450 lines
54 KiB
XML
450 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7701357" ID-ZooBank="F146B808-9D5B-477F-9E73-09A8DFDBFA31" approvalRequired="12" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="12" checkinTime="1678097781678" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moyle, Peter B., Buckmaster, Nicholas & Su, Yingxin" docDate="2023" docId="03D1EC51DE01FF8E3FFFFEA7CE68FC9C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5249.5.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5249 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhinichthys nevadensis subsp. nevadensis Gilbert 1893, new combination" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="523" masterDocId="FFE89429DE15FF983F68FF81CD38FF89" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the Speckled Dace Species Complex (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae, Rhinichthys) in California, USA" masterLastPageNumber="539" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="521" updateTime="1678098333465" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy of the Speckled Dace Species Complex (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae, Rhinichthys) in California, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Moyle, Peter B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Center for Watershed Sciences & Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, 425 LaRue Road, Davis CA 95626 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Buckmaster, Nicholas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>California Department of Fish & Wildlife, 787 Main Street, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. Nick. buckmaster @ wildlife. ca. gov Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA. syxsu @ ucdavis. edu Corresponding author. pbmoyle @ ucdavis. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4825 - 4865</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Su, Yingxin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4825-4865</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">pbmoyle@ucdavis.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-06</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5249</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7701357</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7701333" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE01FF8E3FFFFEA7CE68FC9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1EC51DE01FF8E3FFFFEA7CE68FC9C" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="521" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,971,294,357]" box="[151,971,294,321]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,971,294,321]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,971,294,321]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="6WTP5" authority="Gilbert 1893" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su" baseAuthorityYear="2023" box="[151,741,294,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nevadensis" status="new combination" subSpecies="nevadensis">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,577,294,321]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Rhinichthys nevadensis nevadensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilbert, C. H." box="[584,741,294,320]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref28014" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1893) Report on the fishes of the Death Valley expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891 with descriptions of new species. U. S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, 7, 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3996 / nafa. 7.0003" type="journal article" year="1893">Gilbert 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[748,964,294,321]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" rank="species">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,971,294,357]" box="[151,544,331,357]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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Amargosa Speckled Dace.
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<tableCitation box="[453,538,331,357]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="29.[152,245,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Sada et al. (1993). LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers." pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Table 3</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,892,399,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,892,399,423]" box="[151,892,399,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,270,399,423]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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See Desert Speckled Dace,
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<taxonomicName box="[556,793,399,423]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
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<emphasis box="[556,793,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Rhinichthys nevadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, account.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[151,954,469,496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" box="[151,954,469,496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,267,469,495]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<typeStatus box="[151,262,469,495]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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See Desert Speckled Dace,
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<taxonomicName box="[583,845,469,495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
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<emphasis box="[583,845,469,495]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Rhinichthys nevadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, account.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="521" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,322,505,531]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The Amargosa Speckled Dace is a cryptic taxon diagnosable with genomics and distribution as the Speckled Dace found in the springs, streams, and ditches of Death Valley, Owens Valley, and the Amargosa River. Individuals are typically small (
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SL) and recognizable as Speckled Dace by their thick caudal peduncle, sub-cylindrical body, small fins, small eyes, and blunt pointed snout. The sides of the body are usually covered with black blotches which merge into a black stripe, which is especially dark below the eye.
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilbert, C. H." box="[1142,1372,649,675]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref28014" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1893) Report on the fishes of the Death Valley expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891 with descriptions of new species. U. S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, 7, 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3996 / nafa. 7.0003" type="journal article" year="1893">Gilbert’s (1893:230)</bibRefCitation>
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short diagnosis is: “Differing from other known species [of dace] by the large head, the short deep body, very small eye, and in the reduction of the outer ventral [fin] ray to a mere rudiment.” He also noted the presence of an incomplete lateral line, of maxillary barbels, and of a conspicuous lateral stripe. See
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<tableCitation box="[1003,1089,757,783]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="29.[152,245,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Sada et al. (1993). LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers." pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Table 3</tableCitation>
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for meristics. However, these characters, except genomics and distribution, do not separate the three
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<taxonomicName box="[944,1098,793,819]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
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<emphasis box="[944,1098,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">R. nevadensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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subspecies from one another.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="20" pageNumber="521" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,337,829,855]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Description</emphasis>
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. The formal description of Amargosa Speckled Dace (as a species) by
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilbert, C. H." box="[1139,1301,829,855]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref28014" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1893) Report on the fishes of the Death Valley expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891 with descriptions of new species. U. S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, 7, 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3996 / nafa. 7.0003" type="journal article" year="1893">Gilbert (1893)</bibRefCitation>
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is thorough (
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<figureCitation box="[159,256,865,891]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1615,1639]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,275,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-59@26.[154,1434,272,1592]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 6. Top. Holotype, Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Rutter (1903). Middle, Long Valley Speckled Dace from Whitmore Marsh, 2014, showing life colors. Photo by Jacob Katz. Bottom: Western Speckled Dace, type specimen, from Evermann and Meek (1898)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701369/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Figure 6</figureCitation>
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) and is included in this paper as the description of Desert Speckled Dace,
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<emphasis box="[1100,1263,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<taxonomicName box="[1100,1259,865,891]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">R. nevadensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Scoppettone, G. G. & Hereford, M. E. & Rissler, P. H. & Johnson, D. M. & Salgado, J. A." pageId="20" pageNumber="521" refId="ref31171" refString="Scoppettone, G. G., Hereford, M. E., Rissler, P. H., Johnson, D. M. & Salgado, J. A. (2011) Relative Abundance and Distribution of Fishes within an Established Area of Critical Environmental Concern, Inyo and San Bernardino Counties, California. Open- File Report 2011 - 1161. U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. [unknown pagination] https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / ofr 20111161" type="book" year="2011">
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Scoppettone
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
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(2011)
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</bibRefCitation>
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measured 1354 dace from the Amargosa River Canyon, which had a mean fork length of
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<quantity box="[1295,1366,901,928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="51.0">51mm</quantity>
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and a maximum FL of
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<quantity box="[339,417,937,964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" unit="mm" value="92.0">92 mm</quantity>
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FL. None of Gilbert’s characters separate the regional Speckled Dace populations from one another, demonstrating the cryptic nature of Speckled Dace taxa.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[199,393,1009,1036]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="350 - 359" refId="ref30825" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1995) Desert aquatic ecosystems and the genetic and morphological diversity of Death Valley system Speckled Dace. In: Nielsen, J. L. (Ed.), Evolution and the Aquatic System. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, pp. 350 - 359." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Sada
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<emphasis box="[259,314,1009,1035]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
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(1995)
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</bibRefCitation>
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performed a principal component analysis on 20 morphological measurements (truss analysis) and eight meristic characters on 484 Speckled Dace (386Amargosa Speckled Dace and 98 Lahontan Speckled Dace) from 13 localities (
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<tableCitation box="[364,450,1081,1107]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="29.[152,245,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Sada et al. (1993). LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers." pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Table 3</tableCitation>
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); they found that “Meristic and proportional mensural characters were all within ranges documented for Speckled Dace…Highly significant differences among all populations for all characters showed the morphology of each population to be unique (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[712,1009,1153,1180]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="350 - 359" refId="ref30825" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1995) Desert aquatic ecosystems and the genetic and morphological diversity of Death Valley system Speckled Dace. In: Nielsen, J. L. (Ed.), Evolution and the Aquatic System. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, pp. 350 - 359." type="journal article" year="1995">
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Sada
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<emphasis box="[777,834,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
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1995:352–353
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</bibRefCitation>
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).” Essentially, they found evidence of local adaptation and genetic drift, but no features that could readily distinguish individual Amargosa Speckled Dace from individuals in other regional dace populations, including Lahontan and Long Valley Speckled Dace. Lahontan Speckled Dace, however, did have slightly more lateral line scales than the other two subspecies but overlap in scale counts and incomplete lateral lines in many individuals makes this character unreliable for identification (
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<tableCitation box="[1334,1421,1297,1323]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="29.[152,245,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Sada et al. (1993). LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers." pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Table 3</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,353,1333,1359]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilbert, C. H." box="[359,518,1333,1359]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref28014" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1893) Report on the fishes of the Death Valley expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891 with descriptions of new species. U. S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, 7, 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3996 / nafa. 7.0003" type="journal article" year="1893">Gilbert (1893)</bibRefCitation>
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reported the distribution of
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<taxonomicName box="[829,982,1333,1359]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,982,1333,1359]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">R. nevadensis</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
as warm water springs in Ash Meadows, Indian Creek, and Vegas Creek,
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<collectingRegion box="[513,602,1369,1395]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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. Vegas Creek has been covered up by Las Vegas and its endemic Speckled Dace,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1984" box="[222,449,1405,1431]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deaconi">
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<emphasis box="[222,449,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Rhinichthys deaconi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is extinct (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, G. R. & Chow, J. & Unmack, P. J. & Markle, D. F. & Dowling, T. E." box="[575,772,1405,1431]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref31441" refString="Smith, G. R., Chow, J., Unmack, P. J., Markle, D. F. & Dowling, T. E. (2017) Evolution of the Rhinichthys osculus complex (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Western North America. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 204 (2), 1 - 83" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Smith
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<emphasis box="[650,705,1405,1431]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
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2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The Amargosa Speckled Dace is endemic to springs, small streams, and rivers in the Death Valley system (which includes the Owens Valley) in
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<collectingRegion box="[1095,1209,1441,1467]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">California</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1262,1348,1441,1467]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1736,1760]" captionTargetBox="[210,1376,181,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[210,1376,181,1711]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Current distribution of Rhinichthys in California and adjacent watersheds. The distributions are only approximate but based on occurrence in HUC 12 watersheds. The numbers refer to populations in the Owens Valley and Death Valley that are included in Amargosa Speckled Dace, R. nevadensis nevadensis and can be recognized as Distinct Population Segments (1) Owens Speckled Dace, (2) Oasis Valley Speckled Dace, (3) Ash Meadows Speckled Dace, and (4) Amargosa River Speckled Dace. Long Valley Speckled Dace are a distinct subspecies. Dace have been extirpated from the south San Francisco Bay-Santa Clara Valley region. See text for more specific distributional information. Information for this map was gleaned from Gesch et al. (2002), Patterson and Kelso (2021), Santos et al. (2013), US Census Bureau (2001), USGS (2004, 2013). Speckled Dace are typically present in a limited number of streams, springs and ditches within each mapped region. Map by Amber Manfree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701363/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the Owens Valley, it is assumed they once were found throughout the length of the Owens River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snyder, J. O." pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref31784" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1917) An account of some fishes from Owens River, California. Proceedings, United States National Museum, 54, 201 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.2233.201" type="journal article" year="1917">Snyder 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For more details of distribution see the Notes section of this account.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,427,1549,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">Genetics/genomics.</emphasis>
|
||
Early genetic studies generally concluded that Speckled Dace from the Death Valley region were all one lineage but included branches variously designated as Owens, Ash Meadows, Amargosa River, and Long Valley Speckled Daces. Thus,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[560,753,1621,1647]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref30776" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1993) Morphometric and genetic differentiation among Death Valley System Rhinichthys osculus. CDFG Inland Fisheries Repor t, Contract, FG 0524, 1 - 52." type="book chapter" year="1993">
|
||
Sada
|
||
<emphasis box="[622,679,1621,1647]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[766,823,1621,1648]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="350 - 359" refId="ref30825" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1995) Desert aquatic ecosystems and the genetic and morphological diversity of Death Valley system Speckled Dace. In: Nielsen, J. L. (Ed.), Evolution and the Aquatic System. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, pp. 350 - 359." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) used protein electrophoresis to examine relationships among dace from 13 localities in the region and from the once-interconnecting Amargosa River. They found that all populations had some statistically identifiable features and that the regional Speckled Dace populations likely diverged from Lahontan Speckled Dace after vulcanism and drying-up of interconnecting waterways isolated them in the Death/Owens Valley region.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E. & Douglas, M. R." box="[543,763,1765,1791]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="207 - 221" refId="ref30094" refString="Oakey, D. D., Douglas, M. E. & Douglas, M. R. (2004) Small fish in a large landscape: diversification of Rhinichthys osculus (Cyprinidae) in western North America, Copeia, 2004 (2), 207 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CG- 02 - 264 R 1" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Oakey
|
||
<emphasis box="[623,680,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2004)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, using mt/DNA found that all populations of Speckled Dace in the region formed a clade. The genomic analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mussmann, S. M. & Douglas, M. R. & Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E." box="[797,1075,1801,1828]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="10798 - 10817" refId="ref30021" refString="Mussmann, S. M., Douglas, M. R., Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E. (2020) Defining relictual biodiversity: conservation units in Speckled Dace (Leuciscidae: Rhinichthys osculus) of the Greater Death Valley Ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 10798 - 10817. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.6736" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Mussmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[930,990,1801,1827]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
produced similar results. They recommended that the populations be treated as Distinct Population Segments within the Amargosa Speckled Dace lineage because they met three criteria: current geographic isolation, genetic differentiation, and local adaptation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="20.[151,1437,469,2008]" lastBlockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="522" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mussmann, S. M. & Douglas, M. R. & Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E." box="[349,646,1909,1936]" pageId="20" pageNumber="521" pagination="10798 - 10817" refId="ref30021" refString="Mussmann, S. M., Douglas, M. R., Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E. (2020) Defining relictual biodiversity: conservation units in Speckled Dace (Leuciscidae: Rhinichthys osculus) of the Greater Death Valley Ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 10798 - 10817. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.6736" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Mussmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[477,531,1909,1935]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="521">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020:13)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
“the identities of the various lineages is intimately tied to the prehistoric lakes and rivers of the region, with diversifications occurring within modern drainages. This pattern clearly reflects a relictual biodiversity with high endemicity, with patterns driven by Plio-Pleistocene tectonics and hydrology (i.e., dispersal of Speckled Dace from Owens Valley to the Amargosa Basin during fluvial events)…”. The analysis of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Su, Y. & Moyle, P. B. & Campbell, M. A. & Finger, A. J. & O'Rourke, S. & Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R." box="[151,319,187,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="695 - 710" refId="ref32073" refString="Su, Y., Moyle, P. B., Campbell, M. A., Finger, A. J., O'Rourke, S., Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R. (2022) Population genomic analysis of the Speckled Dace species complex identifies three distinct lineages in California. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 151, 695 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tafs. 10388" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Su
|
||
<emphasis box="[188,237,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
agrees with this statement and recognizes that the Desert Speckled Dace includes three subspecieslevel lineages (Lahontan, Amargosa, and Long Valley) with the Lahontan lineage likely being the most immediate ancestral population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,412,294,321]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Notes: Subspecies</emphasis>
|
||
. The Amargosa Speckled Dace is here designated as a subspecies of Desert Speckled Dace (
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,434,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[161,426,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">Rhinichthys nevadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, going back to Gilbert’s original description and name, based on the following lines of evidence:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,320,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
The Amargosa Speckled Dace has been a stable taxon since it was described, although it was mysteriously switched from being a species to a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[885,1112,439,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[885,1112,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Rhinichthys osculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the 1940s, following the Great Basin studies of Hubbs and Miller (1948) and Miller (1946). Gilbert’s original description only encompassed dace in Ash Meadows, leaving as undescribed other dace populations in the Amargosa River, Oasis Valley, and Owens Valley. The undescribed forms have been variously lumped with Amargosa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[1134,1277,547,573]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" refId="ref29620" refString="Moyle, P. B. (1976) Inland Fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 405 pp." type="book" year="1976">Moyle 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or Lahontan Speckled Dace (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snyder, J. O." box="[334,481,583,609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref31784" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1917) An account of some fishes from Owens River, California. Proceedings, United States National Museum, 54, 201 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.2233.201" type="journal article" year="1917">Snyder 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snyder, J. O." box="[492,549,583,609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="33 - 86" refId="ref31829" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1918) The fishes of the Lahontan system of Nevada and northeastern California. United States Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 35, 33 - 86." type="journal article" year="1918">1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or treated as undescribed subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Miller 1973)" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1010,1288,583,609]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1010,1126,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">R. osculus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, R. R." box="[1141,1280,583,609]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref29411" refString="Miller, R. R. (1973) Two new fishes, Gila bicolor snyderi and Catostomus fumeiventris from the Owens River Basin California. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 667, 1 - 19." type="journal article" year="1973">Miller 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B. & Quinones, R. M. & Katz, J. V. & Weaver, J." pageId="21" pageNumber="522" refId="ref29869" refString="Moyle, P. B., Quinones, R. M., Katz, J. V. E, & Weaver, J. (2015) Fish Species of Special Concern in California. 3 rd Edition. Sacramento, California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Available from: https: // wildlife. ca. gov / Conservation / SSC / Fishes (accessed 8 February 2023)" type="url" year="2015">
|
||
Moyle
|
||
<emphasis box="[1380,1437,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
divide the Death/Owens Valley daces into Long Valley, Owens, and Amargosa populations.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Su, Y. & Moyle, P. B. & Campbell, M. A. & Finger, A. J. & O'Rourke, S. & Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R." box="[1256,1432,619,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="695 - 710" refId="ref32073" refString="Su, Y., Moyle, P. B., Campbell, M. A., Finger, A. J., O'Rourke, S., Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R. (2022) Population genomic analysis of the Speckled Dace species complex identifies three distinct lineages in California. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 151, 695 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tafs. 10388" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Su
|
||
<emphasis box="[1292,1348,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, show that the Owens Valley populations are best treated a part of the Amargosa subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1893" baseAuthorityName="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su" baseAuthorityYear="2023" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nevadensis" subSpecies="nevadensis">R. nevadensis nevadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,369,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Zoogeography.</emphasis>
|
||
During pluvial periods of the Pleistocene, the Death Valley and Lahontan regions supported many interconnected large lakes, with abundant fishes (Hubbs and Miller 1948). When the climate changed and frequent precipitation stopped, the lakes and rivers dried up or became small, disconnected remnants of what they once were. As a result, the Death Valley region became an endemism hot spot with numerous endemic plants and animals in springs and wetlands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[538,733,870,897]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="350 - 359" refId="ref30825" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1995) Desert aquatic ecosystems and the genetic and morphological diversity of Death Valley system Speckled Dace. In: Nielsen, J. L. (Ed.), Evolution and the Aquatic System. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, pp. 350 - 359." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Sada
|
||
<emphasis box="[604,664,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fish that survived became restricted to relatively small areas where permanent stream flows were created by springs, which is where we find them today. For Speckled Dace, this process resulted in numerous isolated populations with little opportunity for genetic exchange in the present landscape. In Death Valley proper, including Ash Meadows, the Speckled Dace shares spring systems with four species and eight subspecies of pupfish (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[684,875,1015,1041]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinodontidae" genus="Cyprinodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[684,818,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Cyprinodon</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In the Owens Valley, other endemic fishes are Owens Tui Chub (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[355,647,1051,1077]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Siphatales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicolor" subSpecies="snyderi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[355,647,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Siphatales bicolor snyderi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the undescribed Toikona Tui Chub (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, Y. & Parmenter, S. & May, B." box="[1067,1256,1051,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="221 - 238" refId="ref26998" refString="Chen, Y., Parmenter, S. & May, B. (2007) Introgression between Lahontan and endangered Owens Tui Chubs, and apparent discovery of a new Tui Chub in the Owens Valley, California. Conservation Genetics, 8 (1), 221 - 238. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10592 - 006 - 9164 - 3" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Chen
|
||
<emphasis box="[1134,1190,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Owens Sucker (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1973" box="[161,438,1087,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Catostomidae" genus="Catostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fumeiventris">
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,438,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Catostomus fumeiventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and Owens Pupfish (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1948" box="[689,925,1087,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinodontidae" genus="Cyprinodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radiosus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[689,925,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Cyprinodon radiosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,319,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Genomics.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Su, Y. & Moyle, P. B. & Campbell, M. A. & Finger, A. J. & O'Rourke, S. & Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R." box="[329,515,1123,1149]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="695 - 710" refId="ref32073" refString="Su, Y., Moyle, P. B., Campbell, M. A., Finger, A. J., O'Rourke, S., Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R. (2022) Population genomic analysis of the Speckled Dace species complex identifies three distinct lineages in California. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 151, 695 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tafs. 10388" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Su
|
||
<emphasis box="[369,429,1123,1149]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2022)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
support Amargosa Speckled Dace as a distinct lineage within Desert Speckled Dace.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,635,1194,1221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Note: Distinct Population Segments</emphasis>
|
||
. The Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 defines species fairly broadly for fishes and other vertebrates. The act recognizes that populations that are distinct and important segments (usually defined by genetics and distribution) of a species total population can be listed as Threatened or Endangered, even if the species is not so listed. To be recognized, Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) do not go through a formal taxonomic description process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
Thus,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mussmann, S. M. & Douglas, M. R. & Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E." box="[269,536,1375,1401]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="10798 - 10817" refId="ref30021" refString="Mussmann, S. M., Douglas, M. R., Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E. (2020) Defining relictual biodiversity: conservation units in Speckled Dace (Leuciscidae: Rhinichthys osculus) of the Greater Death Valley Ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 10798 - 10817. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.6736" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Mussmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[399,455,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used genomics to determine that the populations of Desert Speckled Dace could be divided into three DPSs: Long Valley, Owens River, and Oasis Valley. “Ash Meadows and Amargosa River populations are included within the Oasis Valley DPS. In addition, they recognized that dace in Amargosa Canyon are of hybrid origin (Amargosa X Ash Meadows). We treat this fish as a population of Amargosa Speckled Dace. Our analysis agrees with Mussmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[568,625,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, (2020) that the Long Valley Speckled Dace are sufficiently different to be recognized as a subspecies. However, our analysis also recognizes Ash Meadows and Owens Valley Speckled Dace as two DPS’s within Amargosa Speckled Dace.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<materialsCitation county="Oasis Valley" location="Oasis Valley" municipality="Amargosa River" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nevada">
|
||
The Ash Meadows Speckled Dace was first described from springs and their outflows in Ash Meadows. Genetically similar fish occupy similar habitat in the
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[739,879,1663,1689]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Oasis Valley</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[889,978,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
. In some years, the water from both areas ultimately flows into the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[440,626,1699,1725]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Amargosa River</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
and down into Amargosa Canyon. Therefore, this DPS includes daces from Ash Meadows,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE01FF8E3FFFFEA7CE68FC9C:8EA70B9CDE00FF8D3EEAF946CF28F968" box="[386,528,1735,1761]" county="Oasis Valley" municipality="Amargosa River" name="Oasis Valley" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" stateProvince="Nevada">Oasis Valley</location>
|
||
, and Amargosa Canyon, including
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE01FF8E3FFFFEA7CE68FC9C:8EA70B9CDE00FF8D3CFFF946C90CF968" box="[919,1076,1735,1761]" county="Oasis Valley" municipality="Amargosa River" name="Willow Creek" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" stateProvince="Nevada">Willow Creek</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mussmann, S. M. & Douglas, M. R. & Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E." box="[1091,1346,1735,1761]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="10798 - 10817" refId="ref30021" refString="Mussmann, S. M., Douglas, M. R., Oakey, D. D. & Douglas, M. E. (2020) Defining relictual biodiversity: conservation units in Speckled Dace (Leuciscidae: Rhinichthys osculus) of the Greater Death Valley Ecosystem. Ecology and Evolution, 10, 10798 - 10817. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.6736" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Mussmann
|
||
<emphasis box="[1222,1279,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
The Owens Valley Speckled Dace is found only in streams, springs and ditches of the Owens Valley,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1316,1433,1771,1797]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It was considered by La Rivers and Trelease (1962) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[765,918,1807,1833]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" refId="ref29620" refString="Moyle, P. B. (1976) Inland Fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 405 pp." type="book" year="1976">Moyle (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be a population of Amargosa Speckled Dace (
|
||
<emphasis box="[161,414,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su" authorityYear="2023" box="[161,406,1843,1869]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" subSpecies="nevadensis">R. osculus nevadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W." box="[428,564,1843,1869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" refId="ref30734" refString="Sada, D. W. (1989) Status, distribution, and morphological variation of Speckled Dace in the Owens River system. Final Report. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, California, 37 pp." type="book" year="1989">Sada (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[618,810,1843,1869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref30776" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1993) Morphometric and genetic differentiation among Death Valley System Rhinichthys osculus. CDFG Inland Fisheries Repor t, Contract, FG 0524, 1 - 52." type="book chapter" year="1993">
|
||
Sada
|
||
<emphasis box="[680,736,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[821,878,1842,1869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="350 - 359" refId="ref30825" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1995) Desert aquatic ecosystems and the genetic and morphological diversity of Death Valley system Speckled Dace. In: Nielsen, J. L. (Ed.), Evolution and the Aquatic System. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 17, pp. 350 - 359." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showed it was genetically and morphometrically separable from populations in Ash Meadows, Amargosa River, and Long Valley.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[1080,1237,1879,1905]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B. & Quinones, R. M. & Katz, J. V. & Weaver, J." pageId="21" pageNumber="522" refId="ref29869" refString="Moyle, P. B., Quinones, R. M., Katz, J. V. E, & Weaver, J. (2015) Fish Species of Special Concern in California. 3 rd Edition. Sacramento, California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Available from: https: // wildlife. ca. gov / Conservation / SSC / Fishes (accessed 8 February 2023)" type="url" year="2015">
|
||
Moyle
|
||
<emphasis box="[1378,1437,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized it as an undescribed subspecies related to Amargosa Speckled Dace. Otherwise, synonymies are as for the species (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[360,514,1951,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[360,514,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">R. nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and subspecies (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su, 2023" authorityName="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su" authorityYear="2023" box="[713,895,1951,1977]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" status="R. n." subSpecies="nevadensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[713,895,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">R. n. nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[909,1054,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[909,961,1951,1976]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" rank="subSpecies">R. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
caldera
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,328,1987,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. This subspecies, as the species
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[725,1121,1987,2013]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis" subGenus="Apocope">
|
||
<emphasis box="[725,1121,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="522">Rhinichthys (Apocope) nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilbert, C. H." lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="21" pageNumber="522" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref28014" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1893) Report on the fishes of the Death Valley expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891 with descriptions of new species. U. S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, 7, 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3996 / nafa. 7.0003" type="journal article" year="1893">Gilbert (1893:230)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from “Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, on boundary between California and Nevada” hence the common and scientific names. The springs in Ash Meadows ultimately drain into the Amargosa River, which flows into Death Valley. Amargosa is derived from a Spanish word meaning bitter and refers to the unpalatability of the water.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[228,303,259,285]" name="Jordan" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Evermann subsequently (1896) placed the species in
|
||
<emphasis box="[969,1054,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[969,1050,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Agosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Agosia</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The members of this genus were returned to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[278,410,295,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[278,410,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Rhinichthys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the 1940s and the species simultaneously became a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[1168,1282,295,321]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="osculus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1282,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">R. osculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both without a formal process.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,442,366,392]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">Conservation Status</emphasis>
|
||
. All populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su" authorityYear="2023" box="[669,853,367,393]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" subSpecies="nevadensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[669,853,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">R. n. nevadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are threatened with extinction to a greater or lesser degree. In 1984, the Ash Meadows population was listed as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act of 1973. The Center for
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Biological Diversity" box="[429,741,439,465]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref26938" refString="Center for Biological Diversity (2020) Petition to List Three Populations of Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus) in the Death Valley Region under the Endangered Species Act: Amargosa Canyon Speckled Dace, Long Valley Speckled Dace, Owens Speckled Dace. Submitted to US Fish and Wildlife Service, 8 June 2020, 1 - 48." type="book chapter" year="2020">Biological Diversity (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
has petitioned to have all Speckled Dace in the Death Valley and Owens Valley region be included under that listing, albeit with a separate listing for Long Valley Speckled Dace. The main populations of Speckled Dace in the Owens Valley are in highly modified habitats in North Fork Bishop Creek and Lower Horton, Pine, and Rock creeks, and associated ditches near Bishop (N. Buckmaster, unpublished observations). Their need for special protection is illustrated by recent disappearance of the isolated Benton Valley population of Owens Speckled Dace (N. Buckmaster unpublished observation, 2022). While captive populations are maintained by the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[362,476,655,681]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), it is a tenuous situation for the long-term survival of these dace. Long Valley, Amargosa River, and Owens Valley Speckled Dace are all listed as Species of Special Concern by CDFW (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B. & Quinones, R. M. & Katz, J. V. & Weaver, J." box="[475,683,726,753]" pageId="22" pageNumber="523" refId="ref29869" refString="Moyle, P. B., Quinones, R. M., Katz, J. V. E, & Weaver, J. (2015) Fish Species of Special Concern in California. 3 rd Edition. Sacramento, California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Available from: https: // wildlife. ca. gov / Conservation / SSC / Fishes (accessed 8 February 2023)" type="url" year="2015">
|
||
Moyle
|
||
<emphasis box="[557,614,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The causes of endangerment of dace are documented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B. & Quinones, R. M. & Katz, J. V. & Weaver, J." pageId="22" pageNumber="523" refId="ref29869" refString="Moyle, P. B., Quinones, R. M., Katz, J. V. E, & Weaver, J. (2015) Fish Species of Special Concern in California. 3 rd Edition. Sacramento, California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Available from: https: // wildlife. ca. gov / Conservation / SSC / Fishes (accessed 8 February 2023)" type="url" year="2015">
|
||
Moyle
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="523">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in Center for Biological Diversity (CBD 2020).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |