plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/9C/2E/039C2E2FFFDCD56BFDB6FBFEFDECF912.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

952 lines
133 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="F580D76FE62CFB49EAE28128C7B7D2BF" ID-DOI="10.1206/3894.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369712" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630263992186" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Emmons, Louise H. &amp; Fabre, Pierre-henri" docDate="2018" docId="039C2E2FFFDCD56BFDB6FBFEFDECF912" docLanguage="en" docName="N3894.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2018 (3894)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3894.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Leiuromys Emmons &amp; Fabre 2018, new genus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFA55657FFD0D57CFFB9FFE4FFE5FFCB" masterDocTitle="A Review of the Pattonomys / Toromys Clade (Rodentia: Echimyidae), with Descriptions of a New Toromys Species and a New Genus" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1699203564564" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
<mods:mods id="EA4255A3567E8512CD2B469012F13FAC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="70D357EBB33820BB9A96D12E5CAAECB1">
<mods:title id="B5699B6302651726D256165CD43CC16B">A Review of the Pattonomys / Toromys Clade (Rodentia: Echimyidae), with Descriptions of a New Toromys Species and a New Genus</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="DED289D51D21D4EC3C9F21E26469B150" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3D4425BD68CA44B677D6D4ACA27BB13F">
<mods:roleTerm id="58945A6259E1A5058F736BD635F22A8C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="62D6EA900F35461C3748FF9625FC2273">Emmons, Louise H.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="79945498DB1DB3273EF3C9EB35128718" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6D296688BFCC67C5B29E6D12566F5563">
<mods:roleTerm id="7AE4E9D1BB01598CE770A2155449957B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="83FAC1C63CAA4B43632FB00DF0EC7D9B">Fabre, Pierre-henri</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="D08114B74B4115CA280BCCE4282F6585">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="5AEB9B7DA7DED1056E9B10ACB9E996E0" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="F5B3FFCDBB5F0D3A4161F4D6D1447128">
<mods:title id="5A50459E35231BAFBE8770E3702DCA1B">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="558198790B1CBB87FD8DA6644138EDB5">
<mods:date id="D2937982FA525E1AB826B64895AE232A">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7C3C378DBE199C5ADE7FC9E1A0A8267C" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="0720CE96F37D64F3309D92277367988E">2018-03-09</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="FF1DC85E05B9E134CFA7800BDA4B01D4" type="volume">
<mods:number id="1DF57C178FC30D047B34C0E8FD1FA607">2018</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="C6F81757562A845ED7F79A729096117F" type="issue">
<mods:number id="40B92EC25BDD171DAE6519A67A2BFB0C">3894</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="AAFE31139BA74A0E8931289502D3CF7D" unit="page">
<mods:start id="7C6BFB919F570AA27CB20719181CFE2C">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="889BFAFA84F580A02990D2CAA6B0E83A">52</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="2CAAB87E017F17BD3E5842BDCC642651">
<mods:url id="45636E61980390FDD4C3FBEB7B37B321">http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/3894.1</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="FF8B44428B0E2A3508D7EB4029F26AE4">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="68101F3505D2B023113BE2C05A493A9B" type="DOI">10.1206/3894.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DF018622997A9DE7F1494F300FBB4BDE" type="ISSN">0003-0082</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="359DF720728142D296CF3C36CD807466" type="Zenodo-Dep">5369712</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039C2E2FFFDCD56BFDB6FBFEFDECF912" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5493306" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5493306" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C2E2FFFDCD56BFDB6FBFEFDECF912" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C2E2FFFDCD56BFDB6FBFEFDECF912" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFDCD570FDB6FBFEFCFCFBFE" box="[527,793,1050,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDCD570FDB6FBFEFCFCFBFE" blockId="12.[527,793,1050,1077]" box="[527,793,1050,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="D0C22855FFDCD570FDB6FBFEFCFCFBFE" box="[527,793,1050,1077]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDCD570FDB6FBFEFD71FBFE" bold="true" box="[527,660,1050,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDCD570FDB6FBFEFD68FBFF" authority="Emmons &amp; Fabre, 2018" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[527,653,1050,1076]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDCD570FDB6FBFEFD68FBFF" bold="true" box="[527,653,1050,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Leiuromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A272FE50FFDCD570FD25FBFFFCFCFBFE" box="[668,793,1051,1077]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFDCD570FF25FBB7FDCBFB59" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDCD570FF25FBB7FD1DFBA6" blockId="12.[108,1214,1106,1767]" box="[156,760,1106,1133]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFDCD570FF25FBB7FF32FBA6" box="[156,215,1107,1133]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TYPE</typeStatus>
SPECIES:
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDCD570FEF1FBB6FD11FBA6" authority="Thomas, 1921: 450" authorityName="Thomas" authorityPageNumber="450" authorityYear="1921" box="[328,756,1106,1133]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDCD570FEF1FBB6FDE9FBA7" box="[328,524,1106,1132]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Echimys occasius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFDCD570FDADFBB6FD11FBA6" author="Thomas, O." box="[532,756,1106,1133]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="448 - 450" refId="ref25576" refString="Thomas, O. 1921. New Sigmodon, Oryzomys, and Echimys from Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 7: 448 - 450." type="journal article" year="1921">Thomas, 1921: 450</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDCD570FF25FB9CFDCBFB59" blockId="12.[108,1214,1106,1767]" box="[156,558,1144,1170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
CONTENTS: Only the
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFDCD570FE20FB9CFE29FB59" box="[409,460,1144,1170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">type</typeStatus>
species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFDCD570FF25FB79FC48FAC9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDCD570FF25FB79FC48FAC9" blockId="12.[108,1214,1106,1767]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
ETYMOLOGY: From the Greek
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDCD570FDB5FB79FDDAFB7C" box="[524,575,1181,1207]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">leios</emphasis>
(“smooth, bald”) and
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDCD570FCE8FB7AFC67FB7C" box="[849,898,1182,1207]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">uros</emphasis>
(“tail”), thus, “bald-tailed mouse,” in reference to the slick, hairless appearance of the tail, which is more naked than that of any other arboreal echimyine except lowland species of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDCD570FC98FB0CFC43FAC9" authorityName="I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityYear="1838" box="[801,934,1256,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Dactylomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDCD570FC98FB0CFC43FAC9" box="[801,934,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dactylomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFDCD570FF25FAE9FDFCF92C" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDCD570FF25FAE9FDFCF92C" blockId="12.[108,1214,1106,1767]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
DIAGNOSIS: Small, arboreally adapted brown rats, heavily spined dorsally with abundant wide, sharp, spines on midback from neck to rump, spines intermixed with fine wavy rust-red underhairs (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDCD570FF44FABCFED9FAB9" box="[253,316,1368,1394]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[108,149,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. Leiuromys occasius BMNH 21.2.15.6, holotype skin, dorsal and ventral. The colors of this skin are much more saturated rusty/dark than are those of most others examined, which could be faded." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369716/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">fig. 3</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6B7AA82FFDCD570FEF3FABCFE20FAB8" box="[330,453,1368,1395]" captionStart-0="TABLE 3" captionStart-1="TABLE 4" captionStart-2="TABLE 5" captionStart-3="TABLE 6" captionStartId-0="10.[107,181,576,602]" captionStartId-1="11.[107,181,674,700]" captionStartId-2="12.[108,182,224,248]" captionStartId-3="13.[109,175,238,259]" captionText-0="TABLE 3. Selected external characters of species in the Pattonomys/Toromys clade." captionText-1="TABLE 4. Selected cranial and dental characters of species in the Pattonomys/Toromys clade." captionText-2="TABLE 5. External measurements (mm) of Leiuromys, Pattonomys, and Toromys.a" captionText-3="TABLE 6. Cranial measurements (mm) of Leiuromys, Pattonomys, and Toromys. Tabulated statistics include the sample mean and (in parentheses) the observed range and the sample size." pageId="12" pageNumber="13">tables 3–6</tableCitation>
). Tail hairs short, fine, and inconspicuous, so that the tail looks bare and even shiny. Auditory tympanic bullae small, flattened in lateral aspect. Inferior jugal process reduced to nearly absent, but jugal fossa deep and sharply pointed anteriorly. Masticatory and buccinator foramina joined in a single aperture. Incisors bone white; upper incisor root does not extend to within the maxillary base of the zygoma. Lower premolars tetralophodont. Third upper molars trilophodont. The hypoflexids on m1–m3 fall nearly opposite the middle of the mesolophids, such that the teeth viewed from the lingual side are nearly symmetrical, rounded M-shapes. Upper lingual and lower labial hypoflexi short and wide, about a quarter of the width of tooth, but labial meso- and metaflexi long, such that when worn to a mure in M1 and M2, the mure is on the far lingual edge of the tooth. All mandibular cheekteeth have curved posterior borders.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFDDD571FFD4FF0AFD31FED4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[109,175,238,259]">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDDD571FFD4FF0AFD31FED4" blockId="13.[109,1193,238,287]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
TABLE 6. Cranial measurements (mm) of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FE4DFF0BFDAAFECF" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[500,591,239,260]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FE4DFF0BFDAAFECF" box="[500,591,239,260]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leiuromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FDE3FF0BFD27FECF" baseAuthorityName="Upham and Patterson" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[602,706,239,260]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FDE3FF0BFD27FECF" box="[602,706,239,260]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pattonomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FD4EFF0BFCA4FECF" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[759,833,239,260]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FD4EFF0BFCA4FECF" box="[759,833,239,260]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Tabulated statistics include the sample mean and (in parentheses) the observed range and the sample size.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDDD571FEB2FEDAFB6DF91F" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<table id="F9356D99FFDD2A83FFD4FED9FB51F91F" box="[109,1204,317,1748]" gridcols="9" gridrows="19" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FED9FB51FEA6" box="[109,1204,317,365]" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFED9FE93FEA6" box="[261,374,317,365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FEB2FEDAFE8EFE98" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1921" box="[267,363,318,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FEB2FEDAFE8EFE98" box="[267,363,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L. occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FED9FE0EFEA6" box="[385,491,317,365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FE3CFEDAFE02FE99" box="[389,487,317,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FE3CFEDAFE02FE99" box="[389,487,317,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. carrikeri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FED9FD2EFEA6" box="[504,715,317,365]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FE41FEDAFD2EFE98" box="[504,715,317,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FE41FEDAFDB6FE99" box="[504,595,317,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">P. flavidus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FDE6FEDAFD2EFE98" box="[607,715,318,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">P. punctatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FED9FCACFEA6" box="[730,841,317,365]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FD5BFEDAFCC1FEA6" box="[738,829,317,365]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. semivil- losus</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFED9FC5AFEA6" box="[853,959,317,365]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FCE4FEDAFC50FE99" box="[861,949,317,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FCE4FEDAFC50FE99" box="[861,949,317,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. grandis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FED9FBDBFEA6" box="[969,1086,317,365]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDDD571FC70FEDAFBDBFE99" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[969,1086,317,339]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FC70FEDAFBDBFE99" box="[969,1086,317,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T. rhipidurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FED9FB51FEA6" box="[1098,1204,317,365]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDDD571FBE9FEDAFB81FE98" box="[1104,1124,318,339]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov.
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FE60FB51FE79" box="[109,1204,388,434]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FE60FF1FFE79" box="[109,250,388,434]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Skull greatest length</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFE60FE93FE79" box="[261,374,388,434]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">49.39 (47.9– 50.8, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FE60FE0EFE79" box="[385,491,388,434]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">53.2 (50.6– 58.3, 23)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FE60FDDDFE79" box="[504,568,388,434]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">-</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FE60FD2EFE79" box="[603,715,388,434]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">56.9 (55.4– 58.9, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FE60FCACFE79" box="[730,841,388,434]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">50.9 (50.6– 51.3, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFE60FC5AFE79" box="[853,959,388,434]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">68.3 (64.6– 73.1, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FE60FBDBFE79" box="[969,1086,388,434]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">56.53 (52– 59.1, 15)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FE60FB51FE79" box="[1098,1204,388,434]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">52.4 (51.6– 54.2, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FE0DFB51FDDC" box="[109,1204,489,535]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FE0DFF1FFDDC" box="[109,250,489,535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Zygomatic breadth</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFE0DFE93FDDC" box="[261,374,489,535]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23.3 (22.0– 25.2, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FE0DFE0EFDDC" box="[385,491,489,535]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24.3 (20.9– 26.2, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FE0DFDDDFDDC" box="[504,568,489,535]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26.1</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FE0DFD2EFDDC" box="[603,715,489,535]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27.1 (25.7– 28.7, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FE0DFCACFDDC" box="[730,841,489,535]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23.9 (23.8– 24.1, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFE0DFC5AFDDC" box="[853,959,489,535]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">31.2 (25.4– 32.7, 34)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FE0DFBDBFDDC" box="[969,1086,489,535]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27.4 (25.7– 29.2 15)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FE0DFB51FDDC" box="[1098,1204,489,535]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23.7 (22.8– 24.5, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FDD6FB51FDAB" box="[109,1204,562,608]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FDD6FF1FFDAB" box="[109,250,562,608]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palatal length A</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFDD6FE93FDAB" box="[261,374,562,608]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">18.3 (16.9– 19.3, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FDD6FE0EFDAB" box="[385,491,562,608]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21.3 (19.3– 23.4, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FDD6FDDDFDAB" box="[504,568,562,608]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">22.1</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FDD6FD2EFDAB" box="[603,715,562,608]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24.1 (23.2– 24.8, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FDD6FCACFDAB" box="[730,841,562,608]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19.8 (19.5– 20.2, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFDD6FC5AFDAB" box="[853,959,562,608]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">29.2 (26.6– 30.9, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FDD6FBDBFDAB" box="[969,1086,562,608]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">22.6 (20.5– 24.9, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FDD6FB51FDAB" box="[1098,1204,562,608]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.6 (19.0– 21.3, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FD9EFB51FD6C" box="[109,1204,634,679]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FD9EFF1FFD6C" box="[109,250,634,679]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Palatal length B</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFD9EFE93FD6C" box="[261,374,634,679]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.4 (6.9–9.2, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FD9EFE0EFD6C" box="[385,491,634,679]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.2 (8.8– 11.4, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FD9EFDDDFD6C" box="[504,568,634,679]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.6</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FD9EFCACFD6C" box="[603,841,634,679]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.8 (10.7– 9.9 (9.5–10.3, 12.8, 8) 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFD9EFC5AFD6C" box="[853,959,634,679]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.5 (12.4– 14.7, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FD9EFBDBFD6C" box="[969,1086,634,679]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.5 (10.2– 12.4, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FD9EFB51FD6C" box="[1098,1204,634,679]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.0 (9.2– 10.7, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FD25FB51FD24" box="[109,1204,705,751]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FD25FE93FD24" box="[109,374,705,751]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Mastoid breadth 19.2 (18.2– 20.1, 5)</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FD25FE0EFD24" box="[385,491,705,751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.6 (19.3– 22.1, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FD25FDDDFD24" box="[504,568,705,751]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.4</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FD25FD2EFD24" box="[603,715,705,751]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">21.9 (21.0– 23.0, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FD25FCACFD24" box="[730,841,705,751]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.3 (20.2– 20.4, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFD25FC5AFD24" box="[853,959,705,751]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">25.7 (20.2– 27.4, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FD25FBDBFD24" box="[969,1086,705,751]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">22.14 (20.8– 23.5, 14)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FD25FB51FD24" box="[1098,1204,705,751]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.2 (19.2– 21.7, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FCEDFB51FCFC" box="[109,1204,777,823]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FCEDFF1FFCFC" box="[109,250,777,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rostral breadth</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFCEDFE93FCFC" box="[261,374,777,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.2 (6.2–7.9, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FCEDFE0EFCFC" box="[385,491,777,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.9 (7.2–8.5, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FCEDFDDDFCFC" box="[504,568,777,823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.7</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FCEDFCACFCFC" box="[603,841,777,823]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">9.2 (8.7–10.1, 7.7 (7.7–7.7, 8) 1)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFCEDFC5AFCFC" box="[853,959,777,823]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0 (9.9– 11.6, 34)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FCEDFBDBFCFC" box="[969,1086,777,823]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.7 (7.8–9.2, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FCEDFB51FCFC" box="[1098,1204,777,823]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.7 (7.2–8.0, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FCB4FB51FCB5" box="[109,1204,848,894]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FCB4FF1FFCB5" box="[109,250,848,894]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Basilar length of Hensel</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFCB4FE93FCB5" box="[261,374,848,894]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">37.3 (35.6– 39.0, 4)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FCB4FE0EFCB5" box="[385,491,848,894]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">40.5 (37.8– 43.8, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FCB4FDDDFCB5" box="[504,568,848,894]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">—</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FCB4FD2EFCB5" box="[603,715,848,894]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">44.3 (43.0– 45.4, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FCB4FCACFCB5" box="[730,841,848,894]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">42.4 (39.0– 45.8, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFCB4FC5AFCB5" box="[853,959,848,894]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">53.9 (50.3– 56.8, 33)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FCB4FBDBFCB5" box="[969,1086,848,894]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">43.15 (38.– 47, 13)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FCB4FB51FCB5" box="[1098,1204,848,894]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">39.6 (38.7– 40.1, 5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FC54FB51FC15" box="[109,1204,944,990]" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FC54FF1FFC15" box="[109,250,944,990]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cranial depth</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFC54FE93FC15" box="[261,374,944,990]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.2 (14.7– 15.6, 4)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FC54FE0EFC15" box="[385,491,944,990]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.2 (15.0– 18.4, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FC54FDDDFC15" box="[504,568,944,990]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FC54FD2EFC15" box="[603,715,944,990]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17.0 (15.3– 19.5, 7)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FC54FCACFC15" box="[730,841,944,990]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17.0 (17.0– 17.0, 1)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFC54FC5AFC15" box="[853,959,944,990]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">18.4 (17.2– 19.7, 32)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FC54FBDBFC15" box="[969,1086,944,990]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.69 (15.6– 17.5, 14)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FC54FB51FC15" box="[1098,1204,944,990]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.6 (14.8– 16.0, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FC11FB51FBE8" box="[109,1204,1013,1059]" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FC11FF1FFBE8" box="[109,250,1013,1059]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rostral depth</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFC11FE93FBE8" box="[261,374,1013,1059]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.0 (8.4– 10.7, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FC11FE0EFBE8" box="[385,491,1013,1059]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.1 (10.1– 11.8, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FC11FDDDFBE8" box="[504,568,1013,1059]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FC11FD2EFBE8" box="[603,715,1013,1059]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.4 (11.9– 13.0, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FC11FCACFBE8" box="[730,841,1013,1059]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0 (11.0– 11.1, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFC11FC5AFBE8" box="[853,959,1013,1059]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.3 (13.5– 16.6, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FC11FBDBFBE8" box="[969,1086,1013,1059]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.7 (11.4– 13.9, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FC11FB51FBE8" box="[1098,1204,1013,1059]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.2 (10.3– 11.7, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FBD8FB51FBA1" box="[109,1204,1084,1130]" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FBD8FE93FBA1" box="[109,374,1084,1130]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maxillary 9.7 (7.3–10.8, toothrow 5)</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FBD8FE0EFBA1" box="[385,491,1084,1130]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.4 (10.7– 12.5, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FBD8FDDDFBA1" box="[504,568,1084,1130]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.7</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FBD8FD2EFBA1" box="[603,715,1084,1130]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.5 (11.8– 13.4, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FBD8FCACFBA1" box="[730,841,1084,1130]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.6 (11.4– 11.8, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFBD8FC5AFBA1" box="[853,959,1084,1130]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.7 (14.4– 16.9, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FBD8FBDBFBA1" box="[969,1086,1084,1130]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.2 (12.2– 14.2, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FBD8FB51FBA1" box="[1098,1204,1084,1130]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.1 (10.1– 11.9, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FB6EFB51FB73" box="[109,1204,1162,1208]" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FB6EFF1FFB73" box="[109,250,1162,1208]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nasal length</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFB6EFE93FB73" box="[261,374,1162,1208]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.1 (13.2– 16.9, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FB6EFE0EFB73" box="[385,491,1162,1208]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17.1 (14.7– 19.5, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FB6EFDDDFB73" box="[504,568,1162,1208]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.9</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FB6EFD2EFB73" box="[603,715,1162,1208]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17.2 (16.2– 19.1, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FB6EFCACFB73" box="[730,841,1162,1208]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.5 (16.4– 16.7, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFB6EFC5AFB73" box="[853,959,1162,1208]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">22.5 (19.6– 24.8, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FB6EFBDBFB73" box="[969,1086,1162,1208]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17.61 (14.7– 19.3, 15)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FB6EFB51FB73" box="[1098,1204,1162,1208]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">17.1 (16.2– 18.9, 6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FB36FB51FAD1" box="[109,1204,1234,1306]" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FB36FF1FFAD1" box="[109,250,1234,1306]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Least interor- bital constric- tion</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFB36FE93FAD1" box="[261,374,1234,1306]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.4 (10.3– 12.9, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FB36FE0EFAD1" box="[385,491,1234,1306]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.1 (11.9– 13.7, 21)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FB36FDDDFAD1" box="[504,568,1234,1306]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.3</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FB36FD2EFAD1" box="[603,715,1234,1306]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">14.7 (12.5– 16.4, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FB36FCACFAD1" box="[730,841,1234,1306]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.3 (12.7– 13.9, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFB36FC5AFAD1" box="[853,959,1234,1306]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">18.4 (16.5– 20.4, 34)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FB36FBDBFAD1" box="[969,1086,1234,1306]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">15.2 (13.6– 17, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FB36FB51FAD1" box="[1098,1204,1234,1306]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">13.5 (12.4– 14.6, 6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FAD2FB51FAAF" box="[109,1204,1334,1380]" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FAD2FF1FFAAF" box="[109,250,1334,1380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rostral length</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFAD2FE93FAAF" box="[261,374,1334,1380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.4 (14.7– 17.6, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FAD2FE0EFAAF" box="[385,491,1334,1380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19.6 (17.7– 21.9, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FAD2FDDDFAAF" box="[504,568,1334,1380]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">19.8</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FAD2FD2EFAAF" box="[603,715,1334,1380]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.4 (19.7– 21.6,, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FAD2FCACFAAF" box="[730,841,1334,1380]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">18.1 (17.6– 18.6, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFAD2FC5AFAAF" box="[853,959,1334,1380]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">26.1 (21.0– 28.6, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FAD2FBDBFAAF" box="[969,1086,1334,1380]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">20.05 (17– 21.5, 15)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FAD2FB51FAAF" box="[1098,1204,1334,1380]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">18.0 (16.9– 19.7, 6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FA67FB51FA7A" box="[109,1204,1411,1457]" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FA67FF1FFA7A" box="[109,250,1411,1457]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maxillary breadth</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFA67FE93FA7A" box="[261,374,1411,1457]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">6.5 (6.1–7.2, 4, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FA67FE0EFA7A" box="[385,491,1411,1457]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.0 (5.6–8.0, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FA67FDDDFA7A" box="[504,568,1411,1457]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.3</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FA67FD2EFA7A" box="[603,715,1411,1457]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.6 (7.0–8.1, 7)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FA67FCACFA7A" box="[730,841,1411,1457]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.2 (7.2–7.2, 1)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFA67FC5AFA7A" box="[853,959,1411,1457]" gridcol="6" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.2 (8.8– 19.4, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FA67FBDBFA7A" box="[969,1086,1411,1457]" gridcol="7" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">8.567 (7.5– 9.3, 15)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FA67FB51FA7A" box="[1098,1204,1411,1457]" gridcol="8" gridrow="14" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">7.0 (6.2–7.5, 6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4FA2FFB51FA32" box="[109,1204,1483,1529]" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4FA2FFF1FFA32" box="[109,250,1483,1529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diastema length</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCFA2FFE93FA32" box="[261,374,1483,1529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.4 (9.6– 11.4, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38FA2FFE0EFA32" box="[385,491,1483,1529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.7 (10.8– 12.8, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41FA2FFDDDFA32" box="[504,568,1483,1529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2FA2FFD2EFA32" box="[603,715,1483,1529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.9 (12.4– 13.9, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63FA2FFCACFA32" box="[730,841,1483,1529]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.9 (10.4– 11.3, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECFA2FFC5AFA32" box="[853,959,1483,1529]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">16.3 (14.5– 17.6, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70FA2FFBDBFA32" box="[969,1086,1483,1529]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.8 (10.5– 12.9, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3FA2FFB51FA32" box="[1098,1204,1483,1529]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">11.0 (10.6– 11.6, 7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4F9F3FB51F98E" box="[109,1204,1559,1605]" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4F9F3FE93F98E" box="[109,374,1559,1605]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bullar Length 9.7 (8.7–10.5, 5)</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38F9F3FE0EF98E" box="[385,491,1559,1605]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.1 (11.2– 13.0, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41F9F3FDDDF98E" box="[504,568,1559,1605]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.6</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2F9F3FD2EF98E" box="[603,715,1559,1605]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.7 (11.9– 13.5, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63F9F3FCACF98E" box="[730,841,1559,1605]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.0 (12.0– 12.0, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECF9F3FC5AF98E" box="[853,959,1559,1605]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">12.7 (11.2– 13.9, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70F9F3FBDBF98E" box="[969,1086,1559,1605]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.5 (9–12.2 16, 16)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3F9F3FB51F98E" box="[1098,1204,1559,1605]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10.1 (9.4– 10.7, 7)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4F9BAFB51F947" box="[109,1204,1630,1676]" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4F9BAFF1FF947" box="[109,250,1630,1676]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Postpalatal Length</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCF9BAFE93F947" box="[261,374,1630,1676]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23.2 (21.9 23.7, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38F9BAFE0EF947" box="[385,491,1630,1676]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23.4 (18.2– 27.8, 21)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41F9BAFDDDF947" box="[504,568,1630,1676]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">—</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2F9BAFD2EF947" box="[603,715,1630,1676]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24.4 (23.0– 26.5, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63F9BAFCACF947" box="[730,841,1630,1676]" gridcol="5" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">22.6 (22.2– 22.9, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECF9BAFC5AF947" box="[853,959,1630,1676]" gridcol="6" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">27.8 (23.6– 30.7, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70F9BAFBDBF947" box="[969,1086,1630,1676]" gridcol="7" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">24.71 (24– 25.8, 13)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3F9BAFB51F947" box="[1098,1204,1630,1676]" gridcol="8" gridrow="17" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">23.6 (23.3– 23.6, 5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="35059D7BFFDD2A83FFD4F942FB51F91F" box="[109,1204,1702,1748]" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<th id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FFD4F942FF1FF91F" box="[109,250,1702,1748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Molar width</th>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FEBCF942FE93F91F" box="[261,374,1702,1748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1.4 (0.9–1.8, 5)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE38F942FE0EF91F" box="[385,491,1702,1748]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2.1 (1.6–2.7, 22)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FE41F942FDDDF91F" box="[504,568,1702,1748]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1.9</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FDE2F942FD2EF91F" box="[603,715,1702,1748]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2.2 (1.6–3.0, 8)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FD63F942FCACF91F" box="[730,841,1702,1748]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2.1 (1.9–2.2, 2)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FCECF942FC5AF91F" box="[853,959,1702,1748]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">2.7 (2.0–3.8, 35)</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FC70F942FBDBF91F" box="[969,1086,1702,1748]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">—</td>
<td id="76D4F407FFDD2A83FBF3F942FB51F91F" box="[1098,1204,1702,1748]" gridcol="8" gridrow="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">1.8 (1.6–2.2, 4)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFDED572FFD5FB56FBEDFAB3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369718" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369718/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[108,149,1202,1223]" targetBox="[180,1139,224,1174]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDED572FFD5FB56FBEDFAB3" blockId="14.[108,1212,1200,1401]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
FIG. 4. Pelage of dorsum at rump.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FE7DFB54FE39FB03" bold="true" box="[452,476,1200,1224]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDED572FE58FB55FD78FB03" box="[481,669,1201,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FE58FB55FD78FB03" box="[481,669,1201,1224]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. FMNH 84529, high density of sharply pointed spines and fine, wavy red underhairs;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FE10FB2AFE5AFB2D" bold="true" box="[425,447,1230,1254]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDED572FE7CFB2AFCE1FB2D" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[453,772,1230,1254]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semivillosus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FE7CFB2AFD53FB2D" box="[453,694,1230,1254]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pattonomys semivillosus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
280204, dense, more tapered, white-tipped spines, abundant pale bristles, straight ochraceous underhairs;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FD4DFB0FFCEEFAC8" bold="true" box="[756,779,1259,1283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDED572FCADFB0FFB83FAC8" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[788,1126,1259,1283]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FCADFB0FFC96FAC8" box="[788,883,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Makalata</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FC22FB0FFBF0FAC8" box="[923,1045,1259,1283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">didelphoides</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
549593, agouti pelage, sparser narrowly buff-tipped spines, tapered hairlike spine tips;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FC24FAECFC53FAEB" bold="true" box="[925,950,1288,1312]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDED572FC06FAEDFB59FAEB" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[959,1212,1288,1312]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FC06FAEDFB80FAEB" box="[959,1125,1288,1312]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Toromys grandis</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
94036, thick bristles, no spines;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FE16FAC2FE21FAF5" bold="true" box="[431,452,1318,1342]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDED572FE73FAC2FD7AFAF5" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[458,671,1318,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FE73FAC2FDAEFAF5" box="[458,587,1318,1342]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. rhipidurus</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
73273, fine-banded agouti bristles;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FBB0FAC2FBFEFAF5" bold="true" box="[1033,1051,1318,1342]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">F,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FB98FAC2FBD0FAF6" box="[1057,1077,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov., narrow aristiforms and a few narrow spines with hairlike tips, abundant thin, agouti bristles. The resemblance between
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDED572FF7EFA85FEFEFAB3" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[199,283,1377,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDED572FF7EFA85FEFEFAB3" box="[199,283,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
congeners is evident. Spine tips are more sharply tapered in A than in B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32FCCB2FFDED56BFF25FA7AFDECF912" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDED56BFF25FA7AFE86FC6F" blockId="14.[108,1215,1438,1763]" lastBlockId="23.[108,1216,794,1754]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
DESCRIPTION: Upperparts with abundant, wide, strong spines on midback from neck to rump, spines intermixed with fine, wavy, rust-red underhairs that show through aristiforms, giving back a rusty hue (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDED572FE2AFA0DFE37F9C8" box="[403,466,1513,1539]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[108,149,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. Leiuromys occasius BMNH 21.2.15.6, holotype skin, dorsal and ventral. The colors of this skin are much more saturated rusty/dark than are those of most others examined, which could be faded." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369716/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 3</figureCitation>
). Spine tips sharp, narrowing abruptly, with short microscopic hairlike processes at tips (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDED572FE20F9EAFE08F9E3" box="[409,493,1550,1576]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[108,149,1202,1223]" captionTargetBox="[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-143@14.[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 4. Pelage of dorsum at rump. A, Leiuromys occasius. FMNH 84529, high density of sharply pointed spines and fine, wavy red underhairs; B, Pattonomys semivillosus USNM 280204, dense, more tapered, white-tipped spines, abundant pale bristles, straight ochraceous underhairs; C, Makalata cf. didelphoides USNM 549593, agouti pelage, sparser narrowly buff-tipped spines, tapered hairlike spine tips; D, Toromys grandis AMNH 94036, thick bristles, no spines; E, T. rhipidurus AMNH 73273, fine-banded agouti bristles; F, T. sp. nov., narrow aristiforms and a few narrow spines with hairlike tips, abundant thin, agouti bristles. The resemblance between Toromys congeners is evident. Spine tips are more sharply tapered in A than in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369718/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Spines tipped with pale buff sparsely speckle the sides of the hindquarters and tail base. Dorsal spines pale gray-brown at base, with a dusky band, a narrow, subterminal pale whitish or buffy band, and dusky, buff, or black-brown tips (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDED572FC46F9BDFBB6F9B8" box="[1023,1107,1625,1651]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[108,149,1202,1223]" captionTargetBox="[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-143@14.[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 4. Pelage of dorsum at rump. A, Leiuromys occasius. FMNH 84529, high density of sharply pointed spines and fine, wavy red underhairs; B, Pattonomys semivillosus USNM 280204, dense, more tapered, white-tipped spines, abundant pale bristles, straight ochraceous underhairs; C, Makalata cf. didelphoides USNM 549593, agouti pelage, sparser narrowly buff-tipped spines, tapered hairlike spine tips; D, Toromys grandis AMNH 94036, thick bristles, no spines; E, T. rhipidurus AMNH 73273, fine-banded agouti bristles; F, T. sp. nov., narrow aristiforms and a few narrow spines with hairlike tips, abundant thin, agouti bristles. The resemblance between Toromys congeners is evident. Spine tips are more sharply tapered in A than in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369718/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">fig. 4A</figureCitation>
). Upperparts uniform light ochraceous brown, between Cinnamon and Sayal Brown (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFDED572FBB6F99AFB4AF952" author="Smithe, F. B." box="[1039,1199,1662,1689]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refId="ref25425" refString="Smithe, F. B. 1975. Naturalist's color guide. New York: American Museum of Natural History." type="book" year="1975">Smithe, 1975</bibRefCitation>
), lined with dusky, or blackish Dusky Brown (the
<typeStatus id="548E219BFFDED572FD08F947FCFDF976" box="[689,792,1699,1725]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and AMNH 71897). The spines on the middorsum from neck to rump are the darkest and nearly unbanded (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDED572FC53F92DFBD1F928" box="[1002,1076,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[108,149,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. Leiuromys occasius BMNH 21.2.15.6, holotype skin, dorsal and ventral. The colors of this skin are much more saturated rusty/dark than are those of most others examined, which could be faded." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369716/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">figs. 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDED572FBFAF92DFB8CF928" box="[1091,1129,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[108,149,1202,1223]" captionTargetBox="[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-143@14.[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 4. Pelage of dorsum at rump. A, Leiuromys occasius. FMNH 84529, high density of sharply pointed spines and fine, wavy red underhairs; B, Pattonomys semivillosus USNM 280204, dense, more tapered, white-tipped spines, abundant pale bristles, straight ochraceous underhairs; C, Makalata cf. didelphoides USNM 549593, agouti pelage, sparser narrowly buff-tipped spines, tapered hairlike spine tips; D, Toromys grandis AMNH 94036, thick bristles, no spines; E, T. rhipidurus AMNH 73273, fine-banded agouti bristles; F, T. sp. nov., narrow aristiforms and a few narrow spines with hairlike tips, abundant thin, agouti bristles. The resemblance between Toromys congeners is evident. Spine tips are more sharply tapered in A than in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369718/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">4A</figureCitation>
). Head and muzzle brown above, without any red color. Cheeks below the ears, forelimbs, and hindlimbs tinged grayish. Feet pale beige to rusty above; silvery ungual tufts reach to the ends of the claws. Ventral pelage of soft aristiforms, colored strong to pale buff, grading gradually from the sides (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FE9EFC92FE81FC5B" box="[295,356,886,912]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[108,149,1691,1712]" captionTargetBox="[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-6@9.[258,1063,224,1664]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 3. Leiuromys occasius BMNH 21.2.15.6, holotype skin, dorsal and ventral. The colors of this skin are much more saturated rusty/dark than are those of most others examined, which could be faded." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369716" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369716/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 3</figureCitation>
); inner thighs slightly darker pinkish buff; the chest and lower abdomen and inguinal regions can have self-white patches, including the tail base, or are crossed by a white band between the elbows. Vibrissae black, moderately robust and the longest reaches to the shoulder. Ears short, pigmented, and nearly naked, lined with a few wispy, dusky hairs. Tail slightly longer than head and body length, brown pigmented, with a naked and somewhat shiny appearance. Dorsal hair ends abruptly close to the body at the tail base; distal tail hairs inconspicuous and closely adpressed. Scales on the tail base evenly hexagonal, wider than long, tapered at the lateral ends. Dorsally each scale has one robust, scalelike dark hair about two and a half scale rows long, and one shorter, fine, hair (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FD4CFB45FCA2FB77" box="[757,839,1185,1212]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[108,150,569,590]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,540]" captionTargetId="figure-420@15.[108,1212,224,540]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 5. Scales and hairs on dorsal tail base. A, Pattonomys carrikeri USNM 496483, irregular scales nearly square or slightly hexagonal, hairs unicolored, long, and curled outward; B, Leiuromys occasius FMNH 84259, short, wide hexagonal scales in spiral rows, short, adpressed, scalelike hairs in pairs; C, Toromys rhipidurus AMNH 276710, scales rounded posteriorly, about as long as wide, hairs robust, unicolor, black or rusty; D, Makalata macrura USNM 496480, short, rectangular scales in even rows, fine, salient hairs that are often banded dark at base, pale at tips. White scale bars 5 mm, fluid-fixed specimens except B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369720/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 5B</figureCitation>
). Ventrally, tail hairs somewhat longer (three scale rows), adpressed, and silvery. An adult female (FMNH 84259) has two used lateral pairs of mammae spaced about evenly between the limbs and
<quantity id="4CCD32DCFFDFD573FC08FB0FFBE7FACD" box="[945,1026,1259,1286]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
into the dorsal pelage field, and possibly an unused inguinal pair. As far as can be seen on dried specimens, the feet have small digital pads collared with rings of tubercles as in
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDFD573FC28FAD3FBAEFA9B" box="[913,1099,1334,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FC28FAD3FC17FA9B" box="[913,1010,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Toromys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FBE2FAD2FB4BFA9A" box="[1115,1198,1334,1361]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="16.[108,150,1542,1563]" captionTargetBox="[229,1091,224,1514]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[229,1091,224,1514]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIG. 6. Variation among genera in plantar surfaces of hindfeet, fluid-preserved specimens. A, Toromys rhipidurus AMNH 276710; B, Pattonomys carrikeri USNM 496501; C, Phyllomys pattoni, UFES 121; D, Makalata cf. didelphoides USNM 581981 (Bolivia); E, M. cf. macrura USNM 496480 (Venezuela); F, Echimys chrysurus, USNM 549839 (Rio Xingu). Note small digital pads, especially D3, and collars of small tubercles around pads in (A–C); large digital pads and no collars of tubercles in (D–F); merged D1 and thenar pad in (E–F), leaving three separated digital pads; and differences in digital pad shapes (see text). Abbreviations: D, digital pads; Th, thenar pad; Hy, hypothenar pad. Arrow in A indicates supernumerary separated pad of Pattonomys spp. Figures not to scale. Photo panel C, Yuri Leite." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369722/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 6A</figureCitation>
), and with numerous plantar tubercles on the bottom and sides of the feet around the pads. Cranium lightly built for the subfamily, inferior jugal process much reduced or essentially absent (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FF7EFA42FEC1FA0A" box="[199,292,1446,1473]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[108,150,1500,1521]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-7@17.[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 7. Crania and mandibles, lateral view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205. Black arrow in F indicates the deep mandible of P. flavidus relative to its congeners." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369724/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">figs. 7D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FE88FA42FEA5FA0B" box="[305,320,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[110,151,972,993]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetId="figure-268@18.[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG.8. Leiuromys occasius basicrania. A, internal position of posterior alisphenoid canal (arrows), MCZ 37964 (Ecuador, left M3 lacking); B, buccinator and masticatory foramina joined in a slit (b+M) FMNH 84427 (Peru). Note absence of inferior jugal process, shallow or absent grooves and ridge on anterior palate between premolars, and small tympanic bulla in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369726/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FEF7FA42FE97FA0B" box="[334,370,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[108,150,1560,1581]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[132,1188,224,1533]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. Crania, dorsal view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205. Black arrow in A indicates recurved parietal-interparietal suture, white arrow the expanded squamosal shelf." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369728/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">9D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FEC6FA42FE51FA0B" box="[383,436,1446,1472]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[108,149,1562,1583]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,1534]" captionTargetId="figure-11@20.[132,1188,224,1534]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 10. Crania, palatal view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369730/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">10D</figureCitation>
). Mastoid processes are short, reach to the middle of the auditory meatus, and are adpressed to the cranium; the space above the auditory meatus is nearly as wide as the meatus. Parietal ridges not raised posterior to the postglenoid fossa. Masticator and buccinator foramina joined in a narrow, horizontal slit or a large oval foramen (MCZ 37964) (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FFCFF9DFFF2DF99D" box="[118,200,1595,1622]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[110,151,972,993]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetId="figure-268@18.[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG.8. Leiuromys occasius basicrania. A, internal position of posterior alisphenoid canal (arrows), MCZ 37964 (Ecuador, left M3 lacking); B, buccinator and masticatory foramina joined in a slit (b+M) FMNH 84427 (Peru). Note absence of inferior jugal process, shallow or absent grooves and ridge on anterior palate between premolars, and small tympanic bulla in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369726/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 8B</figureCitation>
). Posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal thin walled and opens in a tube beneath the strut (pterygoid plate) between the pterygoid canal and the foramen ovale (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FB87F985FB70F9B0" box="[1086,1173,1633,1659]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[110,151,972,993]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetId="figure-268@18.[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG.8. Leiuromys occasius basicrania. A, internal position of posterior alisphenoid canal (arrows), MCZ 37964 (Ecuador, left M3 lacking); B, buccinator and masticatory foramina joined in a slit (b+M) FMNH 84427 (Peru). Note absence of inferior jugal process, shallow or absent grooves and ridge on anterior palate between premolars, and small tympanic bulla in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369726/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">fig. 8A</figureCitation>
); it sometimes lacks the dorsal wall and appears absent. There are no sphenopalatine vacuities. Auditory bullae not inflated, nearly flat in lateral profile, and markedly smaller than those of most other echimyines (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FE3CF935FE05F920" box="[389,480,1745,1771]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[108,150,1500,1521]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-7@17.[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 7. Crania and mandibles, lateral view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205. Black arrow in F indicates the deep mandible of P. flavidus relative to its congeners." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369724/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">figs. 7D</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFDFD573FE52F935FDE8F920" box="[491,525,1745,1771]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[110,151,972,993]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetId="figure-268@18.[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG.8. Leiuromys occasius basicrania. A, internal position of posterior alisphenoid canal (arrows), MCZ 37964 (Ecuador, left M3 lacking); B, buccinator and masticatory foramina joined in a slit (b+M) FMNH 84427 (Peru). Note absence of inferior jugal process, shallow or absent grooves and ridge on anterior palate between premolars, and small tympanic bulla in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369726/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">8B</figureCitation>
); meatus rim pointed outward. Postglenoid foramen slitlike and enclosed below by a crest of petrosal. The ridges and grooves posterior to the end of the incisive foramina terminate anterior to the premolars, with shallow or absent extensions onto the palate between the toothrows (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC2D56EFDA8FB4CFD6FFB09" box="[529,650,1192,1218]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[110,151,972,993]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetId="figure-268@18.[132,1188,224,944]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG.8. Leiuromys occasius basicrania. A, internal position of posterior alisphenoid canal (arrows), MCZ 37964 (Ecuador, left M3 lacking); B, buccinator and masticatory foramina joined in a slit (b+M) FMNH 84427 (Peru). Note absence of inferior jugal process, shallow or absent grooves and ridge on anterior palate between premolars, and small tympanic bulla in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369726/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 8A, B</figureCitation>
). Viewed dorsally, the interparietal is an evenwidth, narrow strip bowed smoothly posteriorly at the parietal suture (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC2D56EFC61FB29FBD4FB2C" box="[984,1073,1229,1255]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="19.[108,150,1560,1581]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-6@19.[132,1188,224,1533]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIG. 9. Crania, dorsal view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205. Black arrow in A indicates recurved parietal-interparietal suture, white arrow the expanded squamosal shelf." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369728/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 9D</figureCitation>
). Coronoid process of the mandible slender and recurved, above a shallow sigmoid notch (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC2D56EFBACFB16FB8EFAC6" box="[1045,1131,1266,1293]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="17.[108,150,1500,1521]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-7@17.[108,1212,224,1473]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIG. 7. Crania and mandibles, lateral view. A, Toromys grandis AMNH 93601; B, T. rhipidurus BMNH 28.7.21.89 (holotype); C, T. sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype), D, Leiuromys occasius. AMNH 71897; E, Pattonomys punctatus BMNH 98.12.1.18 (holotype); F, P. flavidus USNM 63218 (holotype); G, P. carrikeri AMNH 130790; H, P. semivillosus USNM 280205. Black arrow in F indicates the deep mandible of P. flavidus relative to its congeners." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369724/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 7D</figureCitation>
). Masseteric crest strongly developed and curved upward anteriorly for about half the width of the mandible; spine of the condyloid ridge on the interior of the mandible does not extend much more than halfway up the condyloid process, except on a specimen from southern
<collectingCountry id="F322DFA9FFC2D56EFB95FA87FB83FAB6" box="[1068,1126,1379,1405]" name="Peru" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Peru</collectingCountry>
. Maxillary toothrows short,
<quantity id="4CCD32DCFFC2D56EFED5FA6CFDF0FA69" box="[364,533,1416,1443]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.025" metricValueMax="10.75" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="9.025" valueMax="10.75" valueMin="7.3">7.3–10.75 mm</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6B7AA82FFC2D56EFD9CFA6CFD9DFA68" box="[549,632,1416,1443]" captionStart="TABLE 6" captionStartId="13.[109,175,238,259]" captionText="TABLE 6. Cranial measurements (mm) of Leiuromys, Pattonomys, and Toromys. Tabulated statistics include the sample mean and (in parentheses) the observed range and the sample size." pageId="18" pageNumber="19">table 6</tableCitation>
); incisors bone white; roots of the upper incisors lie outside the maxillary base of the zygoma. Lower premolar quadralophodont, comprised of a curved anteroloph and a straight metolophid that join with wear into a D-shape around a central fossettid, which joins with wear by a central mure to the lingually opening V-shaped posterior lophid pair (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC2D56EFEC0F9F9FE3FF9FC" box="[377,474,1565,1591]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[108,150,1406,1427]" captionTargetBox="[377,944,228,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[377,944,227,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 11. Leiuromys occasius upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) occlusal patterns of cheek teeth at three states of toothwear. A, FMNH 84427; B, FMNH 84259; C, MCZ 37964, reversed. Note the trilophodont M3, the rounded posterior edges of the lower molars, the position of the mure of M1–2 on the lingual edges of the teeth, the quadralophodont lower premolar, and the M-shaped lower molars (viewed lingually)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369732/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). Hypoflexids on m1 to m3 fall nearly opposite the middle of the mesolophids, such that the teeth viewed from the lingual side are nearly symmetrical, rounded M-shapes. Upper lingual and lower labial reentrant folds (hypoflexi) short and wide, about 1/4 of the width of tooth, when worn they form subcircular fossettes; labial reentrant folds are long, and of equal length (meso- and metaflexi), such that when worn to a mure in M1 and M2, the mure is on the far lingual edge of the tooth (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFC83FCFEFC7DFCFF" box="[826,920,794,820]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[108,150,1406,1427]" captionTargetBox="[377,944,228,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[377,944,227,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 11. Leiuromys occasius upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) occlusal patterns of cheek teeth at three states of toothwear. A, FMNH 84427; B, FMNH 84259; C, MCZ 37964, reversed. Note the trilophodont M3, the rounded posterior edges of the lower molars, the position of the mure of M1–2 on the lingual edges of the teeth, the quadralophodont lower premolar, and the M-shaped lower molars (viewed lingually)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369732/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 11B</figureCitation>
). Mandibular cheekteeth all with curved posterior borders. M3 trilophodont in all specimens examined, with the third loph much reduced (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFED8FC80FE27FCB4" box="[353,450,868,895]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[108,150,1406,1427]" captionTargetBox="[377,944,228,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[377,944,227,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 11. Leiuromys occasius upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) occlusal patterns of cheek teeth at three states of toothwear. A, FMNH 84427; B, FMNH 84259; C, MCZ 37964, reversed. Note the trilophodont M3, the rounded posterior edges of the lower molars, the position of the mure of M1–2 on the lingual edges of the teeth, the quadralophodont lower premolar, and the M-shaped lower molars (viewed lingually)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369732/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 11C</figureCitation>
). Worn lower molars nearly circular, somewhat resembling those of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFF32FC6EFF01FC6F" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[139,228,906,932]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Isothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFF32FC6EFF01FC6F" box="[139,228,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Isothrix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFF4DFC6EFEB0FC6F" box="[244,341,906,932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[108,150,1406,1427]" captionTargetBox="[377,944,228,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[377,944,227,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 11. Leiuromys occasius upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) occlusal patterns of cheek teeth at three states of toothwear. A, FMNH 84427; B, FMNH 84259; C, MCZ 37964, reversed. Note the trilophodont M3, the rounded posterior edges of the lower molars, the position of the mure of M1–2 on the lingual edges of the teeth, the quadralophodont lower premolar, and the M-shaped lower molars (viewed lingually)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369732/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 11C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFDFD573FFD5FDDDFC13FD2A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369720" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369720/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" startId="15.[108,150,569,590]" targetBox="[108,1212,224,540]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFDFD573FFD5FDDDFC13FD2A" blockId="15.[108,1214,566,737]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
FIG. 5. Scales and hairs on dorsal tail base.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FD8EFDD2FDAAFD85" bold="true" box="[567,591,566,590]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDFD573FDE1FDD3FC9FFD84" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[600,890,567,591]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FDE1FDD3FCCFFD84" box="[600,810,567,591]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pattonomys carrikeri</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
496483, irregular scales nearly square or slightly hexagonal, hairs unicolored, long, and curled outward;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FCF2FDB0FC84FDA7" bold="true" box="[843,865,596,620]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDFD573FCDEFDB1FB91FDA0" authority="FMNH" authorityName="FMNH" box="[871,1140,596,620]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FCDEFDB1FBC1FDA7" box="[871,1060,597,620]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
FMNH
</taxonomicName>
84259, short, wide hexagonal scales in spiral rows, short, adpressed, scalelike hairs in pairs;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FC61FD95FC0AFD42" bold="true" box="[984,1007,625,649]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDFD573FC41FD96FF5FFD6C" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FC41FD96FB59FD42" box="[1016,1212,625,649]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Toromys rhipidurus</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
276710, scales rounded posteriorly, about as long as wide, hairs robust, unicolor, black or rusty;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FB1CFD6BFB5BFD6C" bold="true" box="[1189,1214,655,679]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFDFD573FFD5FD48FE99FD0F" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[108,380,684,708]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFDFD573FFD5FD48FECEFD0F" box="[108,299,684,708]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Makalata macrura</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
496480, short, rectangular scales in even rows, fine, salient hairs that are often banded dark at base, pale at tips. White scale bars 5 mm, fluid-fixed specimens except B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC0D56CFFD5F9E2FDACF922" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369722" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369722" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369722/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" startId="16.[108,150,1542,1563]" targetBox="[229,1091,224,1514]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC0D56CFFD5F9E2FDACF922" blockId="16.[108,1213,1540,1769]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
FIG. 6. Variation among genera in plantar surfaces of hindfeet, fluid-preserved specimens.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFBB2F9E0FBC1F9D7" bold="true" box="[1035,1060,1540,1564]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFB93F9E1FF1FF9F1" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFB93F9E1FF40F9F2" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Toromys rhipidurus</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
276710;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFEEEF9C5FE88F9F2" bold="true" box="[343,365,1569,1593]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFECAF9C6FD77F9F2" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[371,658,1569,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFECAF9C6FDA1F9F2" box="[371,580,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pattonomys carrikeri</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
496501;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFD56F9C5FCE3F9F2" bold="true" box="[751,774,1569,1593]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFCB4F9C5FBE0F9F2" authority=", UFES" authorityName="UFES" box="[781,1029,1569,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Phyllomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFCB4F9C5FC5AF9F2" box="[781,959,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Phyllomys pattoni</emphasis>
, UFES
</taxonomicName>
121;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFB87F9C5FBB3F9F2" bold="true" box="[1086,1110,1569,1593]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFBE4F9C5FEB4F99C" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="didelphoides">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFBE4F9C5FEE7F99C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Makalata cf. didelphoides</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
581981 (Bolivia);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFDB5F9DBFDC4F99C" bold="true" box="[524,545,1599,1623]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFD9EF9DBFCE9F99C" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[551,780,1599,1623]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFD9EF9DBFDA1F99D" box="[551,580,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">M.</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFDD1F9DBFD5BF99D" box="[616,702,1599,1622]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">macrura</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
496480 (Venezuela);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFC5EF9DBFC1DF99C" bold="true" box="[999,1016,1599,1623]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFC47F9DBFF51F9BF" authority=", USNM" authorityName="USNM" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFC47F9DBFB53F99C" box="[1022,1206,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Echimys chrysurus</emphasis>
, USNM
</taxonomicName>
549839 (Rio Xingu). Note small digital pads, especially D3, and collars of small tubercles around pads in (A–C); large digital pads and no collars of tubercles in (D–F); merged D1 and thenar pad in (E–F), leaving three separated digital pads; and differences in digital pad shapes (see text). Abbreviations:
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFBA7F973FBD2F964" bold="true" box="[1054,1079,1687,1711]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">D,</emphasis>
digital pads;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFFD5F950FF6AF907" bold="true" box="[108,143,1716,1740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Th,</emphasis>
thenar pad;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFEA8F950FED0F907" bold="true" box="[273,309,1716,1740]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hy,</emphasis>
hypothenar pad. Arrow in A indicates supernumerary separated pad of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC0D56CFBA0F951FB59F907" box="[1049,1212,1716,1740]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC0D56CFBA0F951FB68F907" box="[1049,1165,1717,1740]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Pattonomys</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
Figures not to scale. Photo panel C, Yuri Leite.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC1D56DFFD5FA38FEF6F9A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369724" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369724" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369724/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[108,150,1500,1521]" targetBox="[108,1212,224,1473]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC1D56DFFD5FA38FEF6F9A3" blockId="17.[108,1213,1498,1640]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
FIG. 7. Crania and mandibles, lateral view.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFDF8FA3EFDBCFA39" bold="true" box="[577,601,1498,1522]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFDDDFA3FFC83FA39" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[612,870,1498,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFDDDFA3FFCE8FA39" box="[612,781,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Toromys grandis</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
93601;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFC04FA3EFC31FA39" bold="true" box="[957,980,1498,1522]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFC67FA3FFB5EFA3A" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" box="[990,1211,1498,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFC67FA3FFB80FA39" box="[990,1125,1498,1522]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. rhipidurus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
28.7.21.89 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFEE8FA13FE8CF9C4" bold="true" box="[337,361,1527,1551]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFED6FA1CFE61F9C4" box="[367,388,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype),
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFD57FA13FCE2F9C4" bold="true" box="[750,775,1527,1551]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFCB4FA1CFC2EF9C4" box="[781,971,1528,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFCB4FA1CFC2EF9C4" box="[781,971,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. AMNH 71897;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFBCEFA13FB68F9C4" bold="true" box="[1143,1165,1527,1551]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFB2BFA1CFE90F9E7" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFB2BFA1CFEC0F9E7" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Pattonomys punctatus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
98.12.1.18 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFDE2F9F1FD89F9E6" bold="true" box="[603,620,1557,1581]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFDCBF9F1FCC7F9E6" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[626,802,1556,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFDCBF9F1FD33F9E7" box="[626,726,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. flavidus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
63218 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFC66F9F0FC1DF9E7" bold="true" box="[991,1016,1556,1580]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">G,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFC44F9F1FB59F9E6" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[1021,1212,1556,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFC44F9F1FB8DF9E7" box="[1021,1128,1556,1580]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. carrikeri</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
130790;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFF78F9D6FF3EF981" bold="true" box="[193,219,1586,1610]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFF5BF9D7FE58F981" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[226,445,1586,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semivillosus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFF5BF9D7FE8AF981" box="[226,367,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. semivillosus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
280205. Black arrow in F indicates the deep mandible of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC1D56DFBBEF9D7FB89F981" box="[1031,1132,1586,1610]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC1D56DFBBEF9D7FB89F981" box="[1031,1132,1586,1610]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">P. flavidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to its congeners.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC2D56EFFD7FC28FDFCFBF1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369726" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369726" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369726/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" startId="18.[110,151,972,993]" targetBox="[132,1188,224,944]" targetPageId="18">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC2D56EFFD7FC28FDFCFBF1" blockId="18.[108,1213,970,1082]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
FIG. 8.
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC2D56EFF0FFC2FFE97FC29" box="[182,370,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC2D56EFF0FFC2FFE97FC29" box="[182,370,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
basicrania.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC2D56EFE50FC2EFDE4FC29" bold="true" box="[489,513,970,994]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A,</emphasis>
internal position of posterior alisphenoid canal (arrows), MCZ 37964 (Ecuador, left M3 lacking);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC2D56EFE36FC0CFE40FBCB" bold="true" box="[399,421,1000,1024]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">B,</emphasis>
buccinator and masticatory foramina joined in a slit (b+M) FMNH 84427 (Peru). Note absence of inferior jugal process, shallow or absent grooves and ridge on anterior palate between premolars, and small tympanic bulla in B.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC3D56FFFD5F9FCFE98F968" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369728" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369728" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369728/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" startId="19.[108,150,1560,1581]" targetBox="[132,1188,224,1533]" targetPageId="19">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC3D56FFFD5F9FCFE98F968" blockId="19.[108,1216,1557,1699]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
FIG. 9. Crania, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFE3CF9F1FE7BF9E6" bold="true" box="[389,414,1557,1581]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFE1DF9F2FD7EF9E5" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[420,667,1558,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFE1DF9F2FDA2F9E5" box="[420,583,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Toromys grandis</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
93601;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFD53F9F2FCE5F9E5" bold="true" box="[746,768,1558,1582]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFCBFF9F2FC3FF9E6" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" box="[774,986,1558,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFCBFF9F2FC62F9E5" box="[774,903,1558,1582]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">T. rhipidurus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
28.7.21.89 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFFD5F9D7FF61F980" bold="true" box="[108,132,1587,1611]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">C,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFF34F9D0FF46F980" box="[141,163,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype),
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFD99F9D7FDDCF980" bold="true" box="[544,569,1587,1611]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFDFAF9D0FCE3F980" box="[579,774,1588,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFDFAF9D0FCE3F980" box="[579,774,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. AMNH 71897;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFC02F9D7FC35F980" bold="true" box="[955,976,1587,1611]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFC63F9D0FF5DF9A3" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFC63F9D0FB59F980" box="[986,1212,1588,1611]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Pattonomys punctatus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
98.12.1.18 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFE11F9B4FE5FF9A3" bold="true" box="[424,442,1616,1640]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFE7AF9B5FD9EF9A3" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[451,635,1616,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFE7AF9B5FDCFF9A3" box="[451,554,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. flavidus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
63218 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFCF8F9B4FCBFF9A3" bold="true" box="[833,858,1616,1640]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">G,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFCDAF9B5FBCDF9A3" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[867,1064,1616,1640]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFCDAF9B5FC37F9A3" box="[867,978,1616,1640]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. carrikeri</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
130790;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFB30F9B4FB46F9A3" bold="true" box="[1161,1187,1616,1640]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">H,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC3D56FFB12F9B5FED5F94D" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semivillosus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC3D56FFB12F9B5FF07F94D" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">P. semivillosus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
280205. Black arrow in A indicates recurved parietal-interparietal suture, white arrow the expanded squamosal shelf.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC4D568FFD5F9FEFE62F943" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369730" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369730" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369730/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[108,149,1562,1583]" targetBox="[132,1188,224,1534]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC4D568FFD5F9FEFE62F943" blockId="20.[108,1216,1560,1672]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
FIG. 10. Crania, palatal view.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FE28F9FCFE4CF9FB" bold="true" box="[401,425,1560,1584]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FE16F9FDFD46F9FB" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[431,675,1560,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FE16F9FDFDB5F9FB" box="[431,592,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Toromys grandis</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
93601;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FD49F9FCFCE3F9FB" bold="true" box="[752,774,1560,1584]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FCB5F9FDFC39F9FB" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" box="[780,988,1560,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FCB5F9FDFC6EF9FB" box="[780,907,1560,1584]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">T. rhipidurus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
28.7.21.89 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FFD5F9D1FF66F986" bold="true" box="[108,131,1589,1613]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FF34F9D2FF46F986" box="[141,163,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov., FMNH 55483 (holotype),
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FD99F9D2FDDCF985" bold="true" box="[544,569,1590,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FDFAF9D2FCE3F986" box="[579,774,1590,1613]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FDFAF9D2FCE3F986" box="[579,774,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. AMNH 71897;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FC02F9D2FC35F985" bold="true" box="[955,976,1590,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FC63F9D2FF5DF9A1" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FC63F9D2FB59F986" box="[986,1212,1590,1613]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Pattonomys punctatus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
98.12.1.18 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FE11F9B7FE5FF9A0" bold="true" box="[424,442,1619,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FE7AF9B0FD9EF9A0" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[451,635,1619,1643]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavidus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FE7AF9B0FDCFF9A0" box="[451,554,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. flavidus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
63218 (holotype);
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FCF8F9B7FCBFF9A0" bold="true" box="[833,858,1619,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">G,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FCDAF9B0FBCDF9A0" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[867,1064,1619,1643]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FCDAF9B0FC37F9A0" box="[867,978,1619,1643]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. carrikeri</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
130790;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FB30F9B7FB46F9A0" bold="true" box="[1161,1187,1619,1643]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">H,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC4D568FB12F9B0FED4F943" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semivillosus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC4D568FB12F9B0FF07F943" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">P. semivillosus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
280205.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC5D569FFD5FA9AFB80FA27" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369732" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369732/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[108,150,1406,1427]" targetBox="[377,944,228,1379]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC5D569FFD5FA9AFB80FA27" blockId="21.[108,1213,1404,1516]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
FIG. 11.
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC5D569FF7DFA99FE64FA5F" box="[196,385,1405,1428]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="occasius">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC5D569FF7DFA99FE64FA5F" box="[196,385,1405,1428]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Leiuromys occasius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) occlusal patterns of cheek teeth at three states of toothwear.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC5D569FE8EFA7DFEAAFA7A" bold="true" box="[311,335,1433,1457]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">A,</emphasis>
FMNH 84427;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC5D569FE49FA7EFDE3FA79" bold="true" box="[496,518,1434,1458]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">B,</emphasis>
FMNH 84259;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC5D569FD1EFA7DFD5BFA7A" bold="true" box="[679,702,1433,1457]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C,</emphasis>
MCZ 37964, reversed. Note the trilophodont M3, the rounded posterior edges of the lower molars, the position of the mure of M1–2 on the lingual edges of the teeth, the quadralophodont lower premolar, and the M-shaped lower molars (viewed lingually).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC6D56AFFD5FA36FD1BF918" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369734" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369734/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[108,150,1490,1511]" targetBox="[115,1205,224,1460]" targetPageId="22">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC6D56AFFD5FA36FD1BF918" blockId="22.[108,1213,1488,1747]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
FIG. 12. Occlusal patterns of upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) toothrows of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFC7BFA35FBF3FA23" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[962,1046,1489,1512]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFC7BFA35FBF3FA23" box="[962,1046,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFBF1FA35FF50F9CD" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFBF1FA35FB59FA23" box="[1096,1212,1489,1512]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pattonomys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
, not to scale.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFE83FA09FEB7F9CE" bold="true" box="[314,338,1517,1541]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">A,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFEE1FA0AFE4EF9CE" authority="Emmons &amp; Fabre, 2018" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[344,427,1518,1541]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFEE1FA0AFE4EF9CE" box="[344,427,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A272FE50FFC6D56AFE08FA0AFE19F9CE" box="[433,508,1518,1541]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
FMNH 55483 holotype;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFD4FFA0AFCE9F9CD" bold="true" box="[758,780,1518,1542]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">B,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFCA8FA0AFCC2F9CE" box="[785,807,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov. LSUMZ 8904, an old individual;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFFD5F9EFFF66F9E8" bold="true" box="[108,131,1547,1571]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFF35F9E8FE6EF9E8" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[140,395,1547,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFF35F9E8FED6F9E8" box="[140,307,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toromys grandis</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
93604;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFE66F9EFFE12F9E8" bold="true" box="[479,503,1547,1571]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">D,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFDB8F9E8FCFAF9E8" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[513,799,1547,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFDB8F9E8FD22F9E8" box="[513,711,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toromys rhipidurus</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
98667;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFCCAF9EFFC6DF9E8" bold="true" box="[883,904,1547,1571]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">E,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFC28F9E8FB5EF9E8" authority="AMNH" authorityName="AMNH" box="[913,1211,1547,1571]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carrikeri">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFC28F9E8FB80F9E8" box="[913,1125,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pattonomys carrikeri</emphasis>
AMNH
</taxonomicName>
31530;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFF0EF9CCFF2CF98B" bold="true" box="[183,201,1576,1600]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">F,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFF6BF9CDFE54F98B" authority="USNM" authorityName="USNM" box="[210,433,1576,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semivillosus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFF6BF9CDFE84F98B" box="[210,353,1576,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. semivillosus</emphasis>
USNM
</taxonomicName>
280205;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFDA8F9CCFDCFF98B" bold="true" box="[529,554,1576,1600]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">G,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFD8BF9CDFCE7F98B" authority="BMNH" authorityName="BMNH" box="[562,770,1577,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFD8BF9CDFD48F98B" box="[562,685,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">P. punctatus</emphasis>
BMNH
</taxonomicName>
9812118 (holotype). In
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFC46F9CDFBB6F98B" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[1023,1107,1577,1600]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFC46F9CDFBB6F98B" box="[1023,1107,1577,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
maxillary teeth (A–D) note laminar appearance of narrow, nearly parallel molar flexi, lophs of nearly uniform width, and mures lingually (left) of center of teeth. In
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFDF9F980FD51F9B0" baseAuthorityName="Upham and Patterson" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[576,692,1636,1659]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFDF9F980FD51F9B0" box="[576,692,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Pattonomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(E–G) note short, offset flexi, short, wide protoloph (arrow) especially pronounced on M2, mures about in midtooth; unequal loph sizes give irregular appearance. On mandibular teeth, note the straight (flat) posterior molar edges; the square (flat) lingual edge of central lophid (entoconid) in
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC6D56AFEE9F958FE41F918" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[336,420,1724,1747]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC6D56AFEE9F958FE41F918" box="[336,420,1724,1747]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A–D, also compare with fig. 17).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4ACFB1FFC7D56BFFD5FDD4FCE9FD3E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369736" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5369736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369736/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[108,150,560,581]" targetBox="[132,1188,224,527]" targetPageId="23">
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC7D56BFFD5FDD4FCE9FD3E" blockId="23.[108,1212,557,758]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
FIG. 13. Head colors of specimens.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFE60FDC9FE14FD8E" bold="true" box="[473,497,557,581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A,</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFE4EFDCAFDB4FD8E" box="[503,593,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFE4EFDCAFDA8FD8E" authority="Emmons &amp; Fabre, 2018" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[503,589,558,581]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Toromys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A272FE50FFC7D56BFDE1FDCAFD40FD8E" box="[600,677,558,581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
LSUMZ 8904;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFCFBFDCAFCBDFD8D" bold="true" box="[834,856,558,582]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFCE7FDCAFB97FD8E" authority="FMNH" authorityName="FMNH" box="[862,1138,558,582]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFCE7FDCAFBC4FD8D" box="[862,1057,558,582]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toromys rhipidurus</emphasis>
FMNH
</taxonomicName>
87248;
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFFD4FDAFFF60FDA8" bold="true" box="[109,133,587,611]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">C,</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFF35FDAFFE27FDA8" authority="LSUMZ" authorityName="LSUMZ" box="[140,450,587,611]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrura">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFF35FDAFFF0EFDA8" box="[140,235,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Makalata</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFEAAFDA8FE8CFDA8" box="[275,361,588,611]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">macrura</emphasis>
LSUMZ
</taxonomicName>
14408. Specimens in panels A and C were collected at Yarinacocha (type locality of
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFF6FFD8DFED4FD4B" box="[214,305,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFF6FFD8DFEC9FD4B" authority="Emmons &amp; Fabre, 2018" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[214,300,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">Toromys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A272FE50FFC7D56BFE8FFD8DFE61FD4B" box="[310,388,617,640]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
). The tip of the muzzle is variably buff to rusty in
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFCC6FD8DFC36FD4B" authority="Emmons &amp; Fabre, 2018" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[895,979,617,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFCC6FD8DFC36FD4B" box="[895,979,617,640]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A272FE50FFC7D56BFC61FD8DFBC0FD4B" box="[984,1061,617,640]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(fig. 16), while
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFFD5FD62FF2EFD55" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[108,203,646,670]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFFD5FD62FF2EFD55" box="[108,203,646,670]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Makalata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from some distant populations are not as bright rusty as A. On
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFCD4FD62FC29FD55" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[877,972,646,670]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFCD4FD62FC29FD55" box="[877,972,646,670]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Makalata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the rust color extends well behind the eye above and below. Also note the coarser, more robust vibrissae of both
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFBB8FD40FBB1FD70" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[1025,1108,676,699]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFBB8FD40FBB1FD70" box="[1025,1108,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the more developed fringe of salient wispy hair on rim of the
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFD30FD24FD0DFD13" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[649,744,704,728]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFD30FD24FD0DFD13" box="[649,744,704,728]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Makalata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ear (also typical of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFC0FFD25FBBEFD13" box="[950,1115,704,728]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFC0FFD25FBCFFD13" box="[950,1066,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pattonomys</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
), and the less robust claws of
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFE81FD3AFEA8FD3E" box="[312,333,734,757]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T.</emphasis>
sp. nov. compared to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFD3CFD3AFCE3FD3D" box="[645,774,734,758]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhipidurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFD3CFD3AFCE3FD3D" box="[645,774,734,758]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">T. rhipidurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8A9F39FFC7D56BFF25FC4BFDECF912" blockId="23.[108,1216,794,1754]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
COMPARISONS WITH OTHER GENERA:
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFDEAFC54FD2FFC02" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[595,714,944,969]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFDEAFC54FD2FFC02" box="[595,714,944,969]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Leiuromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most easily confused externally with the distantly related taxa
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFECCFC31FDD8FC25" box="[373,573,980,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFECCFC31FE3AFC25" box="[373,479,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mesomys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFD39FC30FCB1FC25" box="[640,852,980,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Phyllomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFD39FC30FCB1FC25" box="[640,852,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phyllomys pattoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Species of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFC50FC31FBB6FC25" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[1001,1107,981,1006]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFC50FC31FBB6FC25" box="[1001,1107,981,1006]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mesomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
all have conspicuously hairy tails with brown, outward-curling hairs and a slight-to-prominent pencillike tapering at tip (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFC7D56BFEEEFBFBFDD1FBF2" author="Patton, J. L. &amp; M. N. F. da Silva &amp; J. R. Malcolm" box="[343,564,1055,1082]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 306" refId="ref24957" refString="Patton, J. L., M. N. F. da Silva, and J. R. Malcolm. 2000. Mammals of the Rio Jurua and the evolutionary and ecological diversification of Amazonia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 244: 1 - 306." type="journal article" year="2000">Patton et al., 2000</bibRefCitation>
). In
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFDD5FBC4FD30FBF2" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1845" box="[620,725,1056,1081]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Mesomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFDD5FBC4FD30FBF2" box="[620,725,1056,1081]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mesomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the buff or whitish ventral pelage field is sharply demarcated from the spiny dorsal pelage. The molar occlusal pattern has flexi/flexids compressed into narrow parallel lines that do not open on sides of the teeth.
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFC56FB8EFB59FB4F" box="[1007,1212,1130,1156]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Phyllomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pattoni">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFC56FB8EFB59FB4F" box="[1007,1212,1130,1156]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phyllomys pattoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have rusty-tipped spines and rusty sides, and an occlusal pattern of separate laminae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFC7D56BFBE9FB6BFF08FB04" author="Emmons, L. H. &amp; Y. L. R. Leite &amp; D. Kock &amp; L. P. Costa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref23356" refString="Emmons, L. H., Y. L. R. Leite, D. Kock, and L. P. Costa. 2002. A review of the named forms of Phyllomys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) with the description of a new species from coastal Brazil. American Museum Novitates 3380: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="2002">Emmons et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFF46FB51FE3BFB05" box="[255,478,1204,1230]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFF46FB51FE60FB05" box="[255,389,1205,1230]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pattonomys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
are larger, with grizzled gray heads, sides, and feet, white lower cheeks and throat, a fuzzy tail, and a distinct molar occlusal pattern, including straight posterior edges of the lower cheekteeth (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFDA9FB1BFD70FAD2" box="[528,661,1279,1305]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="22.[108,150,1490,1511]" captionTargetBox="[115,1205,224,1460]" captionTargetId="figure-12@22.[115,1205,224,1460]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIG. 12. Occlusal patterns of upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) toothrows of Toromys and Pattonomys species, not to scale. A, Toromys sp. nov. FMNH 55483 holotype; B, T.sp. nov. LSUMZ 8904, an old individual; C, Toromys grandis AMNH 93604; D, Toromys rhipidurus AMNH 98667; E, Pattonomys carrikeri AMNH 31530; F, P. semivillosus USNM 280205; G, P. punctatus BMNH 9812118 (holotype). In Toromys maxillary teeth (A–D) note laminar appearance of narrow, nearly parallel molar flexi, lophs of nearly uniform width, and mures lingually (left) of center of teeth. In Pattonomys (E–G) note short, offset flexi, short, wide protoloph (arrow) especially pronounced on M2, mures about in midtooth; unequal loph sizes give irregular appearance. On mandibular teeth, note the straight (flat) posterior molar edges; the square (flat) lingual edge of central lophid (entoconid) in Toromys (A–D, also compare with fig. 17)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369734" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369734/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 12E–G</figureCitation>
). The spines of
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFCE8FAE4FBD5FAD2" box="[849,1072,1279,1305]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFCE8FAE4FC3DFAD2" box="[849,984,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pattonomys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
taper more sharply at the tips (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFEF3FAC0FE7FFAF4" box="[330,410,1316,1343]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[108,149,1202,1223]" captionTargetBox="[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-143@14.[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 4. Pelage of dorsum at rump. A, Leiuromys occasius. FMNH 84529, high density of sharply pointed spines and fine, wavy red underhairs; B, Pattonomys semivillosus USNM 280204, dense, more tapered, white-tipped spines, abundant pale bristles, straight ochraceous underhairs; C, Makalata cf. didelphoides USNM 549593, agouti pelage, sparser narrowly buff-tipped spines, tapered hairlike spine tips; D, Toromys grandis AMNH 94036, thick bristles, no spines; E, T. rhipidurus AMNH 73273, fine-banded agouti bristles; F, T. sp. nov., narrow aristiforms and a few narrow spines with hairlike tips, abundant thin, agouti bristles. The resemblance between Toromys congeners is evident. Spine tips are more sharply tapered in A than in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369718/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 4B</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFE13FAC0FD94FAF5" box="[426,625,1316,1342]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFE13FAC0FDFDFAF5" box="[426,536,1316,1342]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Makalata</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have tails slightly but distinctly hairy, with banded tail hairs, and short, rectangular tail scales in even rings (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFCB7FAAEFC86FAAE" box="[782,867,1354,1381]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="15.[108,150,569,590]" captionTargetBox="[108,1212,224,540]" captionTargetId="figure-420@15.[108,1212,224,540]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIG. 5. Scales and hairs on dorsal tail base. A, Pattonomys carrikeri USNM 496483, irregular scales nearly square or slightly hexagonal, hairs unicolored, long, and curled outward; B, Leiuromys occasius FMNH 84259, short, wide hexagonal scales in spiral rows, short, adpressed, scalelike hairs in pairs; C, Toromys rhipidurus AMNH 276710, scales rounded posteriorly, about as long as wide, hairs robust, unicolor, black or rusty; D, Makalata macrura USNM 496480, short, rectangular scales in even rows, fine, salient hairs that are often banded dark at base, pale at tips. White scale bars 5 mm, fluid-fixed specimens except B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369720" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369720/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 5D</figureCitation>
); a uniformly ochraceous- or reddish-agouti pelage of dusky and yellowish; multibanded, spinous aristiform hairs with short, pale, hairlike tips that are not as wide or sharp as in
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFD75FA71FCA6FA65" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[716,835,1429,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Leiuromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFD75FA71FCA6FA65" box="[716,835,1429,1454]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Leiuromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFCEBFA70FC41FA64" box="[850,932,1428,1455]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[108,149,1202,1223]" captionTargetBox="[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetId="figure-143@14.[180,1139,224,1174]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 4. Pelage of dorsum at rump. A, Leiuromys occasius. FMNH 84529, high density of sharply pointed spines and fine, wavy red underhairs; B, Pattonomys semivillosus USNM 280204, dense, more tapered, white-tipped spines, abundant pale bristles, straight ochraceous underhairs; C, Makalata cf. didelphoides USNM 549593, agouti pelage, sparser narrowly buff-tipped spines, tapered hairlike spine tips; D, Toromys grandis AMNH 94036, thick bristles, no spines; E, T. rhipidurus AMNH 73273, fine-banded agouti bristles; F, T. sp. nov., narrow aristiforms and a few narrow spines with hairlike tips, abundant thin, agouti bristles. The resemblance between Toromys congeners is evident. Spine tips are more sharply tapered in A than in B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369718" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369718/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 4C</figureCitation>
); rostra that are reddish anteriorly to above and behind the eyes (
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFDF2FA5EFD4EFA1F" box="[587,683,1466,1492]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="23.[108,150,560,581]" captionTargetBox="[132,1188,224,527]" captionTargetId="figure-379@23.[132,1188,224,527]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIG. 13. Head colors of specimens. A, Toromys, sp. nov. LSUMZ 8904; B, Toromys rhipidurus FMNH 87248; C, Makalata cf. macrura LSUMZ 14408. Specimens in panels A and C were collected at Yarinacocha (type locality of Toromys, sp. nov.). The tip of the muzzle is variably buff to rusty in Toromys sp. nov. (fig. 16), while Makalata from some distant populations are not as bright rusty as A. On Makalata, the rust color extends well behind the eye above and below. Also note the coarser, more robust vibrissae of both Toromys, the more developed fringe of salient wispy hair on rim of the Makalata ear (also typical of Pattonomys spp.), and the less robust claws of T.sp. nov. compared to those of T. rhipidurus." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369736" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369736/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 13C</figureCitation>
), and rusty pelage around the tail base.
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFB39FA5EFEEEFA32" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Phyllomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFB39FA5EFF4BFA32" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Phyllomys</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFEF5FA3BFDC0FA32" box="[332,549,1503,1529]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysurus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFEF5FA3BFDC0FA32" box="[332,549,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Echimys chrysurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have one inguinal and three lateral pairs of mammae, whereas the other genera have two lateral pairs, and if present, inguinal mammae seem obsolete (unused in parous females). All other
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFD8FF9CEFD4AF98F" box="[566,687,1578,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Echimyini">Echimyini</taxonomicName>
usually have a quadralophodont M3, but
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFB10F9CFFF13F9A2" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semivillosus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFB10F9CFFF13F9A2" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P. semivillosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can lack the fourth loph. In
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFDE2F9ABFD2FF9A2" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[603,714,1615,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Makalata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFDE2F9ABFD2FF9A2" box="[603,714,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Makalata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the lower premolars are pentalophodont (illustrated in
<bibRefCitation id="EFA4E2C8FFC7D56BFEAAF991FE2DF944" author="Emmons, L. H." box="[275,456,1652,1679]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="247 - 309" refId="ref23229" refString="Emmons, L. H. 2005. A revision of the arboreal Echimyidae (Rodentia: Echimyidae, Echimyinae); with descriptions of two new genera. In E. A. Lacey, and P. Myers (editors), Mammalian diversification: from chromosomes to phylogeography: 247 - 309. Berkeley: University of California Press." type="book chapter" year="2005">Emmons, 2005</bibRefCitation>
). The lower premolar hypoconid is a rounded point in genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFF2EF97EFF10F97F" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1809" box="[151,245,1690,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Echimys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFF2EF97EFF10F97F" box="[151,245,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Echimys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade, while it is flat in
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFDBBF97FFD6DF97F" baseAuthorityName="Upham and Patterson" baseAuthorityYear="2015" box="[514,648,1691,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Pattonomys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFDBBF97FFD6DF97F" box="[514,648,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pattonomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C35E4BAFFC7D56BFD79F97FFCC5F97F" authorityName="Emmons &amp; Fabre" authorityYear="2018" box="[704,800,1691,1716]" class="Mammalia" family="Echimyidae" genus="Toromys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941432BFFC7D56BFD79F97FFCC5F97F" box="[704,800,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Toromys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; in the latter often slightly indented (Iack-Ximenez et al., 2005:
<figureCitation id="130E83BCFFC7D56BFE09F95BFE1EF912" box="[432,507,1727,1753]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[108,150,1406,1427]" captionTargetBox="[377,944,228,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-6@21.[377,944,227,1379]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 11. Leiuromys occasius upper (top row) and lower (bottom row) occlusal patterns of cheek teeth at three states of toothwear. A, FMNH 84427; B, FMNH 84259; C, MCZ 37964, reversed. Note the trilophodont M3, the rounded posterior edges of the lower molars, the position of the mure of M1–2 on the lingual edges of the teeth, the quadralophodont lower premolar, and the M-shaped lower molars (viewed lingually)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5369732" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5369732/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">fig. 11</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink