179 lines
23 KiB
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179 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="0344A9E0B4EF1CF71F8CAD7A1A1A4ED8" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5429286" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630420619154" checkinUser="diego" docAuthor="Armbruster, Jonathan W." docDate="2004" docId="03CDEE2F0A73FFAFE6D6FF70387DA78A" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 141 (1)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Hypostominae KNER 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="FFF496570A4AFF95E552FFB13A13A625" masterDocTitle="Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae" masterLastPageNumber="80" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1699264019982" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="2A3114E55B161C11CC43A1A45A3194AE">Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="104F029C9B2DBD0EF7EC52BFB74D7E7A">Armbruster, Jonathan W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="2E69BBB6A07734E80994E99B55F57393">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6BBC556BC053B5F0673065074A8F9677">2004-05-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="02A48E200658AE9B445BA8EDA1D2E1BC">141</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="0F5C65B8F46404FD88DDF5219FE9440B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D012AE78884F4D4E5CC41EF6FFDD5A89" type="DOI">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00109.x</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CDEE2F0A73FFAFE6D6FF70387DA78A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CDEE2F0A73FFAFE6D6FF70387DA78A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDEE2F0A73FFAFE6D6FF70387DA78A" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection id="C37E0CB20A73FFACE6D6FF7039A2A6DA" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE6D6FF703F58A6FC" blockId="57.[900,1355,193,217]" box="[900,1355,193,217]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D093E8550A73FFACE6D6FF703F58A6FC" box="[900,1355,193,217]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="5">
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SUBFAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE15DFF703F58A6FC" authority="KNER, 1853" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" box="[1039,1355,193,217]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">
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HYPOSTOMINAE
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF522C80A73FFACE198FF703F58A6FC" author="Kner R" box="[1226,1355,193,217]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref46834" refString="Kner R. 1853. Uber die Hypostomiden, oder zweite Hauptgruppe der Panzerfische. Sitzungsberichten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematich- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 10: 279 - 282." type="journal article" year="1853">KNER,1853</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FF5B39A2A6DA" blockId="57.[820,1184,234,409]" box="[820,945,234,255]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Synonyms:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37E0CB20A73FFACE666FEB8398FA7E2" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FEB83E07A73A" blockId="57.[820,1184,234,409]" box="[820,1044,265,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Ancistri
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF522C80A73FFACE6CAFEB83E07A73A" author="Kner R" box="[920,1044,265,287]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref46834" refString="Kner R. 1853. Uber die Hypostomiden, oder zweite Hauptgruppe der Panzerfische. Sitzungsberichten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematich- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 10: 279 - 282." type="journal article" year="1853">Kner, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FE963E4DA718" blockId="57.[820,1184,234,409]" box="[820,1118,295,317]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Hypostomiden
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF522C80A73FFACE6B3FE993E4DA718" author="Kner R" box="[993,1118,295,317]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref46834" refString="Kner R. 1853. Uber die Hypostomiden, oder zweite Hauptgruppe der Panzerfische. Sitzungsberichten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematich- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 10: 279 - 282." type="journal article" year="1853">Kner, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FEF73E07A779" blockId="57.[820,1184,234,409]" box="[820,1044,326,348]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Lictores
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF522C80A73FFACE6CAFEF73E07A779" author="Kner R" box="[920,1044,326,348]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref46834" refString="Kner R. 1853. Uber die Hypostomiden, oder zweite Hauptgruppe der Panzerfische. Sitzungsberichten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematich- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 10: 279 - 282." type="journal article" year="1853">Kner, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FED43EB3A75E" blockId="57.[820,1184,234,409]" box="[820,1184,357,379]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Plecostomiformes Bleeker, 1862</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FE323E60A7BC" blockId="57.[820,1184,234,409]" box="[820,1139,387,409]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Chaetostomidi Fowler, 1958</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FE00398FA7E2" blockId="57.[820,1181,433,608]" box="[820,924,433,455]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Includes:</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37E0CB20A73FFACE666FE613E8EA467" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FE613E38A7C3" blockId="57.[820,1181,433,608]" box="[820,1067,464,486]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FE613E38A7C3" authority="Kner, 1853" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1853" box="[820,1067,464,486]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Ancistrini">
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Ancistrini
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF522C80A73FFACE6FCFE613E38A7C3" author="Kner R" box="[942,1067,464,486]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref46834" refString="Kner R. 1853. Uber die Hypostomiden, oder zweite Hauptgruppe der Panzerfische. Sitzungsberichten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematich- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 10: 279 - 282." type="journal article" year="1853">Kner, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FE5F3E81A421" blockId="57.[820,1181,433,608]" box="[820,1170,494,516]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FE5F3E81A421" bold="true" box="[820,1170,494,516]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FE5F3E1EA421" authority="Armbruster, 2004" authorityName="Armbruster" authorityYear="2004" box="[820,1037,494,516]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Corymbophanini">Corymbophanini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2233E500A73FFACE147FE5E3E81A421" box="[1045,1170,494,516]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" rank="tribe">new tribe</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FDBC3E58A406" blockId="57.[820,1181,433,608]" box="[820,1099,525,547]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FDBC3E58A406" authority="Kner, 1853" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1853" box="[820,1099,525,547]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Hypostomini">
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Hypostomini
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF522C80A73FFACE69DFDBF3E58A406" author="Kner R" box="[975,1099,525,547]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="279 - 282" refId="ref46834" refString="Kner R. 1853. Uber die Hypostomiden, oder zweite Hauptgruppe der Panzerfische. Sitzungsberichten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematich- Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, Wien 10: 279 - 282." type="journal article" year="1853">Kner, 1853</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FD9D3E8EA467" blockId="57.[820,1181,433,608]" box="[820,1181,556,578]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FD9D3E8EA467" bold="true" box="[820,1181,556,578]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FD9D3E0AA467" authority="Armbruster, 2004" authorityName="Armbruster" authorityYear="2004" box="[820,1049,556,578]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Pterygoplichthini">Pterygoplichthini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2233E500A73FFACE173FD9D3E8EA467" box="[1057,1181,556,578]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" rank="tribe">new tribe</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37E0CB20A73FFAFE666FDFB387DA78A" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FDFB3E43A445" blockId="57.[820,1181,433,608]" box="[820,1104,586,608]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FDFB3E43A445" bold="true" box="[820,1104,586,608]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FDFB39DFA445" authority="Armbruster, 2004" authorityName="Armbruster" authorityYear="2004" box="[820,972,586,608]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Rhinelepini">Rhinelepini</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2233E500A73FFACE686FDFA3E43A445" box="[980,1104,586,608]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" rank="tribe">new tribe</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FDC83F02A4AB" blockId="57.[820,1297,633,655]" box="[820,1297,633,655]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FDC839AAA4AB" box="[820,953,633,654]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<typeStatus id="54DFE19B0A73FFACE666FDC8397AA4AB" box="[820,873,633,654]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Type</typeStatus>
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genus:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE694FDC83F1FA4AB" authority="Lacepede, 1808" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1803" box="[966,1292,633,655]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Hypostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE694FDC83E42A4AB" box="[966,1105,633,654]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Hypostomus</emphasis>
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Lacépède, 1808
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FD1639EFA594" blockId="57.[820,1436,679,946]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FD1639B9A499" box="[820,938,679,700]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE6A6FD163E8BA498" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" box="[1012,1176,679,701]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
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is diagnosed by a unique characteristic: the lower lobe of the hypural plate longer than the upper (123: 1;
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<figureCitation id="135F43BC0A73FFACE1B3FD553F50A4DF" box="[1249,1347,740,762]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="28.[143,221,1179,1198]" captionTargetBox="[221,687,235,1141]" captionTargetId="figure-604@28.[175,724,187,1154]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Figure 24. Posterior vertebrae and hypurals, right side, lateral view. A, Neoplecostomus microps, MNRJ 13555. B, Pseudancistrus sp., USNM 226181. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429334" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429334/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 24B</figureCitation>
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). Other characteristics considered synapomorphic for
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE007FCB2398FA512" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
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are: a long accessory process on the first ceratobranchial (7: 2;
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<figureCitation id="135F43BC0A73FFACE155FCF13E49A570" box="[1031,1114,832,854]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="7.[821,898,1766,1785]" captionTargetBox="[910,1351,735,1723]" captionTargetId="figure-554@7.[900,1361,695,1733]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 9. First ceratobranchial, right side, dorsal view. A, Astroblepus sp., MCNG 16251. B, Hypoptopoma sp., INHS 28696. C, Lamontichthys llanero, INHS 29957. D, Isbrueckerichthys duseni, UMMZ 215262. E, Hypostomus cochliodon, UMMZ 20338. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429304" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429304/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 9E</figureCitation>
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; reversed in some groups), a small canal plate (83: 1), a V-shaped spinelet (148: 0), and a posteroventral ridge on the basipterygium (173: 1;
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<figureCitation id="135F43BC0A73FFACE602FC2D39FCA594" box="[848,1007,924,946]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="37.[156,234,1785,1804]" captionTargetBox="[270,1316,235,1757]" captionTargetId="figure-75@37.[253,1330,184,1762]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="Figure 33. Pelvic basipterygium, ventral view. A, Astroblepus sp., USNM 318209. B, Delturus anguilicauda, USNM 318209. C, Hypostomus plecostomus, ZMA 105.306. D, Kronichthys sp., MZUSP 27545. E, Peckoltia ucayalensis, INHS 40916. F, Pseudorinelepis genibarbis, INHS 39730. Scale bars = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5429352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5429352/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 33C, E, F</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFACE666FC7E3E44A313" blockId="57.[820,1436,975,1334]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FC7E39AFA5C1" box="[820,956,975,996]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Description:</emphasis>
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With the inclusion of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE045FC7E3F88A5C0" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1854" box="[1303,1435,975,997]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ancistrinae">Ancistrinae</taxonomicName>
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(and exclusion of some genera formerly within it) the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FBBD39CBA207" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" box="[820,984,1036,1058]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
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becomes the largest of the loricariid subfamilies in number of species (366 currently valid). Size is incredibly variable within the subfamily, which includes small genera such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE1CEFBD93EECA258" box="[1180,1279,1128,1149]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Lithoxus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE1CEFBD93EECA258" box="[1180,1279,1128,1149]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Lithoxus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
(
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|
<quantity id="4C9CF2DC0A73FFACE042FBD93F73A25B" box="[1296,1376,1128,1150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
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|
) and the largest of all loricariids,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE1C6FB363F00A2B9" box="[1172,1299,1159,1180]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Acanthicus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE1C6FB363F00A2B9" box="[1172,1299,1159,1180]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Acanthicus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(maximum size probably around
|
|
<quantity id="4C9CF2DC0A73FFACE174FB173E40A29E" box="[1062,1107,1190,1211]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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|
). Hypostomines are typically bulkier than other loricariids and generally have thicker plates than neoplecostomines. The tribe and generic descriptions below provide more information on the diversity of forms.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BDB5F390A73FFAFE666FAE0387DA78A" blockId="57.[820,1436,1361,1904]" lastBlockId="58.[143,759,195,431]" lastPageId="58" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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|
<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE666FAE039C3A343" box="[820,976,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Comparisons:</emphasis>
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|
The best character to distinguish the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE666FADE39CBA3A0" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" box="[820,984,1391,1413]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
|
|
from most other loricariids is the development of the spinelet. In all the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE190FA3F3F7AA381" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" box="[1218,1385,1422,1444]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the spinelet is large and V-shaped and clearly slides under the nuchal plate, whereas it is square or absent in most other loricariids and, when present, does not slide under the nuchal plate. Some hypoptopomatines have a triangular spinelet, but these species can be distinguished from the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE16CF9F73EF1A079" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" box="[1086,1250,1606,1628]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
|
|
by a completely or nearly completely exposed pectoral girdle (vs. at most some odontodes supported by the coracoid strut), the adductor fossa of the pectoral girdle covered by bone (vs. wholly exposed), and by having the fenestrae of the pterotic-supracleithrum larger ventrally than dorsally (vs. all fenestrae of about equal size).
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A73FFACE007F94F394AA116" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Delturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B910832B0A73FFACE007F94F394AA116" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Delturus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
also has a triangular spinelet but can be distinguished by the presence of an adipose fin with a postdorsal ridge (all hypostomines with a postdorsal ridge lack an adipose fin). The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A70FFAFE4B8FF72386EA6FD" box="[490,637,195,216]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Chaetostoma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B910832B0A70FFAFE4B8FF72386EA6FD" box="[490,637,195,216]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Chaetostoma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group and some
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A70FFAFE58AFF533B57A6D2" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1854" box="[216,324,226,247]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B910832B0A70FFAFE58AFF533B57A6D2" box="[216,324,226,247]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Ancistrus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have the spinelet covered in skin; these species can be distinguished from the other loricariid subfamilies by the presence of evertible cheek plates with hypertrophied odontodes. The
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A70FFAFE729FE8F3AD3A757" authorityName="KNER" authorityYear="1853" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypostominae">Hypostominae</taxonomicName>
|
|
further differs from the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C6424BA0A70FFAFE48EFEED387BA757" box="[476,616,348,370]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Loricariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Loricariinae">Loricariinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
by having a round, oval, or triangular cross-section of the caudal peduncle (vs. rectangular and depressed).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |