315 lines
39 KiB
XML
315 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document id="D8FC1D12E43ECD49C967B8E9C3EED589" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.276783" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="276783" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460235511592" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L." docDate="2011" docId="03D28792FFD3FF8584E411766E3787A0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02759p048.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2759" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Eratosaster jenae" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="FFEBFFEAFFC4FF9D847312686C098034" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698239547451" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="747CC77BCA28D7D164E5205292399F86" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0E4A4C2CD288D15C32B7D5AC58834C09">
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<mods:title id="00CE63F0C01D18AFD06C06FD35980B64">Taxonomy of high-latitude Goniasteridae (Subantarctic & Antarctic): one new genus, and three new species with an overview and key to taxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="1D69083EA07E247465020632D41045B1" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8A09484D9AF61DCBCF3404370B74A945">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6B9A81A7E66F98B075BCA9190C74839F">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AD21CFF4D5EA040E2313D7EC9423A08D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C51C94DE060FD9553CAA8B219B5F09BA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="1A4B466C5E29E9FA6E5624B6D0140292">
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<mods:date id="2F00BB7A4B00869E997F3D219439E663">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="444FC1922E1830BFF951DDF3C4841762" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F27BB04EA77D06808A37190CBE9E5D12">2759</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="B3504D8C5458096DC84201B1972E9D15" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="3856E1567D1BF451DF5A037789855897">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="142EF6C8BB353AC6B04F5772FD875110">48</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="0FBDDF97F17EBF56B2F6345EC78F8D6C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="3CF66FFC6DBAC750CAC77AB2355A56D0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.276783</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7A679116ACE0B5BC98CA09CF124BAA83" type="GBIF-Dataset">cbd0de37-eabb-43d6-bae2-ff7fe53daac6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="A3D838230715210CB2B49FBB0C860CB6" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1D9D090D7B7FE9636C84211ECBB29E3B" type="Zenodo-Dep">276783</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03D28792FFD3FF8584E411766E3787A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6184347" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119388099" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6184347" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D28792FFD3FF8584E411766E3787A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D28792FFD3FF8584E411766E3787A0" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD3FF8A84E411766D45836D" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84E411766DC6830C" blockId="23.[151,463,798,857]" box="[151,463,798,824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<heading id="D08C81E8FFD3FF8A84E411766DC6830C" bold="true" box="[151,463,798,824]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84E411766DC6830C" bold="true" box="[151,463,798,824]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD3FF8A84E411766D63830C" ID-CoL="6GBSD" box="[151,362,798,824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jenae">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84E411766D63830C" bold="true" box="[151,362,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eratosaster jenae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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nov. sp.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84E411296D45836D" blockId="23.[151,463,798,857]" box="[151,332,833,857]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD3FF8A84ED11296D02836D" box="[158,267,833,857]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 10</figureCitation>
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A–D)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD3FF8A84E411E16DAD8439" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84E411E16DAD8439" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84E411E16D188396" bold="true" box="[151,273,905,930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body strongly stellate. Abactinal plates strongly convex. Abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates bare and smooth with only peripheral granulation. Abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates with large conical spines. Furrow spines elongate, forming distinct spiny fringe on tube foot furrow. Subambulacral spine also elongate similar in size to furrow spines.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD3FF8A84B416726EAE844D" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B416726EAE844D" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84B416726D478406" bold="true" box="[199,334,1050,1074]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The genus is derived from the Greek
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A868216726F358405" box="[753,828,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eratos</emphasis>
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for “lovely” and –
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A80781672684A8405" box="[1035,1091,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">aster</emphasis>
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for “star”. The species epithet, “
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD3FF8A84D016566CD68461" box="[163,223,1086,1109]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="jenae">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84D016566CD68461" box="[163,223,1086,1109]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">jenae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” is named for Dr. Jen Hammock, administrator of the
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A873216556F6C8461" box="[833,869,1085,1109]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">US</collectingCountry>
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A871816556FDA8461" box="[875,979,1085,1109]" name="Antarctica" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
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Research Program, which has supported
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A84E416096CF6844D" box="[151,255,1121,1145]" name="Antarctica" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
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biodiversity research and collections.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD3FF8A84B416ED680584A9" box="[199,1036,1157,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B416ED680584A9" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" box="[199,1036,1157,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84B416ED6E1D84AA" bold="true" box="[199,532,1157,1182]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Distribution. South Atlantic</emphasis>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD3FF8A865016ED6E9784A9" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" box="[547,670,1157,1181]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A865016ED6E6284A9" box="[547,619,1157,1181]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Scotia</collectingCountry>
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Sea
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</taxonomicName>
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), Burdwood Bank.
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFD3FF8A870B16ED680184A9" box="[888,1032,1157,1181]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1125" metricValueMax="1.886" metricValueMin="0.33899999999999997" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1112.5" valueMax="1886.0" valueMin="339.0">339–1886 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD3FF8A84B416C16CEA8541" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B416C16F6084D1" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84B416C16DBB84F6" bold="true" box="[199,434,1193,1218]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD3FF8A85C916C16E5B84F5" box="[442,594,1193,1217]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">
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||
<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD3FF8A85C916C16E5B84F5" box="[442,594,1193,1217]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">HOLOTYPE</collectionCode>
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||
</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD3FF8A862D16C16EA684F5" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[606,687,1193,1217]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
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1149358 Burdwood Bank
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD3FF8A879716C1684B84F5" box="[996,1090,1193,1217]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="-54.7">54°42’S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD3FF8A802316C168C184F5" box="[1104,1224,1193,1217]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="-56.6">56° 36’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD3FF8A80A616C1695184F5" box="[1237,1368,1193,1217]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4799999999999995" metricValueMax="3.5700000000000003" metricValueMin="3.3899999999999997" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="348.0" valueMax="357.0" valueMin="339.0">
|
||
339–
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||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFD3FF8A817E16C1695184F5" box="[1293,1368,1193,1217]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="generic">357 m</specimenCount>
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||
</quantity>
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||
. Coll. R/V
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||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84BF16A56D1684D1" box="[204,287,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eltanin</emphasis>
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||
st. 1593,
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||
<date id="FFC51044FFD3FF8A85FF16A56E3E84D1" box="[396,567,1229,1253]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1966-03-14">14 March 1966</date>
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||
(1 dry spec. R=4.2, r=1.3).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B416996CEA8541" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD3FF8A84B416996D6F853D" box="[199,358,1265,1289]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">PARATYPES</typeStatus>
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||
:
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD3FF8A850216996DCB853D" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[369,450,1265,1289]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
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1149359,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD3FF8A864A16996EBB853D" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" box="[569,690,1265,1289]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A864A16996E76853D" box="[569,639,1265,1289]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Scotia</collectingCountry>
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Sea
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</taxonomicName>
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, SE of Burdwood Bank, off
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<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A8785169968A7853D" box="[1014,1198,1265,1289]" name="Falkland Islands" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Falkland Islands</collectingCountry>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD3FF8A80C516996928853D" box="[1206,1313,1265,1289]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="15" value="-54.0">54°0’0”S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD3FF8A815D1699699E853D" box="[1326,1431,1265,1289]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="-55.883335">55°53”W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4C839B61FFD3FF8A84E4177D6D3F8519" box="[151,310,1301,1325]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8824999999999998" metricValueMax="1.886" metricValueMin="1.879" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1882.5" valueMax="1886.0" valueMin="1879.0">1879–1886 m</quantity>
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||
. Coll. R/V Eltanin st. 377,
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<date id="FFC51044FFD3FF8A861C177D6F4E8519" box="[623,839,1301,1325]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1962-12-21">21 December 1962</date>
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(1 dry spec., R=4.0, r=1.4).
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<collectionCode id="ED6AAE41FFD3FF8A80E2177D68EB8519" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1169,1250,1301,1325]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">USNM</collectionCode>
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||
1149360. Burdwood Bank
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD3FF8A855617516D8A8565" box="[293,387,1337,1361]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="-54.7">54°42’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4F5043FFD3FF8A85E017516E068565" box="[403,527,1337,1361]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="-56.6">56° 36’ W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFD3FF8A866D17516EAA8565" box="[542,675,1337,1361]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4799999999999995" metricValueMax="3.5700000000000003" metricValueMin="3.3899999999999997" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="348.0" valueMax="357.0" valueMin="339.0">
|
||
339–
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||
<specimenCount id="9D7DFD0DFFD3FF8A862517516EAA8565" box="[598,675,1337,1361]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="generic">357 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Coll. R/V
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A875F17516F768565" box="[812,895,1337,1361]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eltanin</emphasis>
|
||
st. 1593,
|
||
<date id="FFC51044FFD3FF8A8784175168A58565" box="[1015,1196,1337,1361]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1966-03-14">14 March 1966</date>
|
||
. (1 dry spec. R=3.8, r=1.3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C361650FFFD3FF8584B417E96E3787A0" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B417E96FF185D5" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFD3FF8A84B417E96D5085AE" bold="true" box="[199,345,1409,1434]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Body stellate. Arms elongate, triangular. Interbrachial arcs weakly rounded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD3FF8A80B417E9691085AD" box="[1223,1305,1409,1433]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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||
A–B). Disk from (USNM 114358, 114360) is more convex with armtips curled upwards on Burdwood Bank specimens compared to the
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD3FF8A855117A16D9E85D5" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" box="[290,407,1481,1505]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A855117A16D6185D5" box="[290,360,1481,1505]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (USNM 1149359), which is more flattened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFD3FF8A84B417856FD887ED" blockId="23.[151,1437,905,2009]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Abactinal plate surface convex, smooth, devoid of accessories (e.g., granules, etc.). Convexity strongest on disk with plates becoming more flattened distally along arm. Abactinal plate in dorsal outline, perfectly circular to oval, often irregular in shape with rounded edges. Fasciolar grooves weakly present. Largest and roundest proximally becoming smaller and more irregular distally towards contact with superomarginal plate series. Abactinal plates present along arm, sometimes to terminal plate but sometimes present only proximally on arm. Distribution and shape of abactinal plates on disk varies even on arms on one individual (e.g.,
|
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<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD3FF8A805814CA6882868E" box="[1067,1163,1698,1722]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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USNM 1149360). Presence of abactinal plate to armtip varies among individuals and is present in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD3FF8A879414AD684086E9" box="[999,1097,1733,1757]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
but not in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD3FF8A80B014AE692A86EA" box="[1219,1315,1734,1758]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFD3FF8A811A14AD6CEC8735" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFD3FF8A811A14AD6CBA8735" name="United Kingdom" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM 119359), which shows superomarginal plates abutting over midline distally on arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD3FF8A8157148169718735" box="[1316,1400,1769,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Disk plates with spines. Spines thick and stout, conical with blunt to pointed tips. When present, spines present centrally on each plate, located primarily on disk but
|
||
<typeStatus id="54C08826FFD3FF8A868A15596F52877D" box="[761,859,1841,1865]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has spines on series extending out along proximal portion of arm (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFD3FF8A8538153D6D958759" box="[331,412,1877,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). Papulae present between plates in radial regions on disk, but absent from distal arm regions and interradial regions, especially at contact with superomarginal border. Accessory granules round to teardrop to triangular in shape, present between disk plates but becoming less abundant distally along arms especially on specimens where abactinal plates do not form series directly to armtip.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDCFF8584B412FF6D8E8208" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Superomarginals 25–30 per interradius (from armtip to armtip). Inferomarginals 28–30 per interradius (from armtip to armtip). Superomarginals and inferomarginals are larger interradially becoming smaller distally, becoming closer in size (more 1:1) interradially, and becoming more offset distally. A zigzag contact between superomarginals and inferomarginals is more clearly present distally, where the plates are more offset. Both marginal plate series are convex. Plates in both series with a single stout, conical spine similar to the ones present on the abactinal plate. Other then the large single spine, marginal plate surface is smooth with no other accessories present. Some plates have a second, smaller spine present. Large spines on marginal plates in series facing laterally forming a distinct fringe around the marginal plate edge. Spines are more dorsolaterally directed interadally, becoming more directly lateral-facing on distal part of arm. Dorsal-facing marginal plates distally are more flattened relative to those interadially which are more rounded. Small granules, ~50–60 (~13–15 per side), each round to elongate to teardrop shaped, present as periphery around each marginal plate, although granules are absent (likely due to abrasion on many plates).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDCFF8584B4102F6CD18368" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Actinal surface is made up of two chevrons of plates, including an irregular array of these plates adjacent to the contact with the inferomarginal plate series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDCFF8586FA10046ED582B0" box="[649,732,620,644]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The complete chevron is adjacent to the adambulacral plate series and is limited to the proximal region of the arm. Actinal plates absent distally along the arm. Plates are irregularly round, forming trapezoids, ovals, or other irregular shapes. Most plate surfaces are bare but several of the smaller plates adjacent to the inferomarginal plate series each bear a large, prominent conical spine similar to the spines present on the abactinal and marginal plates. Actinal plates, each surrounded by peripheral granules,
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDCFF85812510946CA48303" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" metricValueMax="6.35" metricValueMin="3.81" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="20.0" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="15.0">15–25 in</quantity>
|
||
number, round to teardrop in shape, and mildly convex to flat in profile (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDCFF8587A4117768208303" box="[983,1065,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Some are convex with a weak point.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDCFF8584B41101684D84F0" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Furrow spines generally two proximally (distally or exceptionally three), but spine size is variable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13402A01FFDCFF85815B110F6972834B" box="[1320,1403,871,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[212,1372,193,1608]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[212,1376,193,1611]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 10. Eratosaster jennae n. sp. Holotype. USNM 1149358 A. Abactinal surface. B. Abactinal-lateral surface showing spines and superomarginal series. C. Actinal surface and oral region. D. Armtip showing superomarginals abutted along midline. Scale Bar = 0.5 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/276793/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
C). Proximal furrow spines both blunt, elongate, round in cross-section at base, becoming more flattened at tip. More distal furrow spines, starting around the fifth or sixth adambulacral plate, with disproportionately smaller distal spine versus proximally, much larger spine. Larger spine is easily two to three times the length and width of the smaller spine. A third furrow spine is present distally near the armtip on adambulacral plates in the two Burdwood Bank specimens but occurs on nearly every proximal adambulacral on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF858784167468668400" authority="Sea" authorityName="Sea" box="[1015,1135,1052,1076]" genus="Scotia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Nemertea" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDCFF858784167468348400" box="[1015,1085,1052,1076]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Sea
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen. Furrow spines, three to four, on each oral plate. Each subambulacral spine is large, prominent, equal to if not larger then largest of the furrow spines. Pointed to blunt-rounded granules, four to six, present behind subambulacral adjacent to actinal plate series. Large paddle-like pedicellariae present on one adambulacral plate out of every 10, usually on surface adjacent to actinal plate series. Infrequently observed on three specimens examined.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDCFF8584B416A76CB386D4" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8584B416A76E2184DC" bold="true" box="[199,552,1231,1256]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Comparisons with other taxa.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85865D16B96EB884DC" box="[558,689,1233,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85865D16B96EB884DC" box="[558,689,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closely resembles the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85878716B8686D84DC" box="[1012,1124,1232,1256]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85878716B8686D84DC" box="[1012,1124,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but differs in several different respects.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF858558169C6D938538" box="[299,410,1268,1292]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF858558169C6D938538" box="[299,410,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on morphological definitions by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDCFF858714169C6FE48538" author="Mah" box="[871,1005,1268,1292]" pageId="24" pageNumber="47" refString="Mah C. L. (2005) Cladistic Analysis of the Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Valvatoidea): Phylogeny, Evolution and Biodiversity. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Illinois, 378 pp." type="book" year="2005">Mah (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA4B75FFDCFF858054169C69038538" author="Clark" box="[1063,1290,1268,1292]" pageId="24" pageNumber="47" refString="Clark, H. E. S. & McKnight, D. G. (2001) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Echinodermata: Asteroidea (sea-stars), Order Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 117, 1 - 270." type="journal article" year="2001">H.E.S. Clark (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is supported by several characteristics, including smooth, bare, swollen marginal plates with prominent conical to blunt spines, abactinal plates with granular accessories forming a discrete periphery, large, conical subambulacral spines in a transverse series to the tube foot furrow, and furrow spines usually very numerous (>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDCFF85803D17086881854C" box="[1102,1160,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
most species and>
|
||
<quantity id="4C839B61FFDCFF85811717086995854C" box="[1380,1436,1376,1400]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="in" value="15.0">15 in</quantity>
|
||
several).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85848D17ED6D8885A8" box="[254,385,1413,1436]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85848D17ED6D8885A8" box="[254,385,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has only a single enlarged, conical subambulacral spine on each adambulacral plate that precludes having them in a transverse series.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8586F317C16F0A85F4" box="[640,771,1449,1472]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8586F317C16F0A85F4" box="[640,771,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also only has two to three furrow large, thickened spines which differs from nearly all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85859717A46E5D85D0" box="[484,596,1484,1508]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85859717A46E5D85D0" box="[484,596,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. except for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85868E17A46FD185D0" box="[765,984,1484,1508]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="baccatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85868E17A46FD185D0" box="[765,984,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster baccatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which has three. The numerous peripheral granules that occur between marginal plates in nearly all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85873817986FB2863C" box="[843,955,1520,1544]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85873817986FB2863C" box="[843,955,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are also poorly expressed between the marginal plates on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8585EC147D6E298618" box="[415,544,1557,1580]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8585EC147D6E298618" box="[415,544,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8586D5147D6F208618" box="[678,809,1557,1580]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8586D5147D6F208618" box="[678,809,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does have bare, swollen abactinal and marginal plates along with large, blunt conical spines centrally located on several of these plates.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF858013145068D98664" box="[1120,1232,1592,1616]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF858013145068D98664" box="[1120,1232,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and related taxa, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85857914346D908640" box="[266,409,1628,1652]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Astrothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85857914346D908640" box="[266,409,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Astrothauma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8585D814346E438640" box="[427,586,1628,1652]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Milteliphaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8585D814346E438640" box="[427,586,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Milteliphaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8586F614346F238640" box="[645,810,1628,1652]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Mabahissaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8586F614346F238640" box="[645,810,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Mabahissaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are members of a complicated species complex (Aziz and Jangoux 1982). Unpublished diversity of species in this group is much greater then what is observed in published accounts (Mah, unpublished data) and this represents one of the first accounts of this group from the Atlantic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC43684FFDCFF8584B414856E3787A0" blockId="24.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8584B414856D408730" box="[199,329,1773,1796]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8584B414856D408730" box="[199,329,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears intermediate between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8586C214846F288730" box="[689,801,1772,1796]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8586C214846F288730" box="[689,801,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F36C7614FFDCFF8587F814846FFA8730" box="[907,1011,1772,1796]" name="Antarctica" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
goniasterid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8580F71484690E8730" box="[1156,1287,1772,1796]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8580F71484690E8730" box="[1156,1287,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chitonaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85816B148469958730" box="[1304,1436,1772,1796]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85816B148469958730" box="[1304,1436,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chitonaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has enlarged furrow and subambulacrals similar to those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85874B15796FB2871C" box="[824,955,1809,1832]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85874B15796FB2871C" box="[824,955,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but abactinal and marginal plate morphology in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF858498155C6D668778" box="[235,367,1844,1868]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF858498155C6D668778" box="[235,367,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Chitonaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs substantially from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8586D6155D6F2F8778" box="[677,806,1845,1868]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8586D6155D6F2F8778" box="[677,806,1845,1868]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some morphology does suggest relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8584E415306D0E8744" box="[151,263,1880,1904]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Calliaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8584E415306D0E8744" box="[151,263,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Calliaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF85853015306DC28744" box="[323,459,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF85853015306DCE8744" box="[323,455,1880,1904]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Chitonaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Chitonaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which suggests
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7B4D07FFDCFF8586FF15316F078744" box="[652,782,1881,1904]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Eratosaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90FEA96FFDCFF8586FF15316F078744" box="[652,782,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Eratosaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be an important potential sister taxon for outgroup consideration in phylogenetic studies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |