462 lines
42 KiB
XML
462 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788626" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6018f4eb-4a5b-4a3e-8d4a-376e1cce81e4" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749183" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788626" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="2" checkinTime="1587969134303" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmidt, Christian" docDate="2010" docId="038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2170.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 39 (39)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@7ceb6c45" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Zale intenta Schmidt 2010, stat. rev." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="103" masterDocId="FFB25F40FFEBDD48FF9CFFE3B723FFAA" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic reassessment of Zale lunifera (Hübner) (Erebidae, Erebinae)" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="99" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" updateTime="1643562792047" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic reassessment of Zale lunifera (Hübner) (Erebidae, Erebinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Schmidt, Christian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa ,, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2010</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2010-03-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>39</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>99</mods:start>
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<mods:end>106</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.39.431</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6018f4eb-4a5b-4a3e-8d4a-376e1cce81e4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576635</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3788626" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163749183" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3788626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="100" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,513,1363,1425]" box="[140,513,1363,1390]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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||
<heading box="[140,513,1363,1390]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,513,1363,1390]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Walker)" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[140,402,1363,1390]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta" status="stat. rev.">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,286,1363,1390]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Zale intenta</emphasis>
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(Walker)
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[414,513,1363,1389]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">stat. rev.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,513,1363,1425]" box="[140,236,1399,1425]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Figs 1–4</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[140,604,1468,1495]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,1107,1468,1672]" box="[140,604,1468,1495]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker, [1858]" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" box="[140,527,1468,1495]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[140,345,1470,1495]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Homoptera intenta</emphasis>
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Walker, [1858]
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</taxonomicName>
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: 1070.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="100" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,1107,1468,1672]" box="[140,539,1504,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,539,1504,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitation author="Grote AR" box="[140,535,1504,1530]" page="88" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" year="1877">
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<taxonomicName authority="Grote, 1877: 88" authorityName="Grote" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1877" box="[140,535,1504,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodii">
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<emphasis box="[140,341,1504,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Homoptera woodii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Grote AR" box="[349,535,1504,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" pagination="84 - 90" refId="ref3144" refString="Grote AR (1877) Notes and descriptions of new moths. Canadian Entomologist 9: 84 - 90." type="journal article" year="1877">Grote, 1877: 88</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,1107,1468,1672]" box="[140,797,1539,1566]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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‡
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<taxonomicName box="[161,351,1539,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calycanthata">
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<emphasis box="[161,351,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Zale calycanthata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ab.
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<emphasis box="[400,492,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">dealbata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Strand E" box="[499,650,1539,1565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" pagination="28 - 50" refId="ref3476" refString="Strand E (1916) Neue Aberrationen der Noctuiden - Subfamilien Hadeninae, Erastriinae, Catocalinae, Mominae und Phytometrinae. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte. Berlin. Abteilung A. 82, 28 - 50." type="journal article" year="1916">Strand, 1916</bibRefCitation>
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. unavailable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="100" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,1107,1468,1672]" box="[140,649,1575,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,280,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,280,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Zale lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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of authors, not (
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<bibRefCitation author="Hubner J" box="[470,637,1575,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 35" refId="ref3257" refString="Hubner J (1818) Zutrage zur Sammlung exotischer Schmettlinge, bestehend in etundigung einzeiner Fliegmuster neuer oder rarer Nichteuropaischer Gattungen. Erstes Hundert. Augsburg. 32 pp + 8 ununmbered pages + plates 1 - 35, Figs 1 - 200." type="book chapter" year="1818">Hübner, 1818</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,1107,1468,1672]" box="[140,771,1610,1636]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" box="[140,382,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cingulifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,382,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Homoptera cingulifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Holland WJ" box="[396,560,1610,1636]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" refId="ref3236" refString="Holland WJ (1913) Th e moth book. Doubleday Page, Garden City, NY, 479 pp." type="book" year="1913">
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<collectingCountry box="[396,490,1610,1636]" name="Netherlands" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Holland</collectingCountry>
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1913
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</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. XXXVII f. 17.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[140,1107,1468,1672]" box="[140,1107,1645,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<treatmentCitationGroup box="[140,1107,1645,1672]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName box="[140,274,1645,1671]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[140,274,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="100">Zale lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Handfield L" box="[286,463,1645,1671]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" refId="ref3164" refString="Handfield L (1999) Le guide des papillons du Quebec, version scientifique [A guide to the butterflies of Quebec, scientific version]. Broquet, Boucherville, QC, 982 pp + 123 plates, map." type="book" year="1999">Handfield 1999</bibRefCitation>
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: p.
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<specimenCount box="[499,549,1645,1671]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" type="generic">71 f.</specimenCount>
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8713;
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<treatmentCitation author="Rockburn EW & Lafontaine JD" box="[623,1007,1645,1671]" page="144" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation author="Rockburn EW & Lafontaine JD" box="[623,1007,1645,1671]" pageId="1" pageNumber="100" refId="ref3445" refString="Rockburn EW, Lafontaine JD (1976) Th e cutworm moths of Ontario and Quebec. Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Publication No. 1593, 164 pp." type="book" year="1976">Rockburn & Lafontaine 1976: 144</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 551.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[140,1108,1214,1332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,273,1214,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Figures Ι–8.</emphasis>
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Comparison of adult
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="2010" baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[477,585,1214,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[477,585,1214,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Zale intenta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[631,745,1214,1235]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[631,745,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Zale lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,769,1214,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Ι</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Edmunston" authorityName="Edmunston" box="[775,988,1214,1236]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[775,864,1215,1236]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. intenta</emphasis>
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, Edmunston
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</taxonomicName>
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, NB
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1036,1049,1214,1236]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">2</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Stony Swamp, Ottawa" authorityName="Stony Swamp, Ottawa" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. intenta</emphasis>
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, Stony Swamp, Ottawa
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</taxonomicName>
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, ON
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[472,485,1246,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">3</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Ithaca" authorityName="Ithaca" box="[493,659,1246,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[493,585,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. intenta</emphasis>
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, Ithaca
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</taxonomicName>
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, NY
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[711,724,1246,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">4</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Ludowici" authorityName="Ludowici" box="[733,928,1246,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[733,825,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. intenta</emphasis>
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, Ludowici
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</taxonomicName>
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, GA
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[982,995,1246,1268]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">5</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Dwarf Pine Plains" authorityName="Dwarf Pine Plains" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[1003,1101,1246,1268]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
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, Dwarf Pine Plains
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[324,390,1278,1300]" country="United Kingdom" name="Suffolk" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Suffolk</collectingRegion>
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Co., NY
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[485,498,1278,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">6</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Lakehurst" authorityName="Lakehurst" box="[506,710,1278,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[506,603,1278,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
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, Lakehurst
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</taxonomicName>
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, NJ
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,769,1278,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">7</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName box="[777,874,1278,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[777,874,1278,1300]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<typeStatus box="[887,963,1279,1300]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">neotype</typeStatus>
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, Ludowici, GA
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,153,1310,1332]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">8</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority=", Anthony, Marion Co., Anthony" authorityName="Anthony, Marion Co., Anthony" box="[159,563,1310,1332]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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<emphasis box="[159,255,1310,1332]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
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, Anthony, Marion Co., Anthony
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</taxonomicName>
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, FL.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[140,1108,1398,1672]" lastBlockId="3.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[140,314,1398,1425]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">
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<emphasis box="[140,198,1399,1425]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" reason="1">Type</emphasis>
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||
material.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1858" box="[324,532,1399,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
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<emphasis box="[324,532,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Homoptera intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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- type locality
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[713,843,1399,1425]" name="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">St. Vincent</collectingCountry>
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[
|
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<collectingRegion box="[860,946,1398,1425]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Florida</collectingRegion>
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?] acc. to type label.;
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||
<typeStatus box="[215,314,1434,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[352,443,1434,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">BMNH</collectionCode>
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||
[photograph examined]. The wing pattern of the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1008,1107,1434,1460]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">holotype</typeStatus>
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is closest to that of southeastern
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<collectingCountry box="[508,660,1469,1495]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">United States</collectingCountry>
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populations of this species, which have a more greyish, contrasting pattern (particularly the hindwing) and more contrastingly pale subterminal forewing area than more northern specimens of this species and of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
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||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grote" authorityYear="1877" box="[241,443,1575,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Lepidoptera (awaiting allocation)" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="woodii">
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||
<emphasis box="[241,443,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Homoptera woodii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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- Type locality “[
|
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<collectingCountry box="[643,707,1574,1601]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
:] N[ew] Y[ork], Center.”
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||
<typeStatus box="[1000,1107,1575,1601]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode box="[170,261,1610,1636]" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
[photograph examined].
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[551,741,1610,1636]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="101" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calycanthata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[551,741,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">Zale calycanthata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ab.
|
||
<emphasis box="[789,881,1610,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="101">dealbata</emphasis>
|
||
– unavailable infrasubspecific name. Although some of Strand’s infrasubspecific names have subsequently been validated (most of them inadvertently), I have found no evidence of this for
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">dealbata</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McDunnough JH" box="[204,453,202,228]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 275" refId="ref3301" refString="McDunnough JH (1938) Check list of the Lepidoptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part 1. Macrolepidoptera. Memoirs of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1: 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1938">McDunnough (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed it as a “form” (of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Smith))" baseAuthorityName="Smith" box="[730,1005,202,229]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="calycanthata">
|
||
<emphasis box="[730,898,202,228]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Z. calycanthata</emphasis>
|
||
(Smith))
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, not as a subspecies or subjective synonym. Th is name is not included in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Franclemont JG & Todd EL" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" pagination="120 - 159" refId="ref3078" refString="Franclemont JG, Todd EL (1983) Noctuidae. In: Hodges RW, Dominick T, Davis DR, Ferguson DC, Franclemont JG, Munroe EG, Powell JA (Eds) Check List of the Lepidoptera of America North of Mexico. E. W. Classey Ltd, London and The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation Washington, 120 - 159." type="book chapter" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poole RW" box="[256,405,272,298]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" pagination="501 - 1013" refId="ref3386" refString="Poole RW (1989) Lepidopterorum Catalogus (new series). Fascicle 118. Noctuidae. Part 2. Heraclia (concl.) to Zutragum, 501 - 1013." type="book chapter" year="1989">Poole (1989)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, presumably because it was deemed to be unavailable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,491,307,333]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,257,307,333]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" reason="1">Other</emphasis>
|
||
material examined.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832622" box="[497,836,307,333]" location="Edmunston" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New Brunswick">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[497,693,307,333]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[497,688,307,333]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFD27FED0B467FEE7" box="[699,836,307,333]" name="Edmunston" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="New Brunswick">Edmunston</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832620" box="[847,955,307,333]" collectorName="St." location="Basile" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New Brunswick">
|
||
<collectorName box="[847,875,307,333]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">St.</collectorName>
|
||
-
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFCEEFED0B498FEE7" box="[882,955,307,333]" name="Basile" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="New Brunswick">Basile</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832624" location="Temiscouata Co" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quebec">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[965,1064,306,333]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[965,1059,306,333]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Québec</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFBB3FED7B60EFEDB" name="Temiscouata Co" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Quebec">Temiscouata Co</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832626" box="[318,586,343,369]" collectorName="Ste. Flore" location="Lac Mondor" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quebec">
|
||
<collectorName box="[318,429,343,369]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Ste. Flore</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFE25FEB4B569FEDB" box="[441,586,343,369]" name="Lac Mondor" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Quebec">Lac Mondor</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832631" box="[598,849,343,369]" location="St-Mathieu de Beloeil" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quebec">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFDCAFEB4B472FEDB" box="[598,849,343,369]" name="St-Mathieu de Beloeil" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Quebec">St-Mathieu de Beloeil</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; Manseau;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832623" location="Gatineau" municipality="Harrington Lake" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quebec">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Harrington Lake</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFF49FE99B663FE3E" box="[213,320,378,404]" municipality="Harrington Lake" name="Gatineau" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Quebec">Gatineau</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; Aylmer;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832630" box="[439,966,377,404]" collectorName="Kirks Ferry" location="Pinhey Forest" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Ontario">
|
||
<collectorName box="[439,571,378,404]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Kirks Ferry</collectorName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[584,687,377,403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[584,683,377,403]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ottawa,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFCBFFE99B4E5FE3E" box="[803,966,378,404]" name="Pinhey Forest" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Ontario">Pinhey Forest</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
; Carp;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832621" county="Sevier Co." location="Manitoulin Island." municipality="Pike Lake" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tennessee">
|
||
<collectingMunicipality pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Pike Lake</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFF48FE7EB68FFE1D" box="[212,428,413,439]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Manitoulin Island." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFF48FE7EB68BFE1D" box="[212,424,413,439]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Manitoulin Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Manitoulin Island</location>
|
||
.
|
||
</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[438,564,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[438,559,413,439]" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[574,696,413,439]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Sevier Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFD5BFE7EB7E5FE70" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Great Smoky Mountains National Park." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFD5BFE7EB7E1FE70" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Great Smoky Mountains National Park" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">
|
||
Great Smoky
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFCF6FE7EB7E1FE70" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Mountains National Park." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Mountains National Park</location>
|
||
</location>
|
||
.
|
||
</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[206,309,448,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[206,304,448,474]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFEA1FE22B68FFE70" box="[317,428,448,475]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Long Co." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Long Co.</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFE25FE23B505FE70" box="[441,550,448,474]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Ludowici" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Ludowici</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFDAFFE23B5F1FE70" box="[563,722,448,474]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Griffin Ridge." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Griffin Ridge.</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[730,855,448,474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[730,850,448,474]" country="United States of America" name="Maryland" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFCC3FE23B4EEFE70" box="[863,973,448,474]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Beltsville." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Beltsville.</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="Massachusetts" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Massachusetts</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFF4EFE07B67CFE57" box="[210,351,483,510]" county="Sevier Co." municipality="Pike Lake" name="Forest Hills." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="Tennessee">Forest Hills.</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[360,525,483,509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[360,519,483,509]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[534,624,483,509]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Indiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2608832629" collectorName="McClellanville" county="Berks Co." location="Wedge Plantation." municipality="Sinking Spring." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Carolina">
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[638,755,483,510]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Berks Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[770,949,483,509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Sinking Spring.</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="South Carolina" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectorName box="[201,369,519,545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">McClellanville</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFEE0FDE4B56DFD8B" box="[380,590,519,545]" county="Berks Co." municipality="Sinking Spring." name="Wedge Plantation." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="South Carolina">Wedge Plantation.</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[596,719,519,545]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[596,715,519,545]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFD4AFDE4B400FD8B" box="[726,803,519,545]" county="Berks Co." municipality="Sinking Spring." name="Ithaca." pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="South Carolina">Ithaca.</location>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[810,935,518,544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[810,930,518,544]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038B2738FFEADD4CFF10FAB0B436FCF7:8EFDC0F5FFE8DD4BFC32FDE4B368FD8B" box="[942,1099,519,545]" county="Berks Co." municipality="Sinking Spring." name="Caddo Parish" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" stateProvince="South Carolina">Caddo Parish</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="102" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,167,1672]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,312,553,579]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,307,553,579]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" reason="1">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species has long been confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[809,929,554,580]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,929,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs by its larger size, more elongate forewing shape, the poorly defined or absent black orbicular spot, and the less sinuate black antemedial line on the forewing.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Zale intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has a tendency to develop an overall striate pattern that is very poorly or not at all developed in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[395,512,695,721]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[395,512,695,721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly well developed in south-eastern populations (Fig. 4). Male genitalic differences are slight; the valves are more elongate and the aedeagus is longer with a slightly greater twist in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[741,851,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intenta">
|
||
<emphasis box="[741,851,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Z. intenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[950,1068,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[950,1068,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In females, the distance between the ostium and the caudal margin of the antevaginal plate is equal to the diameter of the ostium; in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[685,804,835,861]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[685,804,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this distance is 2.0–2.5 × the diameter of the ostium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[140,1108,167,1672]" lastBlockId="4.[140,1108,167,862]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="103" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,360,905,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,354,905,931]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" reason="1">Redescription</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[367,426,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Head</emphasis>
|
||
– antenna ciliate in both sexes; palpi and head dark brown.
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,216,941,967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
– thoracic collar dark brown with a fine black basal line and light-grey distal border; middorsal area with a brown anterior and posterior tuft, scales prominently light grey distally bordered basad by fine black line; tegulae patterned similarly, but with a broad black basal patch; thorax fuscous grey brown ventrally.
|
||
<emphasis box="[925,1027,1047,1073]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
– dorsum and ventrum brown grey; dorsum of segments four to seven with pale-tipped hair tufts; sexes similar.
|
||
<emphasis box="[414,514,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Forewing</emphasis>
|
||
– length averaging
|
||
<quantity box="[741,847,1117,1144]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="19.7">19.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 6) in males,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.01" pageId="3" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="20.1">20.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(n = 3) in females; ground colour greyish brown to dark chocolate brown, with a slight dark-purple tinge in fresh specimens; entire wing covered in fine, black striae (particularly developed in southern populations); basal area (basad of antemedial line) dark brown, contrasting with remainder of wing, with small paler brown patch at base of costa; antemedial line dark brown to black, sometimes paler brown medially; bordered distally by pale grey-brown shading; orbicular absent or small and black; reniform spot rust brown centrally with a fine black border and a broader pale-tan outer border; postmedial line fine, black and sinuate; subterminal area variously concolorous with postmedial area (usually) or paler grey-brown, particularly in south-eastern populations; ventrum even fuscous brown with slightly darker indistinct reniform and costal part of postmedial line; dark striae less distinct than on dorsum; sexes similar.
|
||
<emphasis box="[140,252,1539,1565]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="102">Hindwing</emphasis>
|
||
– ground colour greyish brown to dark chocolate brown, grading to lighter fuscous brown toward costal margin; entire wing covered in fine black striae; medial area with or without an indistinct double medial line; postmedial line absent or indistinct; ventrum even fuscous brown with slightly darker, indistinct, dark discal spot; dark striae less distinct than on dorsum; sexes similar.
|
||
<emphasis box="[738,894,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
– valves symmetrical, apex (cucullus) distinctly lanceolate and curving about 90 degrees inward; saccular extension consisting of a low triangular process; saccular process an indistinct ridge; uncus long and cylindrical, approximately half length of base of valve, apex pointed and down curved; juxta slightly asymmetrical, with left caudal margin developed into a slight lobe; aedeagus curving dorsad and to right by approximately 90 degrees; aedeagus with a lobe-like process at distal margin; vesica roughly globose with numerous diverticula, very finely scobinate.
|
||
<emphasis box="[531,712,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
– papillae anales bluntly triangular, lightly sclerotized; posterior apophysis 2.2 × length of papillae; anterior apophysis 1.0 × length of papillae; antevaginal plate deeply divided by a medial notch, forming a quadrate flange on each side; ostium originating near proximal margin of antevaginal plate, separated from caudal margin of plate by 2.0–2.5 × diameter of plate; ductus bursae short, 2.0–2.5 × as long as diameter of ostium; corpus bursae pear shaped, proximal, larger chamber with minute, internal spicules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="103" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[140,1108,167,862]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[185,493,659,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">
|
||
<emphasis box="[185,336,659,685]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" reason="1">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
and biology.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Distributed from
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[705,843,659,686]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Ferguson 1954) westward to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[241,360,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes WTM" box="[379,527,694,721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 433" refId="ref3046" refString="Forbes WTM (1954) Th e Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Part III. Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoirs 329: 1 - 433." type="journal article" year="1954">Forbes 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[600,699,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Missouri</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southward to
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[929,1023,695,721]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Likely also occurs in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[417,501,730,756]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
, but literature records may apply to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[928,1048,730,756]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Zale" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lunifera">
|
||
<emphasis box="[928,1048,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Z. lunifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The southwestern range limit is not known. Larvae feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[758,835,766,791]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Prunus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[758,835,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="103">Prunus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including black cherry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Forbes WTM" box="[228,376,800,827]" pageId="4" pageNumber="103" pagination="1 - 433" refId="ref3046" refString="Forbes WTM (1954) Th e Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, Part III. Noctuidae. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoirs 329: 1 - 433." type="journal article" year="1954">Forbes 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), beach plum and “cherry” (Wagner 2005). The flight period is from March to June depending on latitude and elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |