141 lines
16 KiB
XML
141 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="4054F8021C3EE1373058B1F8316B9A66" ID-CLB-Dataset="45879" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.279342" ID-GBIF-Dataset="cd479886-b7b5-4ade-a928-3365fc7c0b74" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="279342" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460415146295" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Shear, William A." docDate="2011" docId="03DD87F6CB05F66DFF500151FA4247D8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03114p056.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3114" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Opiona gonopods" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="FFE4FF8ECB04F66FFFC7067BFFDB441F" masterDocTitle="Cave millipeds of the United States. XI. Opiona graeningi, n. sp., a troglomorphic caseyid milliped from Siskiyou County, California, with comments on the genus Opiona Chamberlin 1951 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Caseyidae)" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="50" pageNumber="51" updateTime="1698328564997" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="065E41EF6AA37F9511372D761B4AE330">Cave millipeds of the United States. XI. Opiona graeningi, n. sp., a troglomorphic caseyid milliped from Siskiyou County, California, with comments on the genus Opiona Chamberlin 1951 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Caseyidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B9A0B93EEE9216408EB3D710FE08D17D">Shear, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="9D4F23B8F041FE3D525C0A5309E062B3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="819D57558DDEB34B14B8726A5546C304">
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<mods:date id="3199EB5D86EE89E723771FB82A2DA70F">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5D6B165102BD9D52AA769D7792B424BD">3114</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="7FB2C815C4B92F540603266D06C1AA6E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.279342</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DD87F6CB05F66DFF500151FA4247D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6186385" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119424701" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6186385" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DD87F6CB05F66DFF500151FA4247D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DD87F6CB05F66DFF500151FA4247D8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
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<subSubSection id="C36E656BCB05F66DFF500151FA4247D8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCB36E0CB05F66EFF500151FEB0435B" blockId="1.[151,363,1834,1860]" box="[151,363,1834,1860]" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
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<heading id="D083818CCB05F66EFF500151FEB0435B" bold="true" box="[151,363,1834,1860]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFF500151FEB0435B" box="[151,363,1834,1860]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB05F66EFF500151FEB0435B" bold="true" box="[151,363,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Opiona gonopods</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36E0CB05F66DFF50010AFD1F44E8" blockId="1.[151,1437,1905,2038]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,969]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">
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Shear and Leonard (2007) pointed out that the interpretation of caseyid
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFC17010AFBE64396" box="[976,1085,1905,1929]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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given by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B11CB05F66EFB75010AFF3A43B2" author="Gardner" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" refString="Gardner, M. R. & Shelley, R. M. (1989) New records, species, and genera of caseyid millipeds from the Pacific Coast of North America (Diplopoda: Choreumatida: Caseyidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 65, 177 - 268." type="journal article" year="1989">Gardner and Shelley (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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was based on a contemporary understanding of chordeumatid
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFC6C01EEFBC343B2" box="[939,1048,1941,1965]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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which has since been superseded. Shear and Leonard (2007) reinterpreted the
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFD4E01C2FD2D43CE" box="[649,758,1977,2001]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFC5501C1FC3E43CE" box="[914,997,1978,2001]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Caseya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB05F66EFC5501C1FC3E43CE" box="[914,997,1978,2001]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Caseya</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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according to new information on their homologies. Species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFE6901A5FDDA43EA" box="[430,513,2014,2037]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Caseya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB05F66EFE6901A5FDDA43EA" box="[430,513,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="51">Caseya</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have very complex
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB05F66EFD3301A6FCBA43EA" box="[756,865,2013,2037]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="1" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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and the derivation of some of the parts remains obscure. In contrast,
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFE4C06E3FE0444B0" box="[395,479,152,175]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFE4C06E3FE0444B0" box="[395,479,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Opiona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFE2E06ECFD8D44B0" box="[489,598,151,175]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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are relatively simple. The following discussion, however, applies to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFF5006C7FEDF44CB" box="[151,260,188,212]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFEED06C6FE6144CB" box="[298,442,189,212]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graeningi">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFEED06C6FE6144CB" box="[298,442,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">O. graeningi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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only; additional work will be needed to understand the
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFBF606C7FB4544CB" box="[1073,1182,188,212]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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of all
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFB2F06C6FAE744CB" box="[1256,1340,189,212]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFB2F06C6FAE744CB" box="[1256,1340,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Opiona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, especially those with evident sternal elaborations.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36E0CB06F66DFF09077FFAE94640" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
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See figs. 8–10. The sternum (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFDDC077FFDFD4503" bold="true" box="[539,550,260,284]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">s</emphasis>
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) of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFDB8077FFD374503" box="[639,748,260,284]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFCD5077EFC794503" box="[786,930,261,284]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="graeningi">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFCD5077EFC794503" box="[786,930,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">O. graeningi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a band-like structure that extends laterally and posteriorly, but does not close behind the coxae, which are partially fused to it. The coxae (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFB7F0753FB08455F" bold="true" box="[1208,1235,296,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">cx</emphasis>
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) are flattened and laterally carry an articulated, elongate process that bears setae, which
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE54B11CB06F66DFC610737FB10457B" author="Gardner" box="[934,1227,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" refString="Gardner, M. R. & Shelley, R. M. (1989) New records, species, and genera of caseyid millipeds from the Pacific Coast of North America (Diplopoda: Choreumatida: Caseyidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 65, 177 - 268." type="journal article" year="1989">Gardner & Shelley (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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called the “sternal process.” However, examination of scanning electron micrographs of this species and of
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFB5D070BFAC34597" box="[1178,1304,368,392]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goedeni">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFB5D070BFAC34597" box="[1178,1304,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">O. goedeni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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G&S 1989 show clearly that the “sternal process” articulates with the coxa. Thus it strongly resembles the remnant telopodites of some members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFE7207CCFD6E45D0" box="[437,693,439,463]" class="Diplopoda" family="Anthroleucosomatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthroleucosomatidae</taxonomicName>
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, even to the setation. Since the sterna of chordeumatidans do not bear setae, it seems to me unlikely that this process arises directly from the sternum. Instead it seems more consistent to refer to it as a telopodite (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFDCA047BFDCD4607" bold="true" box="[525,534,512,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">t</emphasis>
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) arising from the coxa. This vestigial distal appendage is found only in
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFA8F047BFA474608" box="[1352,1436,512,535]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFA8F047BFA474608" box="[1352,1436,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Opiona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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among caseyids; in
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFEB3045EFE344623" box="[372,495,548,572]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="facetiae">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFEB3045EFE344623" box="[372,495,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">O. facetiae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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G&S 1989, it is elongate, acute, and lacks setae, but otherwise it is a short, monoarticulate, curved rod with apical setation. The group of species around
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFC630433FBFB467F" box="[932,1056,584,608]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="siliquae">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFC630433FBFB467F" box="[932,1056,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">O. siliquae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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do not have telopodites.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36E0CB06F66DFF020417FEC64743" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
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Also of coxal origin are angiocoxites (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFD420417FD7B469B" bold="true" box="[645,672,620,644]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">ac</emphasis>
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), deeply divided in this species and others, with a posteriorlateral branch (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFF3004EBFED546B7" bold="true" box="[247,270,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">lb</emphasis>
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) that sheaths the flagellocoxite and a smaller, curved mesal branch (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFBFF04EBFB8546B7" bold="true" box="[1080,1118,656,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">mb</emphasis>
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). The flagellocoxite (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFA9804F4FAAE46B7" bold="true" box="[1375,1397,655,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">fc</emphasis>
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) is divided into a number of branches, each of which is a very narrow hollow tube; the flagellocoxite is likely also of angiocoxal origin. What Gardner and Shelley called “telopodites” are now understood to be the colpocoxites (
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFAB404A3FA5746EF" bold="true" box="[1395,1420,728,752]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">cc</emphasis>
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). In
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFF710486FED1470B" box="[182,266,765,788]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B900EAF2CB06F66DFF710486FED1470B" box="[182,266,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">Opiona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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they are saclike and poorly sclerotized so that they collapse under the drying process needed to prepare specimens for SEM work. In the drawings of Gardner and Shelley, made with light microscopy, they appear as posterior lobes.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCB36E0CB06F66DFF000513FA4247D8" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,969]" pageId="2" pageNumber="52">
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As with all caseyids, the ninth legpair is drastically reduced and modified, the coxae bearing processes that support the
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<taxonomicName id="4C744D63CB06F66DFEDD05F7FE5147BB" box="[282,394,908,932]" class="Diplopoda" family="Caseyidae" genus="Opiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chordeumatida" pageId="2" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gonopods">gonopods</taxonomicName>
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, and the telopodites reduced to large, button-like objects that project laterally (figs. 1, 6). The first through third legpairs (figs. 3–5) and legpair 10 (fig. 7) are modified in ways typical of the genus (see above).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |