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<document id="33E4E9CC6DC3782A9EF44FCDB0E2F73F" ID-CLB-Dataset="55998" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab059" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34d33ce1-7740-4dda-a596-56ee43072231" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6459053" ID-ZooBank="3ACD5252-F163-406B-ABCC-6B0F6457AA81" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1649832965936" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Neiber, Marco T., Korábek, Ondřej, Glaubrecht, Matthias &amp; Hausdorf, Bernhard" docDate="2022" docId="03E587ACE16FDF43FF2706A7FC3CFB0C" docLanguage="en" docName="zlab059.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab059" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-2023.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Gyrostomella P.Hesse 1911" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="1245" masterDocId="FFDCFFD4E166DF4AFFDD0302FFB7FFE1" masterDocTitle="A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail Gyrostomella (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="1251" masterPageNumber="1236" pageNumber="1245" updateTime="1699328799133" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="86DC497D3F6E8F02AC5A1A246DBE8D2C">A misinterpreted disjunction: the phylogenetic relationships of the North African land snail Gyrostomella (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Helicidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C3566531E16FDF43FF2706A7FD38FA5D" box="[250,655,1445,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF336BAE16FDF43FF2706A7FD38FA5D" blockId="9.[250,655,1445,1470]" box="[250,655,1445,1470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">
<heading id="D0BB81D6E16FDF43FF2706A7FD38FA5D" box="[250,655,1445,1470]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" reason="2">
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FE0506A7FD38FA5D" ID-CoL="8T5P4" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[472,655,1445,1468]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FE0506A7FD38FA5D" box="[472,655,1445,1468]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">GYROSTOMELLA</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C3566531E16FDF43FF4C06CFFC3CFB0C" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF336BAE16FDF43FF4C06CFFAB7FCA1" blockId="9.[145,762,1485,1906]" lastBlockId="9.[809,1426,197,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">
The classification of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FE5606CFFD9FFA03" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[395,552,1485,1506]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FE5606CFFD9FFA03" box="[395,552,1485,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
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as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FF4C06EEFEBFF9E0" baseAuthorityName="Neubert" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[145,264,1516,1537]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FF4C06EEFEBFF9E0" box="[145,264,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Levantina</emphasis>
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from the Middle East by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FDE406EEFD61F9E0" author="Hesse P" box="[569,726,1516,1537]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="313 - 320" refId="ref9417" refString="Hesse P. 1909 a. Die systematische Stellung von Helix leachii Fer. und Gyrostoma Fer. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 27: 313 - 320." type="journal article" year="1909">Hesse (1909a</bibRefCitation>
, b, 1911, 1918) suggested that
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FE1B0508FDEBF9FE" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[454,604,1546,1567]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FE1B0508FDEBF9FE" box="[454,604,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
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originated by a westward long-distance dispersal event of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FD580528FD4EF9DE" baseAuthorityName="Neubert" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[645,761,1578,1599]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FD580528FD4EF9DE" box="[645,761,1578,1599]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Levantina</emphasis>
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over almost
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along the North African coast or that
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FF1B0564FEEBF99A" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[198,348,1638,1659]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FF1B0564FEEBF99A" box="[198,348,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
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is relictual of a formerly much wider range of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FF2B0584FEDDF97A" baseAuthorityName="Neubert" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[246,362,1670,1691]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FF2B0584FEDDF97A" box="[246,362,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Levantina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13772A3FE16FDF43FEA40587FE0EF97B" box="[377,441,1669,1691]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[145,224,918,940]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,196,878]" captionTargetId="figure-540@3.[145,1425,195,879]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Approximate ranges of Gyrostomella s.s., Maurohelix and Levantina. The question mark indicates the possible extension of the range of Maurohelix to eastern Morocco (see Holyoak et al., 2020). Note: map made with Natural Earth (free vector and raster map data https://www.naturalearthdata.com)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459057/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). More specifically,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FD470587FF6CF95B" author="Neubert E" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="333 - 461" refId="ref10947" refString="Neubert E. 1998. Annotated checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species. Fauna of Arabia 17: 333 - 461." type="journal article" year="1998">Neubert (1998)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FE4C05A6FD9AF958" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[401,557,1700,1721]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FE4C05A6FD9AF958" box="[401,557,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Arabian
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FF4C05C0FEB1F936" authorityName="Neubert" authorityYear="1998" box="[145,262,1730,1751]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Laevihelix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FF4C05C0FEB1F936" box="[145,262,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Laevihelix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now considered a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FDB505C1FD6BF939" baseAuthorityName="Neubert" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[616,732,1731,1752]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FDB505C1FD6BF939" box="[616,732,1731,1752]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Levantina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the wide sense) are descendants of a southern branch of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FF4C0402FEB2F8F4" baseAuthorityName="Neubert" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[145,261,1792,1813]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FF4C0402FEB2F8F4" box="[145,261,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Levantina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which invaded Arabia and Northern Africa in the Miocene. With regard to the Arabian group, which is represented in our phylogeny by
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FDA0043CFE8CF890" authority="Neubert, 1998" authorityName="Neubert" authorityYear="1998" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="symensi">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FDA0043CFD4FF8B2" box="[637,760,1854,1875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">L. symensi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FF4C045EFE8CF890" author="Neubert E" box="[145,315,1884,1906]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="333 - 461" refId="ref10947" refString="Neubert E. 1998. Annotated checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species. Fauna of Arabia 17: 333 - 461." type="journal article" year="1998">Neubert, 1998</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, this scenario is compatible with our dated phylogeny (
<figureCitation id="13772A3FE16FDF43FC2003C7FBF7FF3B" box="[1021,1088,197,219]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[145,223,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[212,1352,186,1636]" captionTargetId="graphics-45@7.[247,975,220,1573]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dated 50% clade credibility tree with median node heights based on the combined analysis of partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16 S rRNA genes, as well as a part of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster covering parts of the 5.8 S rRNA gene, the complete ITS2 and a part of the 28 S rRNA gene. Values at the nodes represent node ages in Ma. Bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals and coloured squares at the nodes and the tips of the tree represent (estimated) ranges from the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model. The arrows indicate the nodes where the DEC model and the DEC model allowing for founder-event speciation (+J) differed with regard to the estimated ancestral range. The node used for calibration is indicated by an asterisk. Insert map: delimitation of geographical areas considered in the biogeographic analyses: (1) Western Mediterranean region of Europe (incl. western Europe, northern Europe and parts of Central Europe), (2) western North Africa (incl. Cape Verde Islands), (3) Canary Islands and Madeira Archipelago (Macaronesian Archipelagos) and (4) Eastern Mediterranean region (incl. the Middle East, parts of eastern Central Europe and eastern Europe, the Caucasus region and adjacent areas)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). However, our phylogenetic analyses strongly indicate that
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FB7503E6FAF2FF18" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[1192,1349,228,249]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FB7503E6FAF2FF18" box="[1192,1349,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not related to the Eastern Mediterranean
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FAD30201FA3DFEF9" baseAuthorityName="Neubert" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1294,1418,259,280]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Levantina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FAD30201FA3DFEF9" box="[1294,1418,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Levantina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but to the Maghrebian radiation of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FB080223FAFFFED6" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1237,1352,289,311]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1236" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Helicinae">Helicinae</taxonomicName>
, more specifically to
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FC0F0242FBEFFEB4" authorityName="P. Hesse" authorityYear="1917" box="[978,1112,320,341]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Maurohelix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FC0F0242FBEFFEB4" box="[978,1112,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Maurohelix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atlas Mountains (
<figureCitation id="13772A3FE16FDF43FCEC025CFCC1FE95" box="[817,886,350,372]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="5.[145,227,1674,1696]" captionTargetBox="[206,1349,183,1633]" captionTargetId="graphics-24@5.[242,1294,195,1593]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 3. Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree based on the combined analysis of partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16 S rRNA genes, as well as a part of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster covering parts of the 5.8 S rRNA gene, the complete ITS2 and a part of the 28 S rRNA gene. Values at the branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and maximum likelihood bootstrap values (right). For information on vouchers, see Supporting Information, Table S2." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459061" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459061/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13772A3FE16FDF43FC5E025DFC26FE95" box="[899,913,351,372]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[145,223,1676,1698]" captionTargetBox="[212,1352,186,1636]" captionTargetId="graphics-45@7.[247,975,220,1573]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Dated 50% clade credibility tree with median node heights based on the combined analysis of partial sequences of the mitochondrial COI and 16 S rRNA genes, as well as a part of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster covering parts of the 5.8 S rRNA gene, the complete ITS2 and a part of the 28 S rRNA gene. Values at the nodes represent node ages in Ma. Bars represent 95% highest posterior density intervals and coloured squares at the nodes and the tips of the tree represent (estimated) ranges from the dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model. The arrows indicate the nodes where the DEC model and the DEC model allowing for founder-event speciation (+J) differed with regard to the estimated ancestral range. The node used for calibration is indicated by an asterisk. Insert map: delimitation of geographical areas considered in the biogeographic analyses: (1) Western Mediterranean region of Europe (incl. western Europe, northern Europe and parts of Central Europe), (2) western North Africa (incl. Cape Verde Islands), (3) Canary Islands and Madeira Archipelago (Macaronesian Archipelagos) and (4) Eastern Mediterranean region (incl. the Middle East, parts of eastern Central Europe and eastern Europe, the Caucasus region and adjacent areas)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459063" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459063/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">4</figureCitation>
). Thus, the occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FB6C025CFAF0FE92" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[1201,1351,350,371]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FB6C025CFAF0FE92" box="[1201,1351,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Nefusa Mountains in
<collectingCountry id="F35B762AE16FDF43FBC0027FFBE9FE72" box="[1053,1118,381,403]" name="Libya" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Libya</collectingCountry>
could have originated from an eastward long-distance dispersal over about
<quantity id="4CB49B5FE16FDF43FABA029EFCF9FE31" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" unit="km" value="800.0">800 km</quantity>
from the Atlas Mountains (
<figureCitation id="13772A3FE16FDF43FB4402B8FB6CFE31" box="[1177,1243,442,464]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[145,224,918,940]" captionTargetBox="[146,1425,196,878]" captionTargetId="figure-540@3.[145,1425,195,879]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Approximate ranges of Gyrostomella s.s., Maurohelix and Levantina. The question mark indicates the possible extension of the range of Maurohelix to eastern Morocco (see Holyoak et al., 2020). Note: map made with Natural Earth (free vector and raster map data https://www.naturalearthdata.com)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6459057" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6459057/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). Alternatively, the disjunct distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FB5D02DBFA97FE0F" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[1152,1312,473,494]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FB5D02DBFA97FE0F" box="[1152,1312,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F35B762AE16FDF43FA9102DBFA27FE0E" box="[1356,1424,473,495]" name="Libya" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Libya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F35B762AE16FDF43FCBD02FAFC0CFDEF" box="[864,955,504,526]" name="Algeria" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Algeria</collectingCountry>
could be a relict of a formerly wider range of the lineage, which became fragmented as a consequence of aridification processes and the spread of the Saharan desert during the late Miocene or early Pliocene (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FC7D0170FBCCFD66" author="Zhang Z &amp; Ramstein G &amp; Schuster M &amp; Li C &amp; Contoux C &amp; Yan Q" box="[928,1147,626,648]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="401 - 404" refId="ref12026" refString="Zhang Z, Ramstein G, Schuster M, Li C, Contoux C, Yan Q. 2014. Aridification of the Sahara desert caused by Tethys Sea shrinkage during the Late Miocene. Nature 513: 401 - 404." type="journal article" year="2014">
Zhang
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FC280171FB85FD66" box="[1013,1074,626,648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">et al.</emphasis>
, 2014
</bibRefCitation>
). Along with
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FAFF0171FA3DFD69" box="[1314,1418,627,648]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Eremina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FAFF0171FA3DFD69" box="[1314,1418,627,648]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Eremina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which reaches the southern parts of
<collectingCountry id="F35B762AE16FDF43FB2B0193FA8AFD46" box="[1270,1341,657,679]" name="Israel" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Israel</collectingCountry>
in the Middle East and dispersed also along the East African coast southwards to Cape Guardafui in
<collectingCountry id="F35B762AE16FDF43FB2301CCFAEAFD05" box="[1278,1373,718,740]" name="Somalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Somalia</collectingCountry>
and the western part of the Arabian Peninsula (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FAC601EFFCD7FCC3" author="Verdcourt B" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="221 - 265" refId="ref11873" refString="Verdcourt B. 1960. Some further records of Mollusca from N. Kenya, Ethiopia, Somaliland and Arabia, mostly from arid areas. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 61: 221 - 265." type="journal article" year="1960">Verdcourt, 1960</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FCB0000EFBB8FCC0" author="Neubert E" box="[877,1039,780,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="333 - 461" refId="ref10947" refString="Neubert E. 1998. Annotated checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species. Fauna of Arabia 17: 333 - 461." type="journal article" year="1998">Neubert, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), it represents an eastern outpost of the Maghrebian radiation of
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FB500028FB4BFCA1" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1815" box="[1165,1276,810,832]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1236" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Helicinae">Helicinae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF336BAE16FDF43FC9C004BFC3CFB0C" blockId="9.[809,1426,197,1262]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">
In Tripolitania, the Western and Eastern Mediterranean elements overlap, but Western Mediterranean land snail taxa dominate. Besides
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FCF400A7FC71FC5B" authorityName="P.Hesse" authorityYear="1911" box="[809,966,933,954]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Gyrostomella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FCF400A7FC71FC5B" box="[809,966,933,954]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Gyrostomella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, further Western Mediterranean land snail taxa represented in Tripolitania are
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FAC800C6FBAAFC19" authority="(Risso, 1826)" baseAuthorityName="Risso" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Gastropoda" family="Ferussaciidae" genus="Ferussacia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="carnea">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FAC800C6FCCEFC19" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Ferussacia carnea</emphasis>
(Risso, 1826)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FBF600E0FBA8FBF6" authority="(Draparnaud, 1801)" baseAuthorityName="Draparnaud" baseAuthorityYear="1801" class="Gastropoda" family="Sphincterochilidae" genus="Sphincterochila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="candidissima">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FBF600E0FA26FC16" box="[1067,1425,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Sphincterochila candidissima</emphasis>
(Draparnaud, 1801)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FBF30700FA27FBF7" authority="Monterosato, 1892" authorityName="Monterosato" authorityYear="1892" box="[1070,1424,1025,1047]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Xerosecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FBF30700FB15FBF6" box="[1070,1186,1026,1047]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Xerosecta</emphasis>
Monterosato, 1892
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FC800722FB2CFBD4" authority="Gittenberger, 1970" authorityName="Gittenberger" authorityYear="1970" box="[861,1179,1056,1078]" class="Gastropoda" family="Hygromiidae" genus="Ganula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FC800722FC02FBD4" box="[861,949,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Ganula</emphasis>
Gittenberger, 1970
</taxonomicName>
, whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FACC0722FC4BFBB2" authority="Monterosato, 1892" authorityName="Monterosato" authorityYear="1892" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Xerocrassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FACC0722FA27FBD4" box="[1297,1424,1056,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Xerocrassa</emphasis>
Monterosato, 1892
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FBD8073CFAD7FBB2" authority="Monterosato, 1892" authorityName="Monterosato" authorityYear="1892" box="[1029,1376,1086,1108]" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Xeromunda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FBD8073CFB3DFBB2" box="[1029,1162,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Xeromunda</emphasis>
Monterosato, 1892
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D39E16FDF43FCF4075FFAB6FB93" authority="Westerlund &amp; Blanc, 1879" authorityName="Westerlund &amp; Blanc" authorityYear="1879" box="[809,1281,1117,1139]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pronuba">
<emphasis id="B938EAA8E16FDF43FCF4075FFC7AFB93" box="[809,973,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245">Helix pronuba</emphasis>
Westerlund &amp; Blanc, 1879
</taxonomicName>
are Eastern Mediterranean taxa (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FBEF077EFB6BFB70" author="Sturany R" box="[1074,1244,1148,1169]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="291 - 312" refId="ref11724" refString="Sturany R. 1909. Mollusken aus Tripolis und Barka. Gesammelt von Dr. Bruno Klaptocz. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie 27: 291 - 312, pls 10, 11." type="book chapter" year="1909">Sturany, 1909</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FB31077EFA3DFB70" author="Alzona C" box="[1260,1418,1148,1170]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="140 - 148" refId="ref8388" refString="Alzona C. 1940. Molluschi raccolti dal Prof. G. Scortecci in Tripolitania e sui Tassili (Missioni 1934 e 1936). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano 79: 140 - 148." type="journal article" year="1940">Alzona, 1940</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B4BE16FDF43FCF40798FC67FB4E" author="Neubert E" box="[809,976,1178,1200]" pageId="9" pageNumber="1245" pagination="1 - 200" refId="ref10979" refString="Neubert E. 2014. Revision of Helix Linnaeus, 1758 in its eastern Mediterranean distribution area, and reassignment of Helix godetiana Kobelt, 1878 to Maltzanella Hesse, 1917 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Helicidae). Contributions to Natural History 26: 1 - 200." type="journal article" year="2014">Neubert, 2014</bibRefCitation>
). In contrast, Eastern Mediterranean taxa predominate in the Cyrenaica region adjoining to the east.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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