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<mods:title id="066F884FA2EA7DCDB9C7008E52D38AD8">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9A0F677724F4CE8D815E50996732B4A0">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6B92D302C623A0FC4D27FF739FD4E343">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="49E42FC7FD3D8282AFE4D0F7B05E5EFC" ID-CoL="6FJ" ID-ENA="42186" authority="Taylor, 1939" authorityName="Wallach &amp; Ineich" authorityYear="1996" family="Anomalepididae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Anomalepididae Taylor, 1939</taxonomicName>
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<paragraph id="EAFBFB0374ED179A29AFF0AE2A4DDB41" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="92EB6F169D8F822017DE501CEF341EF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="A92B0D013B91C71BC010222A364F54F7" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomalepididae</taxonomicName>
have been considered to represent the basalmost scolecophidians, mainly due to their peculiar cranial anatomy (
<bibRefCitation id="58230AC5B50B41F0EA37A052F8D87272" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10703" author="Rieppel, O" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="536 - 557" refId="B502" refString="Rieppel, O, Kley, NJ, Maisano, JA, 2009. Morphology of the skull of the white-nosed blindsnake, Liotyphlops albirostris (Scolecophidia: Anomalepididae). Journal of Morphology 270: 536 - 557, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10703" title="Morphology of the skull of the white-nosed blindsnake, Liotyphlops albirostris (Scolecophidia: Anomalepididae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10703" volume="270" year="2009">Rieppel et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="46386B6BB16F8D33D65F463327C7B51D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" author="Scanlon, JD" editor="Sever, DM" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="55 - 95" refId="B540" refString="Scanlon, JD, Lee, MSY, 2011. The major clades of living snakes: Morphological evolution, molecular phylogeny, and divergence dates. In: Sever, DM, Aldridge, RD, Eds., Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL: 55 - 95, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" title="The major clades of living snakes: Morphological evolution, molecular phylogeny, and divergence dates." url="https://doi.org/10.1201/b10879-4" volumeTitle="Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Snakes." year="2011">Scanlon and Lee 2011</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8D920CB6E107E495F8A800DAFEA35AB2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-181" author="Marra Santos, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="239 - 243" refId="B366" refString="Marra Santos, FJ, Reis, RE, 2019. Redescription of the blind snake Anomalepis colombia (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. Copeia 2019: 239 - 243, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-181" title="Redescription of the blind snake Anomalepis colombia (Serpentes: Anomalepididae) using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography." url="https://doi.org/10.1643/CH-19-181" volume="2019" year="2019">Marra Santos and Reis 2019</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="52775B13548CC66699FFBB998F712307" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24730" author="Linares-Vargas, CA" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2264 - 2278" refId="B348" refString="Linares-Vargas, CA, Bolivar-Garcia, W, Herrera-Martinez, A, Osorio-Dominguez, D, Ospina, OE, Thomas, R, Daza, JD, 2021. The status of the anomalepidid snake Liotyphlops albirostris and the revalidation of three taxa based on morphology and ecological niche models. Anatomical Record 304: 2264 - 2278, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24730" title="The status of the anomalepidid snake Liotyphlops albirostris and the revalidation of three taxa based on morphology and ecological niche models." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24730" volume="304" year="2021">Linares-Vargas et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). Nevertheless, recent molecular evidence suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="52460D59E5DB66CE299736937715312E" authorityName="Wallach &amp; Ineich" authorityYear="1996" infraOrder="Scolecophidia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="infraOrder">Scolecophidia</taxonomicName>
is a paraphyletic assemblage, with anomalepidids instead lying either as the sister group of 
<taxonomicName id="B120073E3DD91BA590D3AD9A700FCF07" authorityName="Wallach &amp; Ineich" authorityYear="1996" infraOrder="Alethinophidia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="infraOrder">Alethinophidia</taxonomicName>
or either as more basal to leptotyphlopids and typhlopoids (
<bibRefCitation id="2BBC9881237B69A90CA32379E9D074C9" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220" author="Vidal, N" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 4" refId="B645" refString="Vidal, N, Marin, J, Morini, M, Donnellan, S, Branch, WR, Thomas, R, Vences, M, Wynn, A, Cruaud, C, Hedges, BS, 2010. Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana. Biology Letters 2010: 1 - 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220" title="Blindsnake evolutionary tree reveals long history on Gondwana." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0220" volume="2010" year="2010">Vidal et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="8F4452AFC8FEF5FD99D0513B8EFDD357" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="163 - 178" refId="B467" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, 2012. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 66: 163 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" title="Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" volume="66" year="2012">Pyron and Burbrink 2012</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="E9D0DCFF995D14716C99FC22EFF09DA1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B468" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, Wiens, JJ, 2013. A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" title="A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 93." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93" year="2013">Pyron et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B97A9819DFB298FA2A3E86D11F566D08" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Mirrales et al. 2018; 
<bibRefCitation id="B8397025AB11306A2F5214D524705D21" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" author="Burbrink, FT" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="502 - 520" refId="B101" refString="Burbrink, FT, Grazziotin, FG, Pyron, RA, Cundall, D, Donnellan, S, Irish, F, Keogh, JS, Kraus, F, Murphy, RW, Noonan, B, Raxworthy, CJ, Ruane, S, Lemmon, AR, Lemmon, EM, Zaher, H, 2020. Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships. Systematic Biology 69: 502 - 520, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" title="Interrogating genomic-scale data for Squamata (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) shows no support for key traditional morphological relationships." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syz062" volume="69" year="2020">Burbrink et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="5CBDBB5FF5FB9E41B78408106F1E33C4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" author="Zaher, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="656 - 697" refId="B694" refString="Zaher, H, Mohabey, DM, Grazziotin, FG, Mantilla, JAW, 2023. The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 197: 656 - 697, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" title="The skull of Sanajeh indicus, a Cretaceous snake with an upper temporal bar, and the origin of ophidian wide-gaped feeding." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac001" volume="197" year="2023">Zaher et al. 2023</bibRefCitation>
), with considerably robust evidence for the former topology (see 
<bibRefCitation id="2CC1C766C3C2D9DF7C3555E669DBF087" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" author="Miralles, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1782 - 1793" refId="B387" refString="Miralles, A, Marin, J, Markus, D, Herrel, A, Hedges, BS, Vidal, N, 2018. Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31: 1782 - 1793, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" title="Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" volume="31" year="2018">Miralles et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Anomalepidids represent a very old lineage, with divergence date estimates suggesting that they appeared already during the Early Cretaceous (
<bibRefCitation id="22305DBEDF4DDC4D95ACC2AEF0B71828" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" author="Miralles, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1782 - 1793" refId="B387" refString="Miralles, A, Marin, J, Markus, D, Herrel, A, Hedges, BS, Vidal, N, 2018. Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31: 1782 - 1793, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" title="Molecular evidence for the paraphyly of Scolecophidia and its evolutionary implications." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13373" volume="31" year="2018">Miralles et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8398565737AC084A3E1F8466997A6C87" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Previous figures of vertebrae of extant 
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have been so far presented only by 
<bibRefCitation id="F7AD0E31A81D0CF8A35E1AFB03441E94" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List (1966)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="35A00459D416DB9B8C7CFEFA300408B7" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="630 - 652" refId="B428" refString="Palci, A, Hutchison, MN, Caldwell, MW, Smith, KT, Lee, MSY, 2020. The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 630 - 652, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" title="The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" volume="188" year="2020">Palci et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="95ECFBACE95A0173BF71DCBF4014CB5D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24686" author="Herrel, A" journalOrPublisher="Anatomical Record" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="2292 - 2302" refId="B260" refString="Herrel, A, Lowie, A, Miralles, A, Gaucher, P, Kley, NJ, Measey, J, Tolley, KA, 2021. Burrowing in blindsnakes: A preliminary analysis of burrowing forces and consequences for the evolution of morphology. Anatomical Record 304: 2292 - 2302, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24686" title="Burrowing in blindsnakes: A preliminary analysis of burrowing forces and consequences for the evolution of morphology." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24686" volume="304" year="2021">Herrel et al. (2021)</bibRefCitation>
. Among these, vertebrae from the cloacal and caudal series were presented by 
<bibRefCitation id="9E3CE118D34064F32160D667703B26E1" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" author="Palci, A" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="630 - 652" refId="B428" refString="Palci, A, Hutchison, MN, Caldwell, MW, Smith, KT, Lee, MSY, 2020. The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 630 - 652, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" title="The homologies and evolutionary reduction of the pelvis and hindlimbs in snakes, with the first report of ossified pelvic vestiges in an anomalepidid (Liotyphlops beui)." url="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz098" volume="188" year="2020">Palci et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
. Besides these figures, important observations on the vertebral morphology of anomalepidids were made by 
<bibRefCitation id="292C5157A84784E175D0AEF9528E983D" author="Dunn, ER" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="509 - 526" refId="B160" refString="Dunn, ER, 1941. Notes on the snake genus Anomalepis. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 87: 509 - 526" title="Notes on the snake genus Anomalepis." volume="87" year="1941">Dunn (1941)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="A2D5CC97A1B3B8A12834A48D5E335CC8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050740203" author="Dunn, ER" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="287 - 294" refId="B164" refString="Dunn, ER, Tihen, JA, 1944. The skeletal anatomy of Liotyphlops albirostris. Journal of Morphology 74: 287 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050740203" title="The skeletal anatomy of Liotyphlops albirostris." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050740203" volume="74" year="1944">Dunn and Tihen (1944)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E3BBAE4162AB6C0F79F176D23297B81C" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5B3C460090152B138CA1496946D73F40" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91C215AB037201234B74DB9B5B546091" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<taxonomicName id="31B4182E8D6F4C0888E2242234BBE468" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis mexicana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="0A3C65B11458295FE9DA617008B41C1F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
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<location id="BC2BC4AF1F6178226BB8E806389883A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C9F67FF402E9FDF8100B2F1C4D94D2B5:BC2BC4AF1F6178226BB8E806389883A7" municipality="Sordelli" name="Jan">Jan</location>
, 
<locationDeviation id="D61B4174D96E144DC9EE99A227C69A22" location="Jan">
<quantity id="DAC74E7F4EEE7B7C3A7CA9B2B3699498" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.724399999999999" unit="in" value="1860.0">1860 in</quantity>
Jan
</locationDeviation>
&amp; 
<collectingMunicipality id="8C33CD97B7C101377F542F005199B283">Sordelli</collectingMunicipality>
1860-1866 (FMNH 22853 [
<collectorName id="393E23516E906695F5D1544A6BD25E53">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="925DA36C97CBFCAD563A2CA405027D62">Media</collectorName>
000383763, ark:/87602/m4/383763]; MCZ 
<collectorName id="20B961F9DDDA1D7E986185EB1094592F">Herp</collectorName>
R-29220 [
<collectorName id="692A1320BE9C621143F39514257155F9">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="8205A3CE87BED76B93FFFE2C8A917FD1">Media</collectorName>
000415858, ark:/87602/m4/415858]); 
<taxonomicName id="4E65336F5B6551A8D6C425C317275B9E" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Helminthophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helminthophis frontalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis id="002A5E76232ADC6C02346068A735A660" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Helminthophis frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="C2C5BA2FFDBD59767E97EA5CED39078B">Peters</collectorName>
, 1860) (MCZ 
<collectorName id="3383097A84666621BE09BCCEF134668C">Herp</collectorName>
R-55117 [
<collectorName id="7E7AAEAD5D316F1938763206DB0C02E0">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="652939E2010168911610C799D97B295D">Media</collectorName>
000415384, ark:/87602/m4/415384); 
<taxonomicName id="6D6B13DC6630E9BA9DD39D1343256DB5" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops albirostris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="8608BAEDEE701EC584A035D12DE10C5F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="A1DCFE57F43FD40AF156646E208577A7">Peters</collectorName>
, 1857) (
<collectorName id="ADADC14FB551CE15D0005BD01E075C66">UF Herp</collectorName>
43324 [
<collectorName id="1A2FE66F8ED0B66CFE7D10128CA0280C">Morphosource.</collectorName>
org: 
<collectorName id="0D74C638281CE1F47B3DAB8F0F4244E2">Media</collectorName>
000493244, ark:/87602/m4/493244]); 
<taxonomicName id="FB812B6D4B73D09E32B292177E5D2168" baseAuthorityName="Amaral" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops beui" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beui">
<emphasis id="CF233A515A76A69B6E8043BE3BD77615" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops beui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName id="F60BF1B9A81F66765A20A1374CCF9155">Amaral</collectorName>
, 1924) (SAMA 
<accessionNumber id="6B3A6B3AC9F9ACD8554C74FADBF7AE26" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/R40142">R40142</accessionNumber>
); 
<taxonomicName id="3F88D77A1DE8965A6C15D2E0138BA76F" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops bondensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="3273C6151F602F2AABA8D7200EA8698F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Griffin, 1916 (X-rays of CPZ-UV 7290; CPZ-UV 7291; CPZ-UV 7292); 
<taxonomicName id="488EB6FE6B7E93A8276D2BECE03D4EAC" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Typhlophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlophis squamosus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squamosus">
<emphasis id="C96489E9CE07658A97C27DE1BACE72E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Typhlophis squamosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Schlegel, 
<quantity id="6E8E8CB1A28D126BE6704F54C8446BC4" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.67106" unit="in" value="1839.0">1839 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="3BA534B649D3A67F7CBB160C2925AD1B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" author="Schlegel, H" journalOrPublisher="Arnz Arnz &amp; Comp., Leiden" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B543" refString="Schlegel, H, 1837. Essai sur la physionomie des serpents. I. Partie generale. II. Partie descriptive. Atlas. Arnz Arnz &amp; Comp., Leiden, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" title="Essai sur la physionomie des serpents. I. Partie generale. II. Partie descriptive. Atlas." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.4273" year="1837">Schlegel 1837</bibRefCitation>
-1844) (MNHN-RA-1999.8306; KUBI 69819 [Morphosource.org: Media 000075052, ark:/87602/m4/ 
<accessionNumber id="F73BDFF3D7F87D7843F0832F93301A90" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/M75052">M75052</accessionNumber>
])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A8DF49DA5870D0106A8C7989C78A795F" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="description">
<paragraph id="FEEBFA562D7BAFA4B60BBDF9751F8161" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Description (Figs 15-18&gt;).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27F270770CD0739F45E919833CFB4F66" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="37EAE2A637930D4A8E2E15EB596BAC35" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="7E0859154F6258F3A259123409CF1358" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trunk vertebrae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
The morphology of the trunk vertebrae is strikingly similar to other scolecophidians. See the respective part in 
<taxonomicName id="7AE4A0FEC1709BF8CCFD3043BFEFD6E9" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
above.
</paragraph>
<caption id="45E5A81FC675899F7E7009FF01650929" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912905" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
<paragraph id="19BD3023E15C5381E1CC8D2B69B14806" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="549DE826C9219877D80ABDBB3EDF54F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="593DB5C3176B81233FC01B0524D12EC4" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomalepididae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="1B26E4ED40AE2C09B23B2DF2B97A64E5" baseAuthorityName="Amaral" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops beui" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beui">
<emphasis id="00AA6F11996BC464E9D0CEF0C45F4057" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops beui</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SAMA R40142), posterior trunk and caudal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="15BFF794EAFAA5D2E09B56122E356FA4" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912906" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
<paragraph id="1FEE1DF578B51CA1A0899E662B43908D" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="24A13184272BC78D89242259CE42D484" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 16.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="59E380F4576B21688E97AC91F77271F2" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomalepididae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="58B56C372A3D01F633F81CE03D2E12B0" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Typhlophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlophis squamosus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squamosus">
<emphasis id="371BDE08FF06C888301C917CBB68AC32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Typhlophis squamosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN-RA-1999.8306), anterior trunk vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="954A9D338976BF308739165C9906AA54" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912907" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
<paragraph id="7DAF2F5B8A4A86C29085336F8D460F0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="3F427DD5A6D40E95FBF746988BD207BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 17.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F51841E024D44769940234B0AA8C4161" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomalepididae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="B861225744365185693D0BAF90F53BF4" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis mexicana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="E9EB62D396E0A416A6EF062F59082E78" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-29220), trunk, cloacal, and caudal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="CF3B92FB74F4BAB077C99DD8A8448959" doi="10.3897/vz.73.e101372.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/912908" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
<paragraph id="1C13716B191072456888C8AD5F0BFA0E" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="F8D7B7DAC04407A2EF6E2755B75DC46F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Figure 18.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A3A5E273EC7CFD662090D5123A650510" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomalepididae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="04B5395545735441C7E3FBE1FD2FF6C1" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis mexicana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="AE5C52768FDE67BAD4E8B89D47B8E8B7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 22853), trunk, cloacal, and caudal vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6A3EC3CFA4B02FFAC4BAC01F67ECC635" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="9029C4889C7723CBD348BC3126173A53" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="DBE4FE249D563F71876DB67ABD426593" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Trunk</emphasis>
/ 
<emphasis id="27D18A86CBC8CA14CBC4ECF8B802A8F0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">caudal transition</emphasis>
</emphasis>
. The morphology of these vertebrae is very similar to other scolecophidians. See the respective part in 
<taxonomicName id="E914576171EC2E4B7C997C32BD99164D" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Leptotyphlopidae</taxonomicName>
above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="23E4DC658D3B6EF76212D582E0CB8638" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="B366A2EE81B2DAB9FD618E00F317B505" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="779260DF4FB79BE2FA830C86380CCBBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Number of vertebrae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="D1A4B041873FD5C38A0048F3329DD9CC" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis mexicana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="4FC4D530E4B1CE22516A5C633A2006A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(FMNH 22853): 180 (170+4+6 [posteriormost caudal vertebrae are fused]); 
<taxonomicName id="E4037060F93D59056681D5B11CFB64C7" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1860" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis mexicana" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="7E457012FB66D40453A34DC0CA6F1011" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis mexicana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-29220): 175 (167+4+6 [posteriormost caudal vertebrae are fused]); 
<taxonomicName id="713C3923EDB529B16CF27C2DD6CEA11F" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Helminthophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helminthophis frontalis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
<emphasis id="5022430946254C1F341E859B5EA5B379" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Helminthophis frontalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCZ Herp R-55117): 311 (296+5+10, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="C92F622B0020AAD0DDA3240603A137BF" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops albirostris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="58942753A3CA9420D151C945154DFB89" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UF Herp 43324): 239 (226+3+10, including a final fusion); 
<taxonomicName id="84A97CD7864EE8D33DC8C0B0D8995AF4" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops bondensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="1EB98B75633988B1C365465C8DD8679E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CPZ-UV 7290): 201 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 15 caudal vertebrae (posteriomost caudal vertebrae are fused); 
<taxonomicName id="01B1BBC86EBE21E60E606F0F467141E3" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops bondensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="C29BB47E5877DD8907D96637F55772F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CPZ-UV 7291): 203 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 13 caudal vertebrae (posteriomost caudal vertebrae are fused); 
<taxonomicName id="CCD0436153F8DF4040210C20A87244F8" baseAuthorityName="Griffin" baseAuthorityYear="1916" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops bondensis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bondensis">
<emphasis id="EF3FC84886C3E67FCA31FA3CF8319CE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops bondensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CPZ-UV 7292): 228 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 15 caudal vertebrae (posteriomost caudal vertebrae are fused); 
<taxonomicName id="775AE34D44EA1F76E45EC496786D1B59" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Typhlophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlophis squamosus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="squamosus">
<emphasis id="99A820B6DFB3519CC99E414C18E171F8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Typhlophis squamosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(KUBI 69819): 210 (201+3+6, including a final fusion).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CE96800974B522BDBA84620EBAC164A" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Data from literature: 
<taxonomicName id="5A3CD6F989A042DDBF411469C6BC9145" authorityName="Taylor" authorityYear="1939" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis aspinosus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aspinosus">
<emphasis id="5ABCB8FDC23D11CF9AF71D7C87B7B95A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis aspinosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Taylor, 1939: 170 trunk vertebrae plus 3 cloacal vertebrae plus 5 caudal vertebrae (but some could be missing, especially from the caudal series) (
<bibRefCitation id="C8C23B2A70B3E2913D3EF5DD3D224FEC" author="Dunn, ER" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="509 - 526" refId="B160" refString="Dunn, ER, 1941. Notes on the snake genus Anomalepis. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 87: 509 - 526" title="Notes on the snake genus Anomalepis." volume="87" year="1941">Dunn 1941</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="7805A509E7BE8BCD9104748A451732E9" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops albirostris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="AAABAA615B3FF38C7D64307BFB69250E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 204-247 trunk vertebrae plus 3-5 cloacal vertebrae plus 8-16 caudal vertebrae (posteriormost 2-3 caudal vertebrae are fused) (
<bibRefCitation id="ED60F2298A1F08BEDC5F4CF08E935D53" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" author="List, JC" journalOrPublisher="Illinois Biological Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B352" refString="List, JC, 1966. Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae. Illinois Biological Monographs 36: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" title="Comparative osteology of the snake families Typhlopidae and Leptotyphlopidae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.50341" volume="36" year="1966">List 1966</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="7DE67F1614CD88E80BD39E3458B29959" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1858" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops albirostris" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albirostris">
<emphasis id="26788ECF1B882FDED194AE996B6BF10A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops albirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 229-247 trunk vertebrae plus 5 cloacal vertebrae (i.e., bearing forked ribs) plus 8-10 caudal vertebrae (&quot;without ribs&quot;) (
<bibRefCitation id="B8A78700976D37B5AE050A6F8645D6EE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050740203" author="Dunn, ER" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Morphology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="287 - 294" refId="B164" refString="Dunn, ER, Tihen, JA, 1944. The skeletal anatomy of Liotyphlops albirostris. Journal of Morphology 74: 287 - 294, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050740203" title="The skeletal anatomy of Liotyphlops albirostris." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050740203" volume="74" year="1944">Dunn and Tihen 1944</bibRefCitation>
); 
<taxonomicName id="F45818E09D35B7F43653D633AA29EE14" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1896" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops ternetzii" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ternetzii">
<emphasis id="397C430B9769E4F2B3B051B06514D561" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops ternetzii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Boulenger, 1896): 242 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 11 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="F34FD0889ED06F52B42D27AEDC599FC9" author="Alexander, AA" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="171 - 190" refId="B10" refString="Alexander, AA, Gans, C, 1966. The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians. Zoologische Mededelingen 31: 171 - 190" title="The pattern of dermal-vertebral correlation in snakes and amphisbaenians." volume="31" year="1966">Alexander and Gans 1966</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="988C74CC4BE92885378D1B9B3B353149" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
In general, it seems that the total vertebral counts of anomalepidids are considerably low (although the available data are limited and should therefore be handled with cautiousness), with the notable exception of 
<taxonomicName id="8716CE44A533CE97C029ED3E10E61531" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Helminthophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helminthophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="016B273B73E8F8985E7A0027E5781089" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Helminthophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Peters, 1860, where this number surpasses the 300. Number of trunk vertebrae ranges between 170 and 296. Interestingly, the very low number (around 10 or less) of caudal vertebrae approaches that observed in many typhlopids, compared to most leptotyphlopids, where this number is higher. Of note is that species of 
<taxonomicName id="88248E3FB4ADC3985C9B43F4552E1AA4" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Anomalepis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomalepis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="562452EC6138BD3ACCD6D08C0DF7E1A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomalepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="1F422B5D93D00B1F85668A3D37B1C81E" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Typhlophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Typhlophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="08AEB0181A2C6B484216771AC0BA5675" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Typhlophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fitzinger, 1843, seem to possess much lower (5-6) number of caudal vertebrae compared to species of 
<taxonomicName id="638E47B59D2BE2E9902E7C34CBDCC35A" class="Reptilia" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Liotyphlops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Liotyphlops" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CE52FD94760B0863A4835F62C8266BBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Liotyphlops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(8-16) and 
<taxonomicName id="2A3FABD17BF745DEF7FA36C656106D2D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1860" class="Squamata" family="Anomalepididae" genus="Helminthophis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helminthophis" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="64FC94457E31BB3B27586B6C07451C22" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Helminthophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(10).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>