537 lines
68 KiB
XML
537 lines
68 KiB
XML
<document id="BE4B3DC0D823DF3341DB110BF89FBC85" ID-CLB-Dataset="134452" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fe084ed-d367-4d5a-9ed0-48882760ba96" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267833" ID-ZooBank="7D05BB2E-4373-4AFB-8DD3-ABE203D3BEC1" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629915050425" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2013" docId="0385994AFFADFFF89BFDF8C9FCC1BB5D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03724p085.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3724 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Parosmodes morantii subsp. morantii morantii (Trimen 1873" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFBCE132FFBEFFE09B6AFF91FFD5BA40" masterDocTitle="Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="20" updateTime="1699144858824" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="85CC55B58757C4D9709D1B6C54A964A7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A9EC439EA9025A5B94D8C4D04B42DE53">
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<mods:title id="E1B3FAD65446A63DC7254D3A298E781F">Observations on the Biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 5. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Dicotyledon Feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A899DE46504A9422F2EDF5D8D3A534DF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="37E388A7B5605F2C7FB90BD6F265D164">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4F9A33594C1FA3F61F53870AFF6DAD7A">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="81E19D218D59E7113C69A3A0E8ABC92C">C / o CABI Europe - UK, Bakeham Lane, Egham, TW 20 9 TY, UK (e-mail: m. cock @ cabi. org; mjwcock @ btinternet. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="38CE9E3D60B08C74B7B5E44972A6752C" type="email">m.cock@cabi.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm id="E0B2FD03F58BF4E8EF114EFA542BD502">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7373DCABACBE40A39760A1EAC342AE07">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="001FB24F7AA9596F5C4A7AD92099EE96">African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), P. O. Box 14308, Nairobi, Kenya (e-mail: colin. congdon @ gmail. com)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="280D8FC20B7B92F5790B14C25EC5C359" type="email">colin.congdon@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E64CDF791191D9A62FAE42B97C046D94">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="05B6FA4BD713B557E071F1F0DAACFB64">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FC2134AEAE325AF7433C89C570B7E366">
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<mods:date id="0194A1B3FCE101978D5F454BBC3662F7">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AEB4175D692F4E1689BDD14841129E9C">2013-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D8A78B531E70537AE86B82D7E7F98CB0">3724</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="F12188A692138E00EFC5ACB9C5ECD2A1">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3724.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="C5ADF22FEADB2FAB9AC64A70E2601A2D">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="0385994AFFADFFF89BFDF8C9FCC1BB5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7044038" ID-GBIF-Taxon="199910994" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7044038" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0385994AFFADFFF89BFDF8C9FCC1BB5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0385994AFFADFFF89BFDF8C9FCC1BB5D" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFADFFF39BFDF8C9FD63BD32" box="[151,694,1880,1906]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFADFFF39BFDF8C9FD63BD32" blockId="19.[151,694,1880,1906]" box="[151,694,1880,1906]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<heading id="D0DB9F30FFADFFF39BFDF8C9FD63BD32" bold="true" box="[151,694,1880,1906]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFADFFF39BFDF8C9FD63BD32" ID-CoL="4DSND" authority="morantii Trimen, 1873" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,694,1880,1906]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFADFFF39BFDF8C9FD63BD32" bold="true" box="[151,694,1880,1906]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFADFFF39BFDF8C9FDDDBD32" bold="true" box="[151,520,1880,1906]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Parosmodes morantii morantii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFADFFF3997AF8C9FD63BD32" author="Trimen" box="[528,694,1880,1906]" firstAuthor="Trimen" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" pagination="101 - 124" refId="ref45949" refString="Trimen, R. (1873) On some new species of butterflies discovered in extra-tropical Southern Africa. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1873, 101 - 124, plate 1. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1873. tb 00638. x" type="journal article" year="1873">Trimen, 1873</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFADFFF49BFDF80FFBA0BB23" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFADFFF49BFDF80FFBA0BB23" blockId="19.[151,1436,1950,2011]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
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Nominate subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFADFFF39AE5F831FE3ABDF7" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[399,495,1952,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morantii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFADFFF39AE5F831FE3ABDF7" box="[399,495,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">morantii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described from
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFADFFF3998AF80FFCA7BDF7" box="[736,882,1950,1975]" name="South Africa" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(Natal) and recorded from there north along the western mountains of
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFADFFF39AFAF853FE2DBD9B" box="[400,504,1986,2011]" name="Tanzania" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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, to
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFADFFF3994AF853FDAFBD9B" box="[544,634,1986,2011]" name="Uganda" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFADFFF399EFF853FD0DBD9B" box="[645,728,1986,2011]" name="Angola" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Angola</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFADFFF39865F853FC9BBD9B" box="[783,846,1986,2011]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Zaire</collectingCountry>
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. There is an apparently disjunct population in southeastern
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAAFFF49B84FF09FEEFBAF0" box="[238,314,152,176]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, where subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49979FF09FDA6BAEF" authorityName="Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[531,627,152,175]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morantii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49979FF09FDA6BAEF" box="[531,627,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">morantii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is commonest at the coast and is recorded inland to the Teita Hills, Mt Sagalla (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49B91FF2DFE59BA95" author="Larsen" box="[251,396,188,213]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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) and the Chyulu Hills, where
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49984FF2DFC0DBA95" author="van Someren" box="[750,984,188,213]" firstAuthor="van Someren" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="130 - 151" refId="ref46187" refString="Van Someren, V. G. L. (1939) Butterflies of the Chyulu Range. A systematic list of the species taken by the Museum Expedition to the hills. April - July 1938. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, 14, 130 - 151." type="journal article" year="1939">van Someren (1939)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded a few at
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFAAFFF49FDCFF2DFAEEBA95" box="[1206,1339,188,213]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1425" metricValueMax="1.3699999999999999" metricValueMin="0.915" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="m" value="1142.5" valueMax="1370.0" valueMin="915.0">915–1370m</quantity>
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(
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<quantity id="4CD485B9FFAAFFF49E27FF2DFF2DBAB8" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" metricValueMax="1.3716" metricValueMin="0.9144" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="ft" value="3750.0" valueMax="4500.0" valueMin="3000.0">
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<geoCoordinate id="EE184E9BFFAAFFF49E27FF2DFA58BA95" box="[1357,1421,188,213]" degrees="3,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" precision="55" value="3.0">3,000</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE184E9BFFAAFFF49EE7FF2DFF03BAB8" degrees="4,500" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" precision="55" value="-4.5">– 4,500</geoCoordinate>
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ft.
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</quantity>
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). MJWC has also found it further inland at Kibwezi Forest and Kiboko. Both Clark (in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49FB9FF4EFF05BB5D" author="Dickson & Kroon" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref41976" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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) and Sevastopulo (unpublished) have documented the life history of this species; the former, based on material from Durban,
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<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAAFFF49AF4FEB6FDE6BB00" box="[414,563,295,320]" name="South Africa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, found that sometimes there are six caterpillar instars.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49FCFFEB6FA49BB00" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[1189,1436,295,320]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49E65FEB8FA97BB00" box="[1295,1346,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
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. (1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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repeat Clark’s observations and include photographs by R. Paré of caterpillars and pupa.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF5378D4FFAAFFF49BFDFC58FBCDB9BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267881" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267881/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" startId="20.[151,249,969,991]" targetBox="[151,1436,409,947]" targetPageId="20">
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDFC58FBCDB9BD" blockId="20.[151,1436,969,1021]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49BFDFC58FEF6B99F" bold="true" box="[151,291,969,991]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">FIGURE 22.</emphasis>
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Adult female
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49AD4FC58FD29B99F" authority="morantii" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[446,764,969,991]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49AD4FC58FD29B99F" box="[446,764,969,991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Parosmodes morantii morantii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected as final instar caterpillar on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49FF7FC58FF0CB9BD" authority=", Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49FF7FC58FA86B99F" box="[1181,1363,969,991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Quisqualis indica</emphasis>
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, Diani Beach
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</taxonomicName>
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, Kenya, 12 Dec 1989; adult 30 Dec; 89/99A.
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF499CDFC76FD66B9BD" bold="true" box="[679,691,999,1021]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">1</emphasis>
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, sunbathing position;
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF498FFFC76FC74B9BD" bold="true" box="[917,929,999,1021]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">2</emphasis>
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, underside.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3367BD7FFAAFFF89BFDFBB5FCC1BB5D" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDFBB5FE99BE7D" blockId="20.[151,1436,1060,1157]" box="[151,332,1060,1085]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49BFDFBB5FE99BE7D" box="[151,332,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDFBD9FBCCBEC5" blockId="20.[151,1436,1060,1157]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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The single adult MJWC encountered at Kibwezi Forest was sunbathing (cf.
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<figureCitation id="131734D9FFAAFFF49F61FBD9FB46BE21" box="[1035,1171,1096,1121]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="20.[151,249,969,991]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,947]" captionTargetId="figure-503@20.[151,1436,409,947]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 22. Adult female Parosmodes morantii morantii, collected as final instar caterpillar on Quisqualis indica, Diani Beach, Kenya, 12 Dec 1989; adult 30 Dec; 89/99A. 1, sunbathing position; 2, underside." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267881" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267881/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 22.1</figureCitation>
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). Caterpillars and their distinctive final shelters are much more easily and commonly found than adults.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDFB25FECBBE8D" blockId="20.[151,1437,1204,1806]" box="[151,286,1204,1229]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49BFDFB25FECBBE8D" box="[151,286,1204,1229]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDFB49FE3BBFE6" blockId="20.[151,1437,1204,1806]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
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The first food plant recorded is
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49A96FB49FD10BEB1" box="[508,709,1240,1265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molle">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49A96FB49FD10BEB1" box="[508,709,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Combretum molle</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF4998FFB48FCB5BEB0" box="[741,864,1241,1264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gueinzii">
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<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF4998FFB48FCB5BEB0" box="[741,864,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. gueinzii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49812FB49FBC9BEB1" box="[888,1052,1240,1265]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Combretaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAAFFF49F22FB49FB0DBEB1" box="[1096,1240,1240,1265]" name="South Africa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49F8DFB49FA8BBEB1" author="Platt" box="[1255,1374,1240,1265]" firstAuthor="Platt" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="65 - 138" refId="ref44839" refString="Platt, E. E. (1921) List of foodplants of some South African lepidopterous larvae. South African Journal of Natural History, 3, 65 - 138." type="journal article" year="1921">Platt 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and this is most likely the source of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49A93FB6DFD7EBF55" author="Pinhey's" box="[505,683,1276,1301]" firstAuthor="Pinhey's" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref44807" refString="Pinhey, E. C. G. (1949) Butterflies of Rhodesia with a short introduction to the insect world. Rhodesia Scientific Association, Salisbury, 208 pp." type="book" year="1949">Pinhey’s (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF4998BFB6DFC4DBF55" author="Gifford's" box="[737,920,1276,1301]" firstAuthor="Gifford's" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref42451" refString="Gifford, D. (1965) A list of the butterflies of Malawi. The Society of Malawi (Historical and Scientific), Blantyre, Malawi, 151 pp." type="book" year="1965">Gifford’s (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49F7CFB6DFB15BF54" box="[1046,1216,1276,1301]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49F7CFB6DFB4CBF55" box="[1046,1177,1276,1301]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Subsequent reports from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAAFFF49BB0FAB1FEA5BF79" box="[218,368,1312,1337]" name="South Africa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
expand the range of food plants:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49864FAB1FBECBF79" author="Dickson & Kroon" box="[782,1081,1312,1337]" firstAuthor="Dickson" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref41976" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
record
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49FF0FAB0FB2BBF79" box="[1178,1278,1312,1337]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="molle">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49FF0FAB0FB2BBF79" box="[1178,1278,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">C. molle</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49E2AFAB1FEDFBF1E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Bridelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="micrantha">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49E2AFAB1FEDFBF1E" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Bridelia micrantha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49A71FAD4FE1CBF1E" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[283,457,1349,1374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Phyllanthaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49928FAD4FD3BBF1E" box="[578,750,1349,1374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Euphorbiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49868FAD4FC3EBF1E" author="Pringle" box="[770,1003,1349,1374]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pringle" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref45070" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49836FAD7FC45BF1E" box="[860,912,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
add
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49F4FFAD4FA40BF1E" box="[1061,1429,1349,1374]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49F4FFAD4FAD6BF1E" box="[1061,1283,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Syzygium cordatum</emphasis>
|
||
(Myrtaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49BFDFAF9FE53BFC1" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[151,390,1384,1409]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49B94FAF8FEFBBFC1" box="[254,302,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49AD6FAF9FDACBFC1" author="Woodhall, S." bookContentInfo="440 pp." box="[444,633,1384,1409]" journalOrPublisher="Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref47013" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, South Africa, 440 pp." title="Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa" type="book" year="2005">Woodhall (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
add
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF499C4FAF9FC9ABFC0" box="[686,847,1384,1409]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF499C4FAF9FCFDBFC1" box="[686,808,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF498EEFAF9FBF1BFC0" box="[900,1060,1384,1409]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF498EEFAF9FC28BFC1" box="[900,1021,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Quisqualis</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to this list, but these are probably based on East African records.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BADFA21FC41BC19" blockId="20.[151,1437,1204,1806]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Thus, in his list of the food plants of East African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF4984CFA21FB4BBF89" authority=", Sevastopulo (1975)" authorityName=", Sevastopulo" authorityYear="1975" box="[806,1182,1456,1481]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
|
||
Lepidoptera,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF498D5FA21FB4BBF89" author="Sevastopulo, D. G." bookContentInfo="34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." box="[959,1182,1456,1481]" editor="Sevastopulo, D. G." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" pagination="131 - 132" part="34" refId="ref45556" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." title="Hesperiidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49E78FA21FA40BF89" box="[1298,1429,1456,1481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49E78FA21FA40BF89" box="[1298,1429,1456,1481]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49BFDFA45FEC5BFAD" box="[151,272,1492,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49BFDFA45FEC5BFAD" box="[151,272,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Quisqualis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49A2DFA45FE14BFAD" box="[327,449,1492,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49A2DFA45FE14BFAD" box="[327,449,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Sevastopulo (unpublished) recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49801FA45FBE4BFAD" box="[875,1073,1492,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49801FA45FBE4BFAD" box="[875,1073,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Quisqualis indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49F02FA45FA91BFAD" box="[1128,1348,1492,1517]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49F02FA45FA91BFAD" box="[1128,1348,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Terminalia catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as food plants at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAAFFF49A41FA68FEA1BC51" box="[299,372,1529,1553]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
coast, but attributes a record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49980FA69FC43BC50" box="[746,918,1528,1553]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49980FA69FCB8BC51" box="[746,877,1528,1553]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Combretum</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to Pinhey (i.e.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49F22FA69FB0EBC51" author="Pinhey" box="[1096,1243,1528,1553]" firstAuthor="Pinhey" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref44807" refString="Pinhey, E. C. G. (1949) Butterflies of Rhodesia with a short introduction to the insect world. Rhodesia Scientific Association, Salisbury, 208 pp." type="book" year="1949">Pinhey 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which as noted above, is probably derived from the earlier South African record. The food plants given by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49FFAF98DFA91BC75" author="Kielland" box="[1168,1348,1564,1589]" firstAuthor="Kielland" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref43661" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, Australia, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49E3AF98CFF0FBC19" author="Larsen" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref43862" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49B8CF9D1FEF5BC19" author="Larsen" box="[230,288,1600,1625]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref43974" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 pp. & 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFAAFFF49A34F9D1FDE4BC19" author="Heath" box="[350,561,1600,1625]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Heath" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" refId="ref42672" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 137 pp. + CD." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49AC2F9D0FE0CBC19" box="[424,473,1600,1625]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
repeat those of earlier workers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BADF9F4FB1DBD4E" blockId="20.[151,1437,1204,1806]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFAAFFF49B83F9F4FEE0BC3D" box="[233,309,1637,1661]" name="Kenya" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, MJWC has repeated Sevastopulo’s observations on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF498CAF9F5FBBFBC3D" box="[928,1130,1636,1661]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF498CAF9F5FBBFBC3D" box="[928,1130,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Quisqualis indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Diani Beach, 89/99) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49BFDF919FEA3BCE0" box="[151,374,1672,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49BFDF919FEA3BCE0" box="[151,374,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Terminalia catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Diani Beach, 89/103, 95/108), and also reared this species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49FE9F919FA49BCE0" box="[1155,1436,1672,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentagonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49FE9F919FA49BCE0" box="[1155,1436,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Combretum pentagonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Diani Beach, 90/107) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF49AAFF93CFD73BC85" box="[453,678,1709,1733]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49AAFF93CFD73BC85" box="[453,678,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Syzygium guineense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kiboko, 95/100). The four penultimate instar caterpillars collected on this last host plant were transferred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFAAFFF4991FF940FD38BCA8" box="[629,749,1745,1768]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF4991FF940FD38BCA8" box="[629,749,1745,1768]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">T. catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when their original food plant was no longer available, and although they accepted this new food, only one reached the pupal stage (and it was parasitized).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDF8ACFF0FBD14" blockId="20.[151,1436,1853,1985]" box="[151,218,1853,1876]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFAAFFF49BFDF8ACFF0FBD14" box="[151,218,1853,1876]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFAAFFF49BFDF8F1FA8CBD81" blockId="20.[151,1436,1853,1985]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The ova are laid individually in the middle of the leaf upper surface. They measure
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFAAFFF49F54F8F1FB58BD39" box="[1086,1165,1888,1913]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=3) in diameter at the base by
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFAAFFF49B9BF815FE95BDDD" box="[241,320,1924,1949]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=2) high. An unhatched ovum associated with this species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFAAFFF49898F815FBB5BDDD" box="[1010,1120,1924,1949]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="21.[151,249,1138,1160]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,195,1116]" captionTargetId="figure-415@21.[151,1435,195,1116]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 23. Ovum of Parosmodes morantii morantii collected 10 Dec 1990, on Combretum pentagonum, Diani Beach, Kenya, 90/107A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267886/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Figure 23</figureCitation>
|
||
) had 15 strong ribs from the base to a broad, pale, mat area on top; the sides were straight rather than rounded (but see discussion below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFABFFF59BFDFBE3FE90BEE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267886" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267886" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267886/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" startId="21.[151,249,1138,1160]" targetBox="[151,1435,195,1116]" targetPageId="21">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFABFFF59BFDFBE3FE90BEE7" blockId="21.[151,1436,1138,1191]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59BFDFBE3FEF1BEC8" bold="true" box="[151,292,1138,1160]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF59AFDFBE3FD03BEC8" authority="morantii" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[407,726,1138,1160]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59AFDFBE3FD03BEC8" box="[407,726,1138,1160]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Parosmodes morantii morantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected 10 Dec 1990, on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF59F6FFBE3FA4DBEC8" authority=", Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" box="[1029,1432,1138,1160]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Combretum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pentagonum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59F6FFBE3FAD6BEC8" box="[1029,1283,1138,1160]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Combretum pentagonum</emphasis>
|
||
, Diani Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kenya, 90/107A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFABFFF59BFDFB42FEF2BEAC" blockId="21.[151,1438,1235,1908]" box="[151,295,1235,1260]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59BFDFB42FEF2BEAC" box="[151,295,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFABFFF59BFDFB66FE60BC70" blockId="21.[151,1438,1235,1908]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
One form of the second shelter made on the large stiff mature leaf of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF598CEFB66FBAABF4F" box="[932,1151,1271,1296]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF598CEFB66FBAABF4F" box="[932,1151,1271,1296]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Terminalia catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nearly globular, and is formed on a leaf main vein by rolling a flap up and over, leaving the veins and irregular flaps at the edge which are held in place with a scaffolding of silk strands; additional strands of silk anchor the structure to the leaf surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFABFFF59BF4FAF2FEF0BF3C" box="[158,293,1379,1404]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="22.[151,249,901,923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetId="figure-351@22.[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 24. Caterpillar leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, stage 2 shelter with penultimate instar caterpillar collected on Syzygium guineense, 17 Aug 1995, Kiboko, Kenya; photographed 19 Aug; moulted to final instar 26 Aug; 95/ 100A; 2, stage 2 shelter collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupated 25 Apr; 89/49B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267888/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 24.2</figureCitation>
|
||
; 89/49B). The caterpillar rests across the main vein with its head at the end of the flap. Another form of stage 2 shelter was found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF5996CFA19FD3CBFDF" box="[518,745,1416,1439]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF5996CFA19FD3CBFDF" box="[518,745,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Syzygium guineense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has smaller, less stiff leaves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFABFFF59FF9FA16FACEBFE0" box="[1171,1307,1415,1440]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="22.[151,249,901,923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetId="figure-351@22.[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 24. Caterpillar leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, stage 2 shelter with penultimate instar caterpillar collected on Syzygium guineense, 17 Aug 1995, Kiboko, Kenya; photographed 19 Aug; moulted to final instar 26 Aug; 95/ 100A; 2, stage 2 shelter collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupated 25 Apr; 89/49B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267888/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 24.1</figureCitation>
|
||
; 95/100A); one shelter was made on a flush leaf, and another three on mature leaves. It appears to have been formed as a two cut shelter, the lid folded over onto the leaf upper surface; the edges of the shelter and adjacent leaf have deep, irregular notches cut in them; the distal angles of the shelter have been eaten (or cut) to make the lid oval rather than a segment of a circle
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFABFFF59BADF9AAFDFBBD34" blockId="21.[151,1438,1235,1908]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar rests in the pupal shelter which it prepares. The shelter is made from a section of leaf containing a major vein; on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF59AB7F9CEFD70BC38" box="[477,677,1631,1656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59AB7F9CEFD70BC38" box="[477,677,1631,1656]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Quisqualis indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all except the basal
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF598FEF9CEFBD3BC38" box="[916,1030,1631,1656]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="17.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="10.0">10–25mm</quantity>
|
||
of leaf is used (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFABFFF59FA9F9CEFA99BC38" box="[1219,1356,1631,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1703,1725]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1065,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-355@22.[151,1436,1065,1682]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 25. Pupal leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, shelter under construction collected on Quisqualis indica, Diani Beach, 12 Dec 1989; 40mm; stopped feeding 14 Dec; pupa 16 Dec; 89/99A. 2, old shelter from which adult has emerged, collected on Terminalia catappa, Diani Beach, 16 Dec 1989; 40mm; 89/103." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267890/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 25.1</figureCitation>
|
||
); on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF59EEDF9F1FF24BCDB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59EEDF9F1FF24BCDB" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
an arc is cut out of the leaf apex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFABFFF5991EF912FD28BCDC" box="[628,765,1667,1692]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1703,1725]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1065,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-355@22.[151,1436,1065,1682]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 25. Pupal leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, shelter under construction collected on Quisqualis indica, Diani Beach, 12 Dec 1989; 40mm; stopped feeding 14 Dec; pupa 16 Dec; 89/99A. 2, old shelter from which adult has emerged, collected on Terminalia catappa, Diani Beach, 16 Dec 1989; 40mm; 89/103." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267890/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 25.2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The whole shelter is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF59F29F912FB5FBCDC" box="[1091,1162,1667,1692]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="40.0">40mm</quantity>
|
||
long; the leaf mid rib is bared for about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF59A22F936FE57BC80" box="[328,386,1703,1728]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="5.0">5mm</quantity>
|
||
at the base of the shelter, and strengthened with red silk (after partially biting it through in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFABFFF59B9AF95DFEB2BCA3" box="[240,359,1740,1763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59B9AF95DFEB2BCA3" box="[240,359,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">T. catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, so that it bent); the shelter hangs down by this bared section; the basal chamber in which the pupa is formed is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF59ACEF97EFE39BD48" box="[420,492,1775,1800]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="20.0">20mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF59958F97EFDB9BD48" box="[562,620,1775,1800]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="9.0">9mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF599B5F97EFCF2BD48" box="[735,807,1775,1800]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
high, and in cross section is nearly square; a deep notch is cut from the leaf, distal to the basal chamber, and the distal flaps (c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF598BCF882FBCABD6C" box="[982,1055,1811,1836]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="12.0">12mm</quantity>
|
||
) are held together with silk. The shelters turn brown as the leaf portions desiccate, and the empty shelters may remain on the food plants long after the adult has emerged (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFABFFF59AF0F8CAFDF4BD34" box="[410,545,1883,1908]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="22.[151,249,1703,1725]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1065,1682]" captionTargetId="figure-355@22.[151,1436,1065,1682]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 25. Pupal leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, shelter under construction collected on Quisqualis indica, Diani Beach, 12 Dec 1989; 40mm; stopped feeding 14 Dec; pupa 16 Dec; 89/99A. 2, old shelter from which adult has emerged, collected on Terminalia catappa, Diani Beach, 16 Dec 1989; 40mm; 89/103." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267890/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Figure 25.2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFABFFF59BFDF832FEC0BDFC" blockId="21.[151,1436,1955,2016]" box="[151,277,1955,1980]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFABFFF59BFDF832FEC0BDFC" box="[151,277,1955,1980]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFABFFF69BFDF856FA4EBB25" blockId="21.[151,1436,1955,2016]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The head capsule of the n-2 instar caterpillar measured 1.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFABFFF59856F856FC5EBDA0" box="[828,907,1991,2016]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=1) wide x high; the head was widest nearest the base with the sides relatively straight; brown; covered with short, pale setae, stalked with a palmate top. The penultimate instar caterpillar found in the shelter shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA8FFF6982DFF2DFC1EBA95" box="[839,971,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="22.[151,249,901,923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetId="figure-351@22.[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 24. Caterpillar leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, stage 2 shelter with penultimate instar caterpillar collected on Syzygium guineense, 17 Aug 1995, Kiboko, Kenya; photographed 19 Aug; moulted to final instar 26 Aug; 95/ 100A; 2, stage 2 shelter collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupated 25 Apr; 89/49B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267888/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 24.1</figureCitation>
|
||
(95/100A) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA8FFF69FA3FF2DFAC1BA95" box="[1225,1300,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="15.0">15mm</quantity>
|
||
; head 1.8 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA8FFF69BFDFF4EFF33BAB8" box="[151,230,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=4) wide x high; shape as previous instar; dark brown, covered with short pale setae, which have a very short stalk surmounted by an irregular, granular-surfaced, round plate; T1 concolorous with head; body dull browngreen with dark dorsal line, and covered with pale inconspicuous speckles; T2–T3 more yellow; A1–A8 a pinkishbrown, ventrolateral ridge; spiracles pale, those of T1 and A8 quite conspicuous; legs brown; prolegs concolorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA8FFF69BFDFC14FEC8B9B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267888" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267888/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[151,249,901,923]" targetBox="[151,1436,411,879]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA8FFF69BFDFC14FEC8B9B7" blockId="22.[151,1436,901,1015]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69BFDFC14FEF4B9DB" bold="true" box="[151,289,901,923]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
|
||
Caterpillar leaf shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69954FC14FCACB9DB" authority="morantii" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[574,889,901,923]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69954FC14FCACB9DB" box="[574,889,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Parosmodes morantii morantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF698E2FC14FC40B9DB" bold="true" box="[904,917,901,923]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</emphasis>
|
||
, stage 2 shelter with penultimate instar caterpillar collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69A77FC35FE3FB9F9" box="[285,490,932,954]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69A77FC35FE3FB9F9" box="[285,490,932,954]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Syzygium guineense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 17 Aug 1995, Kiboko, Kenya; photographed 19 Aug; moulted to final instar 26 Aug; 95/ 100A;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69BB6FC53FF3CB998" bold="true" box="[220,233,962,984]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</emphasis>
|
||
, stage 2 shelter collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69967FC53FD01B998" box="[525,724,962,984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69967FC53FD01B998" box="[525,724,962,984]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Terminalia catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupated 25 Apr; 89/49B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA8FFF69BFDF936FBD6BCBA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267890" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267890" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267890/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[151,249,1703,1725]" targetBox="[151,1436,1065,1682]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA8FFF69BFDF936FBD6BCBA" blockId="22.[151,1436,1703,1786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69BFDF936FEF1BCFD" bold="true" box="[151,292,1703,1725]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupal leaf shelters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69971F936FC8FBCFD" authority="morantii" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[539,858,1703,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69971F936FC8FBCFD" box="[539,858,1703,1725]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Parosmodes morantii morantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69806F936FCADBCFD" bold="true" box="[876,888,1703,1725]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">1</emphasis>
|
||
, shelter under construction collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69E44F936FEB0BC9C" authority=", Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69E44F936FF03BC9C" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Quisqualis indica</emphasis>
|
||
, Diani Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 12 Dec 1989; 40mm; stopped feeding 14 Dec; pupa 16 Dec; 89/99A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69F5DF957FB91BC9C" bold="true" box="[1079,1092,1734,1756]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">2</emphasis>
|
||
, old shelter from which adult has emerged, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69A16F975FD1ABCBA" authority=", Diani Beach" authorityName="Diani Beach" box="[380,719,1764,1786]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69A16F975FD97BCBA" box="[380,578,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Terminalia catappa</emphasis>
|
||
, Diani Beach
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 16 Dec 1989; 40mm; 89/103.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA8FFF79BADF8B3FF1DBA95" blockId="22.[151,1436,1826,2031]" lastBlockId="23.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
The mature caterpillar is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA8FFF69935F8B3FD1BBD7B" box="[607,718,1826,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1100,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-338@23.[151,1436,1100,1563]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 27. Final instar caterpillar of Parosmodes morantii morantii collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupal chamber completed 15 Apr; 26mm; 89/49A. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267894/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Figure 27</figureCitation>
|
||
(89/49A). When collected, a similar caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA8FFF69E49F8B3FF08BD1F" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Quisqualis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA8FFF69E49F8B3FF08BD1F" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Quisqualis indica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(89/99A) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA8FFF69AAFF8D7FDC5BD1F" box="[453,528,1862,1887]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="21.0">21mm</quantity>
|
||
; head 2.3 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA8FFF699F2F8D7FD33BD1F" box="[664,742,1862,1887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
(n=3); similar shape to previous instar; dark mat brown, with a dense covering of very light brown scales, of similar structure to those of previous instar; these scales are dark brown in a stripe down centre of face, and a broader one from each vertex down face, diverging slightly near mouth parts; T1 mat brown with very narrow dark dorsal plate; body dull green with yellow speckles A1–A8; dark green dorsal line from A2 to A8; legs T1 brown, other legs concolorous; spiracles inconspicuous. The mature caterpillar (95/100B) developed wax glands over the whole of the ventral surface A3–A8, apart from the prolegs and ventral line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF79BADFF4EFC35BBED" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The photographs in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA9FFF79AC6FF4EFD75BAB8" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[428,672,223,248]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF7997EFF70FD92BAB8" box="[532,583,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
show two forms of the final instar: a brown
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA9FFF79FCBFF4EFAF6BAB8" box="[1185,1315,223,248]" form="which" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="form">form which</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembles the penultimate instar shown here (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA9FFF79947FE95FD62BB5D" box="[557,695,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="22.[151,249,901,923]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetId="figure-351@22.[151,1436,411,879]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 24. Caterpillar leaf shelters of Parosmodes morantii morantii. 1, stage 2 shelter with penultimate instar caterpillar collected on Syzygium guineense, 17 Aug 1995, Kiboko, Kenya; photographed 19 Aug; moulted to final instar 26 Aug; 95/ 100A; 2, stage 2 shelter collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupated 25 Apr; 89/49B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267888" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267888/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 24.1</figureCitation>
|
||
), but with the same head as the final instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA9FFF79FD4FE95FA92BB5D" box="[1214,1351,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1100,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-338@23.[151,1436,1100,1563]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 27. Final instar caterpillar of Parosmodes morantii morantii collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupal chamber completed 15 Apr; 26mm; 89/49A. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267894/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 27.2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and a green form, which resembles that shown here for the final instar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA9FFF798EFFEB6FC2DBB00" box="[901,1016,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="23.[151,249,1584,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1100,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-338@23.[151,1436,1100,1563]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 27. Final instar caterpillar of Parosmodes morantii morantii collected on Terminalia catappa, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupal chamber completed 15 Apr; 26mm; 89/49A. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267894/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 27</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their text does not discuss the two forms or state where they were found. Sevastopulo (unpublished) noted that at the beginning of the final instar the body colouring resembles that of the previous instar, but becomes increasingly green as the caterpillar grows; it could be that this is the case with the photographs in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBD55ADFFA9FFF79982FE05FC08BBED" author="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F." box="[744,989,404,429]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="76 - 81" refId="ref42867" refString="Henning, G. A. & Henning, S. F. (1997) Notes on the genus Platylesches Holland (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) with a description of a new species from South Africa. Metamorphosis, 8 (2), 76 - 81." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79825FE04FC55BBED" box="[847,896,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA9FFF79BFDFC57FE5EBE5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267892" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267892/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,249,966,988]" targetBox="[151,1436,481,945]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF79BFDFC57FE5EBE5A" blockId="23.[151,1436,966,1050]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79BFDFC57FEF7B99C" bold="true" box="[151,290,966,988]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Penultimate instar caterpillar
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA9FFF79935FC57FC49B99C" authority="morantii" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[607,924,966,988]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79935FC57FC49B99C" box="[607,924,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Parosmodes morantii morantii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA9FFF79F47FC57FB2EB99C" box="[1069,1275,966,988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79F47FC57FB2EB99C" box="[1069,1275,966,988]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Syzygium guineense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 17 Aug 1995, Kiboko, Kenya; photographed 19 Aug; moulted to final instar 26 Aug; 15mm; 95/100A. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5378D4FFA9FFF79BFDF9A1FE5EBCC3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267894" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5267894" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267894/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[151,249,1584,1606]" targetBox="[151,1436,1100,1563]" targetPageId="23">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF79BFDF9A1FE5EBCC3" blockId="23.[151,1436,1584,1667]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79BFDF9A1FEF7BC06" bold="true" box="[151,290,1584,1606]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA9FFF79959F9A1FCB9BC06" authority="morantii" authorityName="morantii (Trimen" authorityYear="1873" box="[563,876,1584,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parosmodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="morantii" subSpecies="morantii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79959F9A1FCDBBC06" box="[563,782,1584,1606]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Parosmodes morantii</emphasis>
|
||
morantii
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA9FFF79890F9A1FB17BC06" box="[1018,1218,1584,1606]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79890F9A1FB17BC06" box="[1018,1218,1584,1606]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Terminalia catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 14 Apr 1990; Diani Beach, Kenya; photographed 14 Apr; pupal chamber completed 15 Apr; 26mm; 89/49A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79F77F9DFFBFCBC24" bold="true" box="[1053,1065,1614,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79F99F9DFFB2ABC24" bold="true" box="[1267,1279,1614,1636]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterodorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF79BFDF920FF07BC88" blockId="23.[151,1436,1713,1881]" box="[151,210,1713,1736]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79BFDF920FF07BC88" box="[151,210,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF79BFDF945FB0CBD19" blockId="23.[151,1436,1713,1881]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131734D9FFA9FFF79A64F945FEA8BCAD" box="[270,381,1748,1773]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="24.[151,249,945,967]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,337,923]" captionTargetId="figure-506@24.[151,1436,337,923]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 28. Pupa of Parosmodes morantii morantii in opened shelter, lateral view; collected on Quisqualis indica, Diani Beach, Kenya, 12 Dec 1989; pupated 13 Dec; photographed 20 Dec; adult 26 Dec; 16mm; 89/99B." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5267896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5267896/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 28</figureCitation>
|
||
) is formed in the basal section of the pupal chamber which is lined with silk and covered with white waxy powder. It is
|
||
<quantity id="4CD485B9FFA9FFF79ADEF969FE2EBD51" box="[436,507,1784,1809]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="16.0">16mm</quantity>
|
||
long; brown, rounded, but flattened ventrally; the proboscis sheath almost reaches the cremaster; thorax and head with pale, erect setae, those of head with entrapped white waxy powder; abdomen with pale, recumbent setae; spiracle T1 oval, light brown, protruding. Pupation takes 11–14 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF79BFDF819FE9ABDE0" blockId="23.[151,1436,1928,2025]" box="[151,335,1928,1953]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79BFDF819FE9ABDE0" box="[151,335,1928,1953]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B93285CFFA9FFF89BFDF83DFCC1BB5D" blockId="23.[151,1436,1928,2025]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
An unidentified larval-pupal tachinid parasitoid was reared from a pupa formed by caterpillar collected in the penultimate instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA9FFF79AE1F841FDB9BDA8" box="[395,620,2000,2024]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Syzygium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guineense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA9FFF79AE1F841FDB9BDA8" box="[395,620,2000,2024]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Syzygium guineense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFFA9FFF79910F841FCDABDA9" box="[634,783,2000,2025]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" value="1995-08-17">17 Aug 1995</date>
|
||
, Kiboko,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33B68CCFFA9FFF79817F840FC13BDA9" box="[893,966,2001,2025]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
(95/100C). The mature fly larva emerged from the pupa and formed its puparium within the pupal shelter. The adult fly emerged 21 days after the host pupated. A pupa collected in an old shelter on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA6FFF899C5FF2CFCF3BA94" box="[687,806,189,212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Combretaceae" genus="Terminalia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="catappa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA6FFF899C5FF2CFCF3BA94" box="[687,806,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">T. catappa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Diani Beach, (
|
||
<date id="FF920E9CFFA6FFF8989AFF2DFB5FBA95" box="[1008,1162,188,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" value="1995-08-22">22 Aug 1995</date>
|
||
, 95/108) had two round holes laterally in the abdomen suggesting that it had been parasitized, perhaps by a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2C53DFFFA6FFF89F59FF4EFB39BAB7" box="[1075,1260,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Chalcididae" genus="Brachymeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B958F44EFFA6FFF89F59FF4EFB10BAB8" box="[1075,1221,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Brachymeria</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as there was no indication of puparia or parasitoid cocoons in the shelter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |