marco" docDate="2023" docId="03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820" docLanguage="en" docName="Zoosystema.45.1.1-12.pdf" docOrigin="Zoosystema 45 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5CC576F744449C1860B4E72ABD884631.3:Zoosystema.2020-.journal_article" docStyleId="5CC576F744449C1860B4E72ABD884631" docStyleName="Zoosystema.2020-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Vesubia jugorum" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="FFDCFF98FF83E963FF81FFE13918DE6D" masterDocTitle="Natural history and conservation of the wolf spider Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) (Araneae, Lycosidae), assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List" masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1673897628573" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Natural history and conservation of the wolf spider Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) (Araneae, Lycosidae), assessed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Milano, Filippo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Tolve, Marco</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Isaia, Marco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio di Ecologia - Ecosistemi terrestri, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina, 13 - 10123 Torino (Italy) filippo. milano @ unito. it marco. tolve @ edu. unito. it marco. isaia @ unito. it (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">milano@unito.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:title>Zoosystema</mods:title>
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||
</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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||
<mods:number>2023-01-11</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>45</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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||
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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||
<mods:end>11</mods:end>
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||
</mods:extent>
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||
</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a1</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1638-9387</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7542077</mods:identifier>
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||
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6BBB9994-B222-41C6-85AA-AB61E924AA71</mods:identifier>
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||
</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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||
<subSubSection box="[278,629,1299,1326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="7.[278,629,1299,1326]" box="[278,629,1299,1326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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||
<heading box="[278,629,1299,1326]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7G2Y3" ID-ENA="2569457" authority="(Simon, 1881)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[278,629,1299,1326]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[278,463,1299,1326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="SIMON E." box="[478,621,1299,1326]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="82 - 91" refId="ref10770" refString="SIMON E. 1881. - Arachnides nouveaux ou rares de la faune francaise. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 6 (3 - 4): 82 - 91." type="journal article" year="1881">Simon, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[132,460,1356,1381]" box="[132,460,1356,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[132,460,1356,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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<treatmentCitation author="SIMON E." box="[132,456,1356,1381]" page="83" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" year="1881">
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<taxonomicName authority="Simon, 1881: 83" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="83" authorityYear="1881" box="[132,456,1356,1381]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Trabea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
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<emphasis box="[132,282,1356,1380]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Trabea jugorum</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="SIMON E." box="[288,456,1356,1381]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="82 - 91" refId="ref10770" refString="SIMON E. 1881. - Arachnides nouveaux ou rares de la faune francaise. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 6 (3 - 4): 82 - 91." type="journal article" year="1881">Simon, 1881: 83</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="7.[132,493,1404,1428]" box="[132,493,1404,1428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[132,493,1404,1428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="7G2Y3" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[132,289,1404,1428]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
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<emphasis box="[132,289,1404,1428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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<treatmentCitation author="SIMON E." box="[314,489,1404,1428]" page="402" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" year="1909">
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<bibRefCitation author="SIMON E." box="[314,489,1404,1428]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" pagination="335 - 449" refId="ref10803" refString="SIMON E. 1909. - Arachnides recueillis par L. Fea sur la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 2 e partie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova 44: 335 - 449. https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 29875275" type="journal article" year="1909">Simon 1909: 402</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="7.[130,777,1461,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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MATERIAL. ––
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[282,349,1461,1485]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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<collectingCountry box="[282,349,1461,1485]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">France</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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•
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-07-01" collectorName="Isaia & Tolve" county="Mont Pepoiri" elevation="2360" location="Alpes-Maritimes" municipality="Valdeblore" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
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<specimenCount box="[375,414,1461,1488]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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; département des
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820:8E93602DFF84E964FDDDFA543A1BDBA0" box="[604,771,1461,1485]" county="Mont Pepoiri" municipality="Valdeblore" name="Alpes-Maritimes" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Alpes-Maritimes</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[134,241,1487,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Valdeblore</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCounty box="[251,386,1487,1511]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Mont Pepoiri</collectingCounty>
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, western slope, in rocky debris;
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<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.36" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2360.0">
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<quantity box="[699,777,1487,1511]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.36" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2360.0">2360 m</quantity>
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||
a.s.l.
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</elevation>
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;
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<date box="[186,296,1514,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2022-07-01">
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<collectingDate box="[186,296,1514,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2022-07-01">1.VII.2022</collectingDate>
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</date>
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;
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<collectorName box="[304,346,1514,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Isaia</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName box="[390,442,1514,1538]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Tolve</collectorName>
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leg., coll. MI
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-07-01" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="Isaia & Tolve" county="Mont Pepoiri" elevation="2360" location="Alpes-Maritimes" municipality="Valdeblore" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
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<specimenCount box="[584,618,1514,1541]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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; same data as for preceding;
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<collectionCode box="[234,316,1541,1564]" country="France" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">MNHN</collectionCode>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-07-03" collectorName="Isaia & Tolve" elevation="2200" location="Colmars-les-Alpes" municipality="Tete de l'Encombrette" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2">
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<specimenCount box="[334,368,1540,1567]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
;
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820:8E93602DFF84E964FEFDF9E53B33D871" box="[380,555,1540,1564]" municipality="Tete de l'Encombrette" name="Colmars-les-Alpes" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colmars-les-Alpes</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[562,771,1540,1564]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Téte de l’Encombrette</collectingMunicipality>
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, southern slope; steep alpine scree;
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<elevation box="[466,595,1567,1591]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2200.0">
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||
<quantity box="[466,543,1567,1591]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
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||
a.s.l.
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||
</elevation>
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||
;
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<date box="[606,719,1567,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2021-07-03">
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||
<collectingDate box="[606,719,1567,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2021-07-03">3.VII.2021</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
;
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||
<collectorName box="[730,773,1567,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Isaia</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName box="[174,227,1593,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Tolve</collectorName>
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leg., coll. MI
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</materialsCitation>
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•
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2021-07-03" collectorName="Isaia & Tolve" elevation="2138" location="Colmars-les-Alpes" municipality="Dent de Lievre" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5">
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<specimenCount box="[383,419,1593,1620]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">5 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
;
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820:8E93602DFF84E964FE31F9D83B7CD83C" box="[432,612,1593,1617]" municipality="Dent de Lievre" name="Colmars-les-Alpes" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Colmars-les-Alpes</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality box="[622,772,1593,1617]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Dent de Lièvre</collectingMunicipality>
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, northern slope; flat rocky debris area;
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<elevation box="[513,645,1619,1644]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.138" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2138.0">
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||
<quantity box="[513,592,1620,1644]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.138" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2138.0">2138 m</quantity>
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a.s.l.
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||
</elevation>
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||
;
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<date box="[658,771,1620,1644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2021-07-03">
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<collectingDate box="[658,771,1620,1644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2021-07-03">3.VII.2021</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
;
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<collectorName box="[134,177,1646,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Isaia</collectorName>
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and
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<collectorName box="[225,278,1646,1670]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Tolve</collectorName>
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leg., coll. MI
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="7.[130,776,1710,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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||
OBSERVATIONS. ––
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[314,357,1710,1734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
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<collectingCountry box="[314,357,1710,1734]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Italy</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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•
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-08-08" collectorName="Entracque & Lago Bianco" country="France" elevation="2200" location="Province of Cuneo" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1">
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||
<specimenCount box="[375,483,1710,1734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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||
;
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820:8E93602DFF84E964FE6BF94F3B80D8AB" box="[490,664,1710,1734]" country="France" name="Province of Cuneo" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Province of Cuneo</location>
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,
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<collectorName box="[672,771,1711,1734]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Entracque</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName box="[130,249,1737,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Lago Bianco</collectorName>
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dell’Agnello;
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||
<elevation box="[380,503,1737,1761]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2200.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[380,454,1737,1761]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
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||
</elevation>
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||
;
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||
<date box="[513,633,1737,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2019-08-08">
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||
<collectingDate box="[513,633,1737,1761]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2019-08-08">8.VIII.2019</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
: Giordana vid.
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,196,1763,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[131,196,1763,1787]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">France</collectingCountry>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2019-08-22" collectorName="Alpes-Maritimes & Entraunes" country="France" elevation="2299" location="Lac des Garrets" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[215,249,1763,1790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; département des
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||
<collectorName box="[425,588,1763,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Alpes-Maritimes</collectorName>
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||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[596,697,1764,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Entraunes</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820:8E93602DFF84E964FD40F90539D4D97B" country="France" name="Lac des Garrets" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Lac des Garrets</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<elevation box="[211,334,1789,1814]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.299" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2299.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[211,286,1790,1814]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.299" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2299.0">2299 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
;
|
||
<date box="[343,474,1790,1814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2019-08-22">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[343,474,1790,1814]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2019-08-22">22.VIII.2019</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; Lucas vid
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. •
|
||
<specimenCount box="[596,630,1790,1817]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Saint-MartinVésubie, Col du Mercantour;
|
||
<quantity box="[413,488,1816,1840]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.532" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2532.0">2532 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.;
|
||
<date box="[546,678,1816,1840]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2019-08-18">18.VIII.2019</date>
|
||
; Assmann vid. •
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-06-30" collectionCode="VI" collectorName="Valdeblore" country="France" elevation="2150" location="Vallon des Millefonts" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[186,220,1843,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName box="[233,339,1842,1866]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Valdeblore</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587E0FF84E96AFE97FAF238D9D820:8E93602DFF84E964FEDBF8D33B3FD927" box="[346,551,1842,1866]" country="France" name="Vallon des Millefonts" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Vallon des Millefonts</location>
|
||
, western slope, in rocky debris;
|
||
<elevation box="[201,326,1869,1893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2150.0">
|
||
<quantity box="[201,276,1869,1893]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.15" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2150.0">2150 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
;
|
||
<date box="[336,453,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2022-06-30">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[336,453,1869,1893]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2022-06-30">
|
||
30.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[366,395,1869,1893]" country="Norway" name="Mykotektet, National Veterinary Institute" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">VI</collectionCode>
|
||
.2022
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; Breton vid
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
. •
|
||
<specimenCount box="[590,625,1869,1896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Mont Pepoiri, western slope, in rocky debris;
|
||
<quantity box="[430,506,1895,1919]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.36" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2360.0">2360 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.;
|
||
<date box="[567,680,1895,1919]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2022-07-01">1.VII.2022</date>
|
||
; Isaia and Tolve vid. •
|
||
<specimenCount box="[250,285,1922,1949]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; Valdeblore Tête de la Roubine, southern slope, in rocky debris;
|
||
<quantity box="[263,340,1948,1972]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.274" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2274.0">2274 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.;
|
||
<date box="[402,514,1948,1972]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2022-07-03">3.VII.2022</date>
|
||
; Isaia and Tolve vid. •
|
||
<specimenCount box="[732,768,1948,1976]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
; département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Uvernet-Fours, Col de la Petite Cayolle;
|
||
<quantity box="[302,379,2001,2025]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.46" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="2460.0">2460 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l.;
|
||
<date box="[442,546,2001,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2019-09-05">5.IX.2019</date>
|
||
; Lucas vid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1457,1141,1422]" box="[813,903,1141,1167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">REMARK</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[813,1457,1141,1422]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
These new findings extend the current known distribution range of the species from the previous
|
||
<quantity box="[1228,1328,1204,1233]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.456" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="2456.0">2456 km</quantity>
|
||
² to the current
|
||
<quantity box="[864,969,1236,1265]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.628" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="km" value="2628.0">2628 km</quantity>
|
||
². To date, the known occurrences of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 110, i.e.,
|
||
<quantity box="[1056,1115,1267,1293]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6764" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="66.0">66 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1124,1172,1267,1293]" name="Italy" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Province of Cuneo) and
|
||
<quantity box="[814,873,1299,1326]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1176" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="44.0">44 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[882,954,1300,1326]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity box="[971,1031,1299,1326]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.096" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="24.0">24 in</quantity>
|
||
département des Alpes-Maritimes and
|
||
<quantity box="[814,872,1331,1357]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="20.0">20 in</quantity>
|
||
département des Alpes-de-Haute-Provence). The new updated distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1066,1180,1364,1389]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1066,1180,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">V. jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is presented in
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1342,1403,1363,1389]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[132,143,822,840]" captionTargetBox="[260,1331,210,770]" captionTargetId="figure-451@5.[246,1342,190,795]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 1. –– The updated distribution of Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881). Symbols: ●, type locality; ●, literature data; ●, new records published in this work;, the 17 sites chosen for the long-term monitoring programme." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7542079/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, and the new records are detailed in Table 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1456,1459,1741]" box="[813,1054,1459,1485]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">MICROCLIMATIC DATA</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1456,1459,1741]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Temperature data derived from data-loggers positioned under stones showed daily fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity during the warm season until late October, when the temperature quickly drops to 0°C and remains almost constant until the following mid-June. Data from the meteorological station of Rocca dell’Abisso showed strong fluctuations of the air temperatures during the year, ranging from –17 ° in winter to 22 °C in summer (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1116,1180,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,980,998]" captionTargetBox="[298,1289,245,924]" captionTargetId="figure-489@7.[288,1299,216,974]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3. –– Life cycle of Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) derived from field observations conducted across the species distribution range during the 2016-2019 sampling seasons. Daily fluctuations in temperature (red line) and humidity (blue line) derived from data-logger positioned across 2018 and 2019 at the ground level under stones, in the nearby of Rocca dell’Abisso (Valdieri, 2589 m a.s.l.). Daily fluctuations in air temperature (orange line) derived from the meteorological station of Rocca dell’Abisso (2753 m a.s.l.). Growing season is indicated by light grey (females), black (males) and dotted dark grey (juveniles) bars. Dash line refers to the overwintering. See text for further details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7542083/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1457,1778,2028]" box="[813,1222,1778,1804]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">OBSERVATIONAL DATA ON LIFE CYCLE,</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1457,1778,2028]" box="[813,1052,1815,1834]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">PHENOLOGY AND DIET</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[811,1457,1778,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[130,778,215,2028]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Observational data likely confirm for
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1250,1433,1841,1867]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1250,1433,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a stenochronus life cycle. Females and juveniles were generally found throughout the summer season, from mid-June to late September (only one record from Mongioie at the beginning of October), whereas adult males were found for a shorter period, from July to mid-September (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1204,1265,2001,2027]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="7.[132,143,980,998]" captionTargetBox="[298,1289,245,924]" captionTargetId="figure-489@7.[288,1299,216,974]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIG. 3. –– Life cycle of Vesubia jugorum (Simon, 1881) derived from field observations conducted across the species distribution range during the 2016-2019 sampling seasons. Daily fluctuations in temperature (red line) and humidity (blue line) derived from data-logger positioned across 2018 and 2019 at the ground level under stones, in the nearby of Rocca dell’Abisso (Valdieri, 2589 m a.s.l.). Daily fluctuations in air temperature (orange line) derived from the meteorological station of Rocca dell’Abisso (2753 m a.s.l.). Growing season is indicated by light grey (females), black (males) and dotted dark grey (juveniles) bars. Dash line refers to the overwintering. See text for further details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7542083/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). No observations were ever carried out in winter due to the high snow coverage in suitable areas. During the summer season, different cohorts were found simultaneously. The highest abundance of adult specimens occurred in July and August, likely corresponding with the mating period. Males were encountered less frequently and their density was generally low, an observation that may be possibly biased by the higher mobility of males and the greatest difficulty in catching them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="8" pageNumber="7" startId="8.[813,824,220,238]">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[813,1457,220,329]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
TABLE 3. –– Measurements of the functional traits for each monitoring site, with relative values of habitat suitability. For each locality, the mean length of femur IV (in mm), mean cocoon size (in mm), and sample size (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1325,1336,266,284]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">n</emphasis>
|
||
) measured for each site was reported.Habitat suitability is derived from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAMMOLA S. & MILANO F. & VIGNAL M. & ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M." box="[1272,1453,288,306]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1325 - 1335" refId="ref10057" refString="MAMMOLA S., MILANO F., VIGNAL M., ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M. 2019. - Associations between habitat quality, body size and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 (9): 1325 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / geb. 12935." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mammola
|
||
<emphasis box="[1358,1397,288,306]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, setting an average value calculated on a 500-m circle buffer around each site.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table box="[814,1449,386,880]" gridcols="4" gridrows="20" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,386,406]" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1449,386,406]" colspan="4" colspanRight="3" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1067,1411,386,406]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Femur length Cocoon size Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,412,432]" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,412,432]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[814,894,412,432]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Locality</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,412,432]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1082,1171,412,432]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">mean (n)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,412,432]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1222,1310,412,432]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">mean (n)</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,412,432]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1352,1449,412,432]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">suitability</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,447,467]" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,447,467]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colle del Chiapous</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,447,467]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7.206 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,447,467]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,447,467]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.784</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,471,492]" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,471,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Corborant</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,471,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.794 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,471,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,471,492]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.784</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,495,516]" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,495,516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Serriére de la Lombarde</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,495,516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7.288 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,495,516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">10.828 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,495,516]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.737</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,519,540]" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,519,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colle della Ciriegia</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,519,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7.074 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,519,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">11.262 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,519,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.716</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,544,564]" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,544,564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Passo della Gardetta</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,544,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.218 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,544,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">8.407 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,544,564]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.638</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,568,588]" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,568,588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Col de la Bonette</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,568,588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.494 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,568,588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,568,588]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.470</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,592,612]" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,592,612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Passo Sant’Anna</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,592,612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.938 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,592,612]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">9.535 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,592,612]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.452</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,616,636]" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,616,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Marguarais – Canale dei</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,616,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.165 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,616,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,616,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.436</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,641,661]" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,641,661]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Genovesi</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,665,686]" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,665,686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Colle dell’Arcana</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,665,686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.526 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,665,686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">9.776 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,665,686]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.388</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,690,710]" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,690,710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Col de la Cayolle</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,690,710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.202 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,690,710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,690,710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.341</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,714,734]" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,714,734]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Col du Trem</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,714,734]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.996 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,714,734]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">11.468 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,714,734]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.315</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,738,758]" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,738,758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Rocca dell’Abisso</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,738,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">6.820 (2)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,738,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,738,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.300</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,762,782]" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,762,782]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Lac de l’Agnel</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,762,782]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7.053 (4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,762,782]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,762,782]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.294</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,786,806]" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,786,806]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Grande Séolane</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,786,806]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">7.050 (3)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,786,806]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,786,806]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.211</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,810,830]" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,810,830]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Mongioie – Bocchin</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,810,830]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">5.778 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,810,830]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">9.093(4)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,810,830]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.170</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,836,856]" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,836,856]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">dell’Aseo</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[814,1449,860,880]" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th box="[814,1044,860,880]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Col de Mallemort</th>
|
||
<td box="[1067,1171,860,880]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">5.882 (5)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1207,1310,860,880]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">NA</td>
|
||
<td box="[1337,1449,860,880]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">0.109</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[130,778,215,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Females with cocoons have been found – always in their retreats – from the end of June to the early days of September. Females build circular and silk-lined retreat under stones, with a small opening in the silken walls, occasionally digging an additional small recess into the soil. Females with cocoons did not seem to be territorial, as up to
|
||
<specimenCount box="[515,657,630,656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="female">three females</specimenCount>
|
||
have been found in adjoining retreats under the same stone. The cocoons are globular, white and contain on average
|
||
<specimenCount box="[581,673,694,720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="egg">200 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
(89-343, n = 10). According to our observations, females produce more egg sacs in the same season. The production of a second egg sac has been observed in laboratory-reared specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[130,778,215,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[275,448,821,847]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[275,448,821,847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibit maternal cares of both cocoons and spiderlings. They carry their cocoon underneath their abdomens attached to the spinnerets. If they lose their egg sac, or if the egg sac is removed, they look for it in the surrounded area until they found it or a surrogate (e.g. a rounded piece of cotton). Under laboratory conditions, females fed while carrying egg sacs or pulli. Female looks after the cocoon for around one month after the laying, until the offspring hatch. The first moult occurs inside the egg sac while the second-instar juveniles emerge from the cocoon through a cleft in the seam, and climb onto their mother opisthosoma, and, occasionally, carapace. Maternal care for spiderlings lasts one week to ten days, after which the spiderlings disperse by falling off from the female body. Shortly after, they moult to the third instar. On average, the duration of the instars is 40 days, with earlier stages moulting every two weeks and later stages being longer up to two months. Given the remarkable size reached by adult specimens, and considering the duration of the growing season, it seems likely that the specimens require an average of 10-12 instars to complete the development, reaching the adult stage over multiple years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[130,778,215,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
As proved by the specimen collected in earliest time of the growing season, overwintering individuals are generally adult females or immatures at different stages in their development. Unfortunately, we have no data on overwintering behaviour. However, we observed a tendency of the individuals to aggregate during the growing season in areas of high suitability (see, e.g., the high population density observed in
|
||
<date box="[670,775,1682,1708]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" value="2019-07">July 2019</date>
|
||
at Colle della Ciriegia, a highly suitable site where many specimens have been found in a few minutes), and to disaggregate when the temperature drops (no specimens found in samplings carried out in the same locality in mid-October). It seems likely that specimens are very mobile within the rocky areas, showing a higher tendency to aggregate in the snowfree period and to disaggregate as the cold season approaches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[130,778,215,2028]" lastBlockId="8.[811,1457,949,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[155,328,1937,1963]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,328,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a cursorial hunter which preys actively. The spider approaches the prey and pounces on it from a close distance, grabbing and surrounding it using the strong, spiny legs. After grabbing it, the prey is bitten with the chelicerae and released with the legs.
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1120,1300,980,1006]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1120,1300,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was observed masticating the prey organisms with the chelicerae, maximizing food assimilation and thus increasing the total energy extracted from each prey item. Laboratory observations showed a generalist predatory habit for
|
||
<emphasis box="[1230,1352,1109,1134]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1230,1348,1109,1134]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">V. jugorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Accepted preys included
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[969,1092,1140,1166]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Isopoda Oniscidea" authorityName="Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Isopoda Oniscidea" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Isopoda Oniscidea</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Clerck" authorityYear="1757" box="[1062,1152,1172,1198]" class="Pilidiophora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nemertea" rank="order">Araneae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Cannibalism was common, often involving juveniles or smaller individuals, and in general occurring between pairs of specimens with great differences in both mass and size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[811,1457,949,1580]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[835,1007,1299,1325]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,1007,1299,1325]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Vesubia jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shares its habitat with other Alpine spider species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Simon, 1876)" baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[981,1341,1331,1357]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Alopecosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alpicola">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1168,1331,1357]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Alopecosa alpicola</emphasis>
|
||
(Simon, 1876)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Herve, 2009" authorityName="Herve" authorityYear="2009" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thaleri">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Drassodes thaleri</emphasis>
|
||
Hervé, 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Herve, Roberts & Murphy, 2009" authorityName="Herve, Roberts & Murphy" authorityYear="2009" class="Arachnida" family="Gnaphosidae" genus="Drassodex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1053,1240,1363,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Drassodex simoni</emphasis>
|
||
Hervé, Roberts & Murphy, 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Canestrini, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Canestrini" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[988,1364,1395,1421]" class="Arachnida" family="Salticidae" genus="Attulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis box="[988,1151,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Attulus longipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Canestrini, 1873)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Simon, 1875" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1875" class="Arachnida" family="Thomisidae" genus="Xysticus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desidiosus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Xysticus desidiosus</emphasis>
|
||
Simon, 1875
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(C. L. Koch, 1834)" baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1107,1455,1427,1454]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Pardosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1107,1246,1427,1453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Pardosa nigra</emphasis>
|
||
(C. L. Koch, 1834)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="ISAIA M. & PASCHETTA M. & CHIARLE A." box="[860,1031,1459,1486]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="57 - 114" refId="ref9500" refString="ISAIA M., PASCHETTA M. & CHIARLE A. 2015. - Annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Site of Community Importance and Special Area of Conservation " Alpi Marittime " (NW Italy), in DAUGERON C., DEHARVENG L., ISAIA M., VIL- LEMANT C. & JUDSON M. (eds), Mercantour / Alpi Marittime All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory. Zoosystema 37 (1): 57 - 114. https: // www. doi. org / 10.5252 / z 2015 n 1 a 4" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Isaia
|
||
<emphasis box="[916,968,1459,1485]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Tentatively, areas where
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Simon" baseAuthorityYear="1881" box="[1315,1431,1460,1485]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Vesubia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jugorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1315,1431,1460,1485]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">V. jugorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is locally abundant are generally avoided by
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="C. L. Koch" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[1243,1379,1491,1517]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Pardosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1243,1379,1491,1517]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Pardosa nigra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is slightly smaller in comparison, but possibly shares similar ecological requirements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[811,1457,1619,2028]" box="[813,1313,1619,1645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">RESULTS OF THE MONITORING BASELINE PHASE</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[811,1457,1619,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
During the monitoring surveys,
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1163,1279,1650,1676]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="female">71 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and 29 cocoons were collected. In 12 out of 17 sampling sites, the target of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[813,911,1714,1740]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="adult">five adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females was achieved, whereas in the remaining five sites the sampling stopped after three searching hours, without reaching the target of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1041,1138,1778,1804]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" type="adult">five adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females collected. Col de Vars was the only site where no individual was captured. According to the models performed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAMMOLA S. & MILANO F. & VIGNAL M. & ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M." box="[1153,1404,1841,1868]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1325 - 1335" refId="ref10057" refString="MAMMOLA S., MILANO F., VIGNAL M., ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M. 2019. - Associations between habitat quality, body size and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 (9): 1325 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / geb. 12935." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mammola
|
||
<emphasis box="[1272,1323,1841,1867]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, this site has a very low value of habitat suitability. For this reason, Col de Vars was excluded from the monitoring programme. The results of the measurements of the functional traits collected in each locality with their relative values of habitat suitability (extracted from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAMMOLA S. & MILANO F. & VIGNAL M. & ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M." box="[1090,1315,2001,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" pagination="1325 - 1335" refId="ref10057" refString="MAMMOLA S., MILANO F., VIGNAL M., ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M. 2019. - Associations between habitat quality, body size and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 (9): 1325 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / geb. 12935." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mammola
|
||
<emphasis box="[1206,1255,2001,2027]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) are reported
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph box="[153,168,239,249]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">7.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[153,168,322,332]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">7.0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[135,152,343,347]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[135,152,347,372]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">mm</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[135,152,371,375]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">(</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[135,168,379,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">length 6.5</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[135,152,422,434]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">IV</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[135,152,438,479]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Femur</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[135,168,322,500]" box="[153,168,490,500]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">6.0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[153,764,572,611]" lastBlockId="9.[130,777,821,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
|
||
5.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Habitat suitability in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[158,238,821,847]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="8.[813,824,220,238]" captionText="TABLE 3. –– Measurements of the functional traits for each monitoring site, with relative values of habitat suitability. For each locality, the mean length of femur IV (in mm), mean cocoon size (in mm), and sample size (n) measured for each site was reported.Habitat suitability is derived from Mammola et al. (2019), setting an average value calculated on a 500-m circle buffer around each site." pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
. The femur IV length ranged from
|
||
<quantity box="[608,721,821,848]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.59" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.59">5.590 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Col de Mallemort) to
|
||
<quantity box="[316,427,853,880]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.51" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.51">7.510 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Serriére de la Lombarde). In the locality with smallest femurs, Mongioie – Bocchin dell’Aseo where the mean femur IV length was
|
||
<quantity box="[534,648,917,944]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.778" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="5.778">5.778 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5), the habitat suitability index was 0.170. The site with the longest femurs IV was Serriére de la Lombarde, with a mean length of
|
||
<quantity box="[161,275,1013,1039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.288" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="7.288">7.288 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 5). This site had a high habitat suitability index, corresponding to 0.737.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542085" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7542085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7542085/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" startId="9.[132,143,656,674]" targetBox="[171,772,225,578]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[132,775,656,742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
|
||
FIG. 4. –– Predicted relationship (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[399,472,656,674]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">blue line</emphasis>
|
||
) and 95% confidence intervals (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">gray stripe</emphasis>
|
||
) between length of femur IV and habitat suitability of each monitoring site derived from the Ecological Niche Model presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="MAMMOLA S. & MILANO F. & VIGNAL M. & ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M." box="[589,775,702,720]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" pagination="1325 - 1335" refId="ref10057" refString="MAMMOLA S., MILANO F., VIGNAL M., ANDRIEU J. & ISAIA M. 2019. - Associations between habitat quality, body size and reproductive fitness in the alpine endemic spider Vesubia jugorum. Global Ecology and Biogeography 28 (9): 1325 - 1335. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / geb. 12935." type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Mammola
|
||
<emphasis box="[677,719,702,720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019
|
||
<emphasis box="[770,775,702,720]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">)</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see Material and Methods for further details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[130,777,821,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Only in seven sampling sites we were able to collect cocoons, and their finding was generally rare. The cocoon size ranged from
|
||
<quantity box="[269,381,1140,1167]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.915" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="6.915">6.915 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Passo della Gardetta) to
|
||
<quantity box="[649,775,1140,1167]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2545" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="12.545">12.545 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Serriére de la Lombarde). The site with the largest average cocoon size was Col du Trem (
|
||
<quantity box="[464,597,1204,1230]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1467" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="11.467">11.467 mm</quantity>
|
||
; n = 2), whereas the locality with the smaller average cocoon size was Passo della Gardetta (
|
||
<quantity box="[301,419,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.407" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" unit="mm" value="8.407">8.407 mm</quantity>
|
||
; n = 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[130,777,821,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
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Results of the regression analyses, highlighted relationship very close to statistical significance (P-value = 0.0516) between the length of the femurs IV and the habitat suitability predicted by the model (
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<figureCitation box="[399,466,1395,1421]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[132,143,656,674]" captionTargetBox="[171,772,225,578]" captionTargetId="figure-910@9.[434,801,150,517]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 4. –– Predicted relationship (blue line) and 95% confidence intervals (gray stripe) between length of femur IV and habitat suitability of each monitoring site derived from the Ecological Niche Model presented in Mammola et al. (2019) (see Material and Methods for further details)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7542085" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7542085/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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). No significant relationship was observed between habitat suitability and cocoon size, possibly due to the low sample size.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="9.[130,777,821,1613]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Specimens collected at Grande Séolane showed an unexpected great length of the femur IV. Accordingly, when excluding this observation, the significance of the regression improves, reaching a P-value of 0.0202.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |