treatments-xml/data/2E/39/87/2E3987A07172FF8C3F12DAEBFE19E0D9.xml

<document id="0D63F7B516773A1B7C034BC41462E9B2" ID-DOI="10.12681/mms.24600" ID-ISSN="1108-393X" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12551868" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1719426635448" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Arossa, Silvia, Pica, Daniela, Bastari, Azzurra, Torsani, Fabrizio &amp; Cerrano, Carlo" docDate="2020" docId="2E3987A07172FF8C3F12DAEBFE19E0D9" docLanguage="en" docName="MediterrMarSci.22.1.40-50.pdf" docOrigin="Mediterranean Marine Science 22 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.24600" docStyle="DocumentStyle:F43F2143834C3AC96F90C157532616DA.4:MediterrMarSci.2013-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleId="F43F2143834C3AC96F90C157532616DA" docStyleName="MediterrMarSci.2013-.journal_article.1cover" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Anemonia viridis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="D200FFD87176FF8B3C27DA48FFE1E347" masterDocTitle="Phenology of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from marine temperate ecosystems Abstract" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="40" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1721716978799" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-4.0">
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<mods:title id="BD6A15EB11C8FACFA114BB8D183D05FB">Phenology of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from marine temperate ecosystems Abstract</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2981ECD653F7420AAA47D08A448D8627">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="52B4578F6F66B6B56D07804DFF270878">Arossa, Silvia</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0A0D14A1F3AEE3F529034C414EA9E376">King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC) and Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FF1B95372AAE2355A8B5A565451203CE">Pica, Daniela</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="38870FF48A67BE86DEB505339BB1FD9C">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8CC10C999C8F194EB5FFFA983D2B09D2">Bastari, Azzurra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4DEC0154FEB6A99E268444633271FE3B">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="427D6BF569CA021930168802165DD94D">Torsani, Fabrizio</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="90E6201236A875C02176EA8D74826EEB">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F397DAE7DA652A8D283A1836EFB5200B">Cerrano, Carlo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="24D563DE6BC99AEFD9127490A63F603D">Marche Polytechnic University, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ancona, Italy &amp; Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Napoli, Italy &amp; Fano Marine Center, The Inter-Institute Center for Research on Marine Biodiversity, Resources and Biotechnologies, viale Adriatico 1 / N, 61032 Fano, Pesaro Urbino, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="FD6781DA7172FF8F3F12DAEBFC1DE3F9" bold="true" box="[821,1020,163,190]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="61904D357172FF8F3F12DAEBFC1DE3F9" ID-CoL="DXNZ" authority="(Forsskal, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[821,1020,163,190]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3F12DAEBFC1DE3F9" bold="true" box="[821,1020,163,190]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
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The species 
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3FCBDAACFBB7E3BA" box="[1004,1110,227,254]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">A. viridis</emphasis>
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was observed in sheltered areas, likely characterized by a low water exchange. Its upper limit of distribution was ~ 
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depth. Individuals of this species were found on substrates with significant exposure to light, both on vertical and horizontal surfaces. They are usually weakly attached onto the substrate. 
<tableCitation id="EB12030D7172FF8F3F12DBEBFC69E2FA" box="[821,904,419,445]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[151,211,1765,1789]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Summary of the characteristics of Anemonia viridis and Exaiptasia diaphana." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/F2EF663E7172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" tableUuid="F2EF663E7172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarises main features of 
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F38F0DBECFADFE2FA" box="[1239,1342,419,446]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">A. viridis</emphasis>
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.
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<heading id="FD6781DA7172FF8F3F12D84BFB23E159" bold="true" box="[821,1218,515,542]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3F12D84BFB23E159" bold="true" box="[821,1218,515,542]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Temporal variations in abundance</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="61904D357172FF8F3F7CD80CFBFEE11A" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[859,1055,579,606]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3F7CD80CFBFEE11A" box="[859,1055,579,606]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
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specimens were observed all year round in the studied area, however its cover varied monthly as shown in 
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337172FF8F3FF8D8CBFBB4E1DA" box="[991,1109,643,669]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[151,190,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[452,1154,816,1621]" captionTargetId="figure-256@4.[435,1175,796,1645]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 2: Temporal variations in abundance of Anemonia viridis (A) and Exaiptasia diaphana (B) expressed as cover percentage in relation to monthly fluctuations of surface water temperature (°C), irradiance (W/m2) and wave heights (m)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551879/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Figure 2A</figureCitation>
. The anemone was particularly abundant from 
<date id="D22E10767172FF8F3FCFD8EBFB1FE1FA" box="[1000,1278,675,702]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" value="2013-07" valueMax="2013-09-31" valueMin="2013-07-00">July to September 2013</date>
with a peak in August (percentage cover: 45.7% ± 26.8% SD), then it decreased steadily from October to December, reaching a minimum value in December (13.8% ± 12.1% SD). The abundance resulted higher in the quarter July-September (average in the quarter: 35.1% ± 22.3% SD) and minimal in the quarter October-December (16.9% ± 15.4% SD). Abundance of 
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3D0CDB6CFE74E27A" box="[299,405,291,318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">A. viridis</emphasis>
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was not correlated to temperature, waves height and irradiance values (Kruskal-Wallis, respectively r = 0.29, r = 0.38, r = 0.14, N = 11, p&gt; 0.05). Moreover, there was no significant variation among all the considered quarters (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 5.38, p&gt; 0.05).
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3CB0DC33FF3CE5D3" bold="true" box="[151,221,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Fig. 2:</emphasis>
Temporal variations in abundance of 
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3E7CDC34FCE8E5D3" box="[603,777,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
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(A) and 
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3F45DC34FBD4E5D3" box="[866,1077,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Exaiptasia diaphana</emphasis>
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(B) expressed as cover percentage in relation to monthly fluctuations of surface water temperature (°C), irradiance (W/m 
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) and wave heights (m).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A62F36B67172FF8F3CB0DCADFBE6E5BA" blockId="4.[151,1031,1765,1789]" box="[151,1031,1765,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3CB0DCADFF0DE5BA" bold="true" box="[151,236,1765,1789]" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Table 1.</emphasis>
Summary of the characteristics of 
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<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3E68DCADFD1CE5BA" box="[591,765,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
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and 
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.
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<th id="5B715D88717200743E71DD53FC52E473" box="[598,947,1819,1844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="61904D357172FF8F3EECDD54FC9EE474" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[715,895,1819,1844]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F3EECDD54FC9EE474" bold="true" box="[715,895,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="61904D357172FF8F384ADD54FAA4E474" authority="Colour Column" authorityName="Colour Column" box="[1133,1349,1819,1844]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="43" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47172FF8F384ADD54FAA4E474" bold="true" box="[1133,1349,1819,1844]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Exaiptasia diaphana</emphasis>
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<th id="5B715D88717200743C85DD0BFE6EE43F" box="[162,399,1859,1912]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Colour</th>
<td id="5B715D88717200743E71DD0BFC52E43F" box="[598,947,1859,1912]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Column brownish-green; tentacles opaque often with purple tips</td>
<td id="5B715D8871720074382DDD0BFA46E43F" box="[1034,1447,1859,1912]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Column brownish-green; tentacles transparent</td>
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<th id="5B715D88717200743C85DDCFFE6EE4D8" box="[162,399,1927,1951]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Number of tentacles</th>
<td id="5B715D88717200743E71DDCFFC52E4D8" box="[598,947,1927,1951]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">40-160 (118.1 ± 15.7 SE)</td>
<td id="5B715D8871720074382DDDCFFA46E4D8" box="[1034,1447,1927,1951]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">20-50 (35.2 ± 3.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="18A034F4717200743C85DDE6FA46E481" box="[162,1447,1966,1990]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
<th id="5B715D88717200743C85DDE6FE6EE481" box="[162,399,1966,1990]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Location of achroragi</th>
<td id="5B715D88717200743E71DDE6FC52E481" box="[598,947,1966,1990]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">On margin, under tentacles</td>
<td id="5B715D8871720074382DDDE6FA46E481" box="[1034,1447,1966,1990]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Absent</td>
</tr>
<tr id="18A034F4717200743C85DD9DFA46E4AA" box="[162,1447,2005,2029]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
<th id="5B715D88717200743C85DD9DFE6EE4AA" box="[162,399,2005,2029]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Presence of acontiae</th>
<td id="5B715D88717200743E71DD9DFC52E4AA" box="[598,947,2005,2029]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">No</td>
<td id="5B715D8871720074382DDD9DFA46E4AA" box="[1034,1447,2005,2029]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr id="18A034F4717200743C85DDB3FA46EB53" box="[162,1447,2043,2068]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">
<th id="5B715D88717200743C85DDB3FE6EEB53" box="[162,399,2043,2068]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">Number of mesenteries</th>
<td id="5B715D88717200743E71DDB3FC52EB53" box="[598,947,2043,2068]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">56-220 (105.8 ± 5.0 SE)</td>
<td id="5B715D8871720074382DDDB3FA46EB53" box="[1034,1447,2043,2068]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="43">12-64 (27.4 ±1.7)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67173FF8E3CA6D86BFE95E179" blockId="5.[129,372,547,574]" box="[129,372,547,574]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
<heading id="FD6781DA7173FF8E3CA6D86BFE95E179" bold="true" box="[129,372,547,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3CA6D86BFE95E179" bold="true" box="[129,372,547,574]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Reproductive biology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67173FF8E3C81D82BFD3CE0BA" blockId="5.[129,767,611,1086]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Monthly variations in 
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3D8ED82CFDEDE13A" box="[425,524,612,637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sex ratio</emphasis>
are shown in 
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337173FF8E3E92D82BFF47E1DA" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[129,168,2022,2046]" captionTargetBox="[410,1156,1131,1958]" captionTargetId="figure-507@5.[393,1171,1115,2008]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 3: Sex ratio of Anemonia viridis (A) and Exaiptasia diaphana (B) throughout the period July 2013-July 2014 with relative percentages of male, female and infertile individuals." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551885/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 3A</figureCitation>
. Female individuals occurred all year round except for July. The maximum number of females was reached in 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3CBAD88BFEA1E19A" box="[157,320,707,733]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-02">February 2014</date>
(87.5%); then, females decreased in the period from 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3D2CD8ABFE72E1BA" box="[267,403,739,765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-03">March 2014</date>
and the minimum value was observed in 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3CC9D94CFE80E05A" box="[238,353,771,798]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
(21.7%). Males were observed from 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3CA6D96CFEF4E07A" box="[129,277,803,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-01">January 2014</date>
to 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3D11D96CFE46E07A" box="[310,423,803,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
with a maximum value in 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3EECD96CFF58E01A" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-05">May 2014</date>
(42.1%). 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3D08D90BFE41E01A" box="[303,416,835,861]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2013-07">July 2013</date>
was the only month in which all the specimens collected were infertile. The 
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3EBCD92CFD1FE03A" box="[667,766,868,893]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">sex ratio</emphasis>
(F/M) varied from 14: 
<quantity id="61689B537173FF8E3DA6D9CBFE4BE0DA" box="[385,426,899,925]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3D94D9CBFDB8E0DA" box="[435,601,899,925]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-02">February 2014</date>
to 1: 
<quantity id="61689B537173FF8E3EB2D9CBFD22E0DA" box="[661,707,899,925]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3EECD9CCFF5CE0FA" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
. Males were more abundant than females only in 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3CA6D98CFF12E09A" box="[129,243,963,990]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-05">May 2014</date>
(42.1% male and 26.3% female). The average F/M ratio was 6:1. Hermaphrodites were never found.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67173FF8E3C81DE4CFB49E0F9" blockId="5.[129,767,611,1086]" lastBlockId="5.[798,1437,163,1086]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
In 
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337173FF8E3CE1DE4BFED9E75A" box="[198,312,1027,1053]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[153,192,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[174,1431,175,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-192@6.[153,1458,151,1613]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4: Reproductive biology of Anemonia viridis (A-C) and Exaiptasia diaphana (D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551889/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 4A</figureCitation>
average monthly variations in the number of female gonads per individual is shown. Female gonads were visible starting from 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E389ADAECFAB5E3FA" box="[1213,1364,163,190]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2013-08">August 2013</date>
(85.8 gonads 
<superScript id="51E59BFE7173FF8E3F5EDA8BFC19E396" attach="left" box="[889,1016,195,221]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">individual-1</superScript>
± 40.4 SD); the number of gonads was higher from October to April, reaching a maximum during 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3F57DB4BFC0DE25A" box="[880,1004,259,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-04">April 2014</date>
(322.0 gonads 
<superScript id="51E59BFE7173FF8E3886DB4BFAC1E256" attach="left" box="[1185,1312,259,285]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">individual-1</superScript>
± 85 SD). From May, their abundance decreased and dropped in 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3F39DB0CFC70E21A" box="[798,913,323,350]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
(99.8 gonads 
<superScript id="51E59BFE7173FF8E3817DB0BFB4EE216" attach="left" box="[1072,1199,323,349]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">individual-1</superScript>
± 45.5 SD). Number of gonads 
<superScript id="51E59BFE7173FF8E3FBFDB2BFBF6E236" attach="left" box="[920,1047,355,381]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">individual-1</superScript>
were inversely correlated to temperature (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0.70, df = 9, p &lt;0.05). Considering the quarterly variations of gonads number 
<superScript id="51E59BFE7173FF8E3F39DB8BFC7CE296" attach="left" box="[798,925,451,477]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">individual-1</superScript>
, the highest values were observed from October to June, with a maximum in winter (265.3 ± 68.6 SD; when the mean temperature was equal to Tav=11.3 ± 0.02°C) and lower in July-September (154.9 ± 80.2 SD; Tav=21.7 ± 0.07°C). Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the number of gonads during different quarters in females (One-way ANOVA, F = 3.92, p &lt;0.05). Values observed in the period from July to September were significantly different from those of periods January-March and April-June (One-way ANOVA, F = 3.92, p &lt;0.05, followed by Tukey HSD, p &lt;0.05), but not from October-December (Tukey HSD, p &lt;0.05). October-December values showed no significant difference with January-March and April-June and the same occurred between values occurred in January-March and April-June (Tukey HSD, p&gt; 0.05).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67173FF8D3F63D98BFB59E4D9" blockId="5.[798,1437,163,1086]" lastBlockId="6.[821,1459,1763,2078]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
Oocytes (
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337173FF8E3F95D98BFBEAE09A" box="[946,1035,963,989]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[153,192,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[174,1431,175,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-192@6.[153,1458,151,1613]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4: Reproductive biology of Anemonia viridis (A-C) and Exaiptasia diaphana (D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551889/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) were observed from 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E392DD98BFA7DE09A" box="[1290,1436,963,989]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2013-08">August 2013</date>
to 
<date id="D22E10767173FF8E3F1BD9ACFC52E0BA" box="[828,947,995,1022]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
; however, it was not possible to count cells from August to October due to their small size (and in November no samples were collected due to unfavorable weather conditions, as already mentioned). The number of female sex cells increased from 
<date id="D22E10767170FF8D3E1BDD4BFD12E45A" box="[572,755,1795,1821]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" value="2013-12">December 2013</date>
to 
<date id="D22E10767170FF8D3CB0DD6CFEEBE47A" box="[151,266,1827,1854]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" value="2014-05">May 2014</date>
reaching a peak in April (44.0 oocytes per gonad ± 6.9 SD), followed by a sharp decrease in June (20 ± 7.9 SD). Variations in the number of oocytes per gonad in 
<taxonomicName id="61904D357170FF8D3CC4DDCCFEABE4DA" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[227,330,1923,1950]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47170FF8D3CC4DDCCFEABE4DA" box="[227,330,1923,1950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">A. viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were inversely correlated to temperature (Spearman’s correlation, r = 0.59, N = 11, p &lt;0.05). The investigation of variations in the oocyte number per gonad in the considered quarters highlighted that the higher reproductive effort occurred from April to June (in average 31.6 oocytes per gonad ± 13.1 SD). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between sample medians in all considered quarters (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 4.26, p&gt; 0.05), but Mann-Whitney pairwise test showed a significant difference only between quarters April-June and October-December (p &lt;0.05).
</paragraph>
<caption id="F2EF663E7173FF8E3CA6DDAEFD7DEB59" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551885" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12551885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551885/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" startId="5.[129,168,2022,2046]" targetBox="[410,1156,1131,1958]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="A62F36B67173FF8E3CA6DDAEFD7DEB59" blockId="5.[129,1436,2022,2079]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3CA6DDAEFF29E4B9" bold="true" box="[129,200,2022,2046]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Fig. 3:</emphasis>
Sex ratio of 
<taxonomicName id="61904D357173FF8E3D68DDAEFE1FE4B9" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[335,510,2022,2046]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3D68DDAEFE1FE4B9" box="[335,510,2022,2046]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A) and 
<taxonomicName id="61904D357173FF8E3E7CDDAFFCCEE4B9" box="[603,815,2022,2046]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47173FF8E3E7CDDAFFCCEE4B9" box="[603,815,2022,2046]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Exaiptasia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(B) throughout the period July 2013-July 2014 with relative percentages of male, female and infertile individuals.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="F2EF663E7170FF8D3CBEDC14FE94E5F3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551889" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12551889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551889/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" startId="6.[153,192,1628,1652]" targetBox="[174,1431,175,1591]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="A62F36B67170FF8D3CBEDC14FE94E5F3" blockId="6.[153,1458,1628,1716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47170FF8D3CBEDC14FF03E533" bold="true" box="[153,226,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4:</emphasis>
Reproductive biology of 
<taxonomicName id="61904D357170FF8D3DD5DC14FD45E533" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[498,676,1628,1652]" class="Anthozoa" family="Actiniidae" genus="Anemonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47170FF8D3DD5DC14FD45E533" box="[498,676,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Anemonia viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(A-C) and 
<taxonomicName id="61904D357170FF8D3F06DC15FC17E533" box="[801,1014,1628,1652]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aiptasiidae" genus="Exaiptasia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="diaphana">
<emphasis id="94E4EAA47170FF8D3F06DC15FC17E533" box="[801,1014,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Exaiptasia diaphana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67170FF8C3F7CDDEBFD56E3B9" blockId="6.[821,1459,1763,2078]" lastBlockId="7.[128,767,163,926]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
Concerning the size of oocytes (
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337170FF8D38E0DDEBFAFEE4FA" box="[1223,1311,1955,1981]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[153,192,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[174,1431,175,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-192@6.[153,1458,151,1613]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4: Reproductive biology of Anemonia viridis (A-C) and Exaiptasia diaphana (D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551889/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
, Supplementary Material S3), it was observed that gametocytes are smaller from July to September (size range: 20-100 μm; size class more frequent (60%): 20-61 μm), while they reach the maximal sizes in April-June (size range: 61- 460 μm; size class more frequent (23%): 381-420 μm) with the highest value in 
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3DBCDAACFDECE3BA" box="[411,525,227,254]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2014-05">May 2014</date>
(421-460 μm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A62F36B67171FF8C3C81DB4BFE19E0D9" blockId="7.[128,767,163,926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">
The number of male gonads 
<superScript id="51E59BFE7171FF8C3DD5DB4BFD90E256" attach="left" box="[498,625,259,285]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">individual-1</superScript>
is shown in 
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337171FF8C3CA7DB6BFF36E27A" box="[128,215,291,317]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[153,192,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[174,1431,175,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-192@6.[153,1458,151,1613]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4: Reproductive biology of Anemonia viridis (A-C) and Exaiptasia diaphana (D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551889/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
. No gonads were observed from 
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3E62DB6BFD53E27A" box="[581,690,291,317]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2013-07">July 2013</date>
to 
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3EF3DB6CFEF4E21A" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2013-12">December 2013</date>
. Male gonads were detectable from 
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3E80DB0CFF5DE23A" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2014-01">January 2014</date>
; then, their number started increasing, peaking in 
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3CA7DBCBFF1CE2DA" box="[128,253,387,413]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2014-04">April 2014</date>
(235.4 gonads per ind. ± 1.9 SD) and dropping in 
<date id="D22E10767171FF8C3CFEDBECFEADE2FA" box="[217,332,419,446]" pageId="7" pageNumber="46" value="2014-06">June 2014</date>
(94.8 ± 40.3 SD). Monthly Variations in the number of gonads per male was not correlated to temperature (Pearson’s correlation, r = 0.55, df = 10, p&gt; 0.05). Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between sample medians in quarters January-March and April-June (188.4 ± 181.9 SD and 181.9 ± 75.9 SD, respectively; One Way ANOVA, F = 0.027, p&gt; 0.05). It was not possible to count the number of sperm cysts for each gonad due to their small size. However, we measured the diameter of the gonads containing sperms (spermatocysts). Biggest spermatocysts (
<figureCitation id="3EAB2A337171FF8C3E60D8ABFD7CE1BA" box="[583,669,739,765]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[153,192,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[174,1431,175,1591]" captionTargetId="figure-192@6.[153,1458,151,1613]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4: Reproductive biology of Anemonia viridis (A-C) and Exaiptasia diaphana (D-F). The histograms show variations in number of female (A, D) and male (C, F) gonads and number of oocytes per gonad (B, E) in each species throughout the period July 2013- July 2014." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12551889" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12551889/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="46">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
, Supplementary Material S3) were observed in the quarter April-June (size range: 61-460 μm; size class more frequent (30%): 261-300 μm); on the contrary, in the period January-March gametocysts ranged from 20 to 180 μm (class more frequent (54%): 20-60 μm).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>