619 lines
106 KiB
XML
619 lines
106 KiB
XML
<document id="C11DB6E7A8E23C03DEA15608C8C3BD5E" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5f96e565-1778-4154-8f67-81830690657d" ModsDocID="6751" checkinTime="1243377290804" checkinUser="christiana" docAuthor="Brown, W. L." docDate="1975" docId="E3CE2AAC10F6BB3FE2181536DF2C3D66" docLanguage="en" docName="6751" docOrigin="Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 15" docSource="http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf" docTitle="Cerapachys" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="5EF94453F8BE2CD657C7B1F34B08FD04" masterDocTitle="Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini." masterLastPageNumber="115" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="18" updateTime="1701312558498" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="B61258D54E6208DB3EA8DF88BC5DCC4B">Contributions toward a reclassification of the Formicidae. V. Ponerinae, tribes Platythyreini, Cerapachyini, Cylindromyrmecini, Acanthostichini, and Aenictogitini.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3F79BEA523E42F9FE3B370FE59A05CA4">Brown, W. L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="45A3CD683BD222A58D80C6BCE77BCB3A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="927C3516AAC305A4C1A9D100334430E7">Search: Agriculture; Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="A94511BAAA4E6302E304AD45E892BE55">
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<mods:date id="C3ECAD774E8C3567EB163E7F3F770490">1975</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="423852565BB5E42058C41254CBA269F9">15</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="63802371D79598E9C05CE2D593342754">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="0C927F350F7A750258BCB58712407199">http://antbase.org/ants/publications/6751/6751.pdf</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="EE458EE5EAA2D21FE25B41233A4F5CCB">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="273F35BE67BBCAB06CF6786734F04E6A" type="HNS-Pub">6751</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="37280B8BD29C0EC5DD2E33ECA538BC30" type="ZooBank">45422C7B-83F2-4F5A-9EE4-74C51F2C2BFE</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E3CE2AAC10F6BB3FE2181536DF2C3D66" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6284629" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6284629" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E3CE2AAC10F6BB3FE2181536DF2C3D66" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E3CE2AAC10F6BB3FE2181536DF2C3D66" lastPageNumber="22" pageNumber="18">
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<subSubSection id="4B7E602AB3F90FF16C9BB78372350634" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9045BFCF4CB57331522A73EB5D6EED1D" pageNumber="18">
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<taxonomicName id="3733682792884630B60FD2E75D8315E7" ID-CoL="3KMV" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="651EF8A3AC0D9762A6552D05925905FB" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="3B66F7DE87C184A573D1FD990B1C7EA7" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="59487ABBF0121D1BAD545A0C093A3893" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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F. Smith, 1857: 74, [[ worker ]]. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="C8B7931D60F85D2DD4E5DFDE2F9E13B1" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27867" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys antennatus Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys antennatus Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennatus">Cerapachys antennatus</taxonomicName>
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, monobasic.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ACAE829EFA87F7230C49B39B86964CF6" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="BF4D5D5B72B8AA570957A76F814A4D42" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Emery, 1902: 24, subgeneric classification and relationships, new spp. described. ----- 1911: 8, diagnosis and subdivision into subgenera, species list.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9C586F77D18D344D0DE238658C79AC61" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="E2D44864D2A6FFD3F74DA5F10B1E2E8B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Arnold, 1915: 11 - 17, S African spp., key and diagnoses.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3ECA64EB0D391B2996C13CC001F7656A" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="AC35B0F943643E23C3072DC2F2F2DDA4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Mann, 1921: 408, key to workers of Fijian spp.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="84085A3679F0E957D5068A87A97601E8" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="2461AC58B96FE74E7FE33FCFF89E1C7F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Borgmeier, 1957: 107, discussion of subgenera, with doubts expressed about their validity; New World spp. listed;
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<taxonomicName id="44DCF03E99C4B8B335CB276BAC4A2064" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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neuter in gender after Follett, 1955: 10.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="480C86D1F908B4908A5A8A602E1C22DA" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="1B17B8A37EDAE58743ABAC469F58AE8C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Wilson, 1959: 39 - 57, discussion, description, list of spp. and key to spp., Melanesia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7474F35ACD10ED110B0838F368A6592E" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="82D26DD67ECA75C1EE43AD6980B944A2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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: Kempf, 1972: 76, list of neotropical species;
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<taxonomicName id="5D1F6C2156ECFD9122AB1505EADC74A4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C4B29C233EFE0124BAB1B3F42E5D21F4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
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synonymized on p. 7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0AA04419F768D11E3F2577EBC7E47409" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="29293BCB9A1B9A745D1C4824D5AA4A47" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146862" class="Insecta" family="Coreidae" genus="Ceratopachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceratopachys Schulz" lsidName-HNS="Ceratopachys Schulz" order="Hemiptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus">Ceratopachys Schultz</taxonomicName>
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, 1906, Spolia Hymenopt., p. 155, invalid emendation of
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<taxonomicName id="6258E99150986AC4197D8D9F7F8FFDBA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5531C0BE51621A48C4169A5A9B053931" lastPageNumber="19" pageNumber="18">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="B737D9C6E0B94042DCE6689553759E9A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
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Roger, 1861: 19. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="AD2DFF4DE4FD274557A0EAE9C0FBF91A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
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typhla, monobasic. Synonymized with
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<taxonomicName id="0223B4E952B9F887FCF06686AF8A28DD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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, Kempf, 1972: 7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4CEE4CB3E13E5A7BE000949C89207518" pageNumber="19">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="2297338F1CC358274997FC85BC9DF760" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="494BE8D2A115D9FBE8C3CA16FF6A41C5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
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: Wilson, 1959: 39, 44 - 45, 51 - 52, 54 - 55, Melanesian species, with keys.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="47138BAF5217F37F9633E25902969645" pageNumber="19">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="C58AC8B08CA1E3E2545D6FC455547046" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
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: Wilson and Taylor, 1967: 33, Polynesian sp., species synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8AB05AF59AD2A298E54936BD1351968C" pageNumber="19">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="97EB9A350CB100F3A6FD4B5D1FF5DEB9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147152" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea Roger" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="subGenus">Ooceraea Roger</taxonomicName>
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, 1862: 248. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="4024CE88D64BA9BFA7930176EF850B4B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136646" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea fragosa Roger" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea fragosa Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="fragosa">Ooceraea fragosa</taxonomicName>
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, monobasic. Synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="460E42ED541D87ED21EB2FE61F2C6D27" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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, teste Brown, 1973: 183.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="538A4F9E96F55D32D40820225CE5319E" pageNumber="19">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="5B36D51D982B91BAE00CC30B604985FD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="B51EE10F374385D428DB040CF544F99C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147152" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea Roger" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
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: Emery, 1902: 24. ----- 1911: 10, [[ worker ]], diagnosis, species list.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="078D75D321F1EEA45B62536E59AAC777" pageNumber="19">
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> Lioponera Mayr, 1878: 666. Type:
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<taxonomicName id="4D05ADE4078406DE157EC1006EB5F045" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136670" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">Lioponera longitarsus</taxonomicName>
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, monobasic. Synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="8860B3F8B8B49C80DB8D3FF87F5F4E17" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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, teste Brown, 1973: 181.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F80948EB14CE4493CDA1ED1A9CAC0A79" pageNumber="19">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="D967D064E54E3DEA4D51702BD0CB2016" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
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: Emery, 1911: 11 - 12, [[ worker ]] [[ queen ]] [[ male ]].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0D601D4808D7CBF00538D199AA25D0E5" pageNumber="19">
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>
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<taxonomicName id="2F0676EC8E8E126F03125D77DF4839D3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
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: Donisthorpe, 1939: 252 - 257, review and species list.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ED6A9009A2DDBB60D57C6CB00CBF6CF8" pageNumber="19">
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->
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B98D68796E99EFC1DE5D2D88CDC5BB49" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
Emery, 1882: 235. Type:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="197752B549876C6B4AECC45AB0E416D4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136699" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia piochardi Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia piochardi Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="piochardi">Parasyscia piochardi</taxonomicName>
|
|
, monobasic. Synonymized with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="31799617E14EBBED62635D9DC96FB67E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Kempf, 1972: 7.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="548566E035C5DE6B1C4E0A2CDEE96441" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ACBA2D068BA8E8862F827ED57B4A1EF8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D0652BDB6B3623C0AB51025592DF89F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Forel, 1892: 343.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="3CF313CE5C1D6EDC67C08382F2DB5A2B" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4F9C06AD0E7B06F06A7D8E80334115D5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D6BB58536403CD307C521D7E89C5F0F0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Emery, 1902: 22 - 24. ----- 1911: 9, ??, diagnosis, species list.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="82E4F3D96838477D5554BA88E2048E46" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="01E10EE109F384DDE41CAD7A406DE1F2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
Emery, 1902: 23. Type:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2C30D3B866D879760535AE6904C997C3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27942" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys mayri Forel" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys mayri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mayri">Cerapachys mayri</taxonomicName>
|
|
, by original designation. ----- 1911: 10 - 11, pl. 1, fig. 3, [[ worker ]] [[ queen ]], diagnosis, species list. Synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D2AA2243152799953B354351139C1523" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
, teste Brown and Taylor, 1970: 957 - 958; synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D4BA0ACCCFA7CB5D87122036776FF7C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, teste Brown, 1973: 181.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="AC1A94D511DE918B4B642F5CCB1F702D" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6B3E3F8EBDD62C137EAAF4BABDAB3EF3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Arnold, 1915: 17 - 19, S. African species.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4B2EB2928EBF76A77DA9A4BEC16E0BE5" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E0E5A42171A0F16CEDA084896DDF1EC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Wheeler, 1918: 215 - 216, discussion of affinities, etc.; 220 - 223, generic characters, distribution, ethology; 239 - 263, figs. 7 - 17, descriptions, review and key to species of Australia. ----- 1922: 22.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="9B26B42AB33A58BC34B9ECBE24470ABD" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0983EB4763D1CCA6C653EC920B7D2D60" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Clark, 1923: 73, 78 - 89, normal and ergatoid queens, larvae, pupae; 7 spp. described from SW Australia. ----- 1924: 75 - 89, pl. 6 - 7,
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D2BF5312AEEBD0B49083AB132E569032" pageNumber="19">[[ queen ]] [[ male ]] biology, 8 Australian species described. ----- 1930: 3 - 6, 3 Australian spp. described. ----- 1934: 22 - 27, 6 Australian spp. described. ----- 1941: 71, 74 - 76, 2 Australian spp. described.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="7EE3FA4DE840DEBE30C3DC77A31A3770" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5A7ACE9781F904C51AB2B337D9D35945" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Wilson, 1959: 55 - 56, keys and lists, New Guinea and New Caledonia spp.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="07BB09C346CA071D79318BA3F37F2058" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FBDFE1EF9E7CADA4DC2EEEBE8C2775E6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="399CB5693DD304F92406456178DABC5B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Forel, 1902: 405, 407. ----- 1915: 18 - 21, 3 Australian spp. described.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="D9BB2B4CE2DD9CB65B9ED49F3A8DA36D" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="32DF01E7FEA10BB1720ADC6D26DB7EBE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
subgenus Cysias Emery, 1902: 24. Type:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B16483EC6D37434004EAF18E87B2C805" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147152" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea Roger" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B068DD5A9D3E7A7EAC65EBC632D6B5B2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136692" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea papuana Emery" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea papuana Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="papuana">papuana</taxonomicName>
|
|
, by original designation. Synonymized with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E4FAC92FC7BBBA9B79C0014B5A590F22" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2C6650E5195A552799A7E88196E6A74A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
by Emery, 1911: 10.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="CEAC96A6EE12CD684B1118F36CFD26F3" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8617E34A802EFDB09BC68499CE0E0F6E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147196" authority="Wheeler & W.M., 1915" authorityName="Wheeler & W.M." authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Procerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procerapachys Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Procerapachys Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Procerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
Wheeler, 1914: 27 - 28. Type:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DCF77122ABBB81BD9B94625456741ED4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136595" authority="Wheeler & W.M., 1915" authorityName="Wheeler & W.M." authorityYear="1915" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Procerapachys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procerapachys annosus Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Procerapachys annosus Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="annosus">Procerapachys annosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, by original designation. (Fossil in Baltic Amber.) New synonym.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B287AC75A75BAF11F71DE2C1495D7EC8" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F7E9E2CFD374A45C2B4DE83D8B8E66BD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146871" authority="Crawley, 1924" authorityName="Crawley" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace Crawley" lsidName-HNS="Chrysapace Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Chrysapace Crawley</taxonomicName>
|
|
, 1924: 380 - 383, " apterous female, " recte [[ worker ]] or ergatoid [[ queen ]]. Type:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F6559A1000D038E0C2761B3A1E0E1ABD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136619" authority="Crawley, 1924" authorityName="Crawley" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace jacobsoni Crawley" lsidName-HNS="Chrysapace jacobsoni Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="jacobsoni">Chrysapace jacobsoni</taxonomicName>
|
|
, by original description, monobasic. Synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AF61083CCF96D4E04C0AF3D2D9B86FB8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, teste Brown, 1973: 179.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="2874651607AB7C0C000391A06CAA3E58" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B2560E750B7992F63EE57ADCDAA06D51" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7DEDB865C61728895F689BBD012C7C41" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146871" authority="Crawley, 1924" authorityName="Crawley" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace Crawley" lsidName-HNS="Chrysapace Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Chrysapace</taxonomicName>
|
|
: Wheeler, 1924: 225.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="0F15220EB5D7CC877AC91F1CE0D6B808" pageNumber="19">
|
|
>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5EA10851F4353C0428B8F95EAC2081AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147136" authority="Clark, 1941" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neophyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neophyracaces Clark" lsidName-HNS="Neophyracaces Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neophyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
Clark, 1941: 71, 76. Type:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BC814F3B5C2D6CEE5BF23E9EDD6C50C2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136702" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces clarus Clark" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces clarus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clarus">Phyracaces clarus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, by original designation. Synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C3099B312FF6C194D0779D22D4C85A50" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, teste Brown, 1973: 183.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="96FAA94EE09F5D42341F488E38030E49" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="9AFD42F7CE05526DB4A0464EC43C9550" pageNumber="19">
|
|
There has been a good deal of confusion about the gender of the name
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A6835CA03FD0E518F5A3EDF6C764B589" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Actually, words in Greek for " horn " containing the stem equivalent of ker- occur in all 3 genders, masculine, feminine and neuter. Keras is the neuter form, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BD7147BEC3A3D79482A36B9D298DCB35" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27916" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys heros (Wheeler)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys heros (Wheeler)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heros">heros</taxonomicName>
|
|
is the masculine form. When Smith named the genus, he seems to have been a bit careless in using an " a " instead of an " o " for the fourth letter, but his original employment of the name as masculine is clear from the masculine ending given to the name of the type species (antennatus) in adjectival form. Thus, there seems to be little room for argument, other theories (Borgmeier 1957) notwithstanding, and we should regard
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2D32C1F3C6579D8CCACD6836602F3A62" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
as masculine.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="FF05FA80DA25B54DECE79D0E7809E3F5" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="AA45A2370112A3A2BC81CA32E0736CBF" pageNumber="19">
|
|
Worker: With characters of tribe. Postpetiolar segment (true abdominal segment III) strongly constricted from body of gaster and varying greatly from species to species in size relative to petiole and to true abdominal segment IV, which always is the largest gastric segment. In the more extreme forms of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1ECAAE03D7D5430B225052D0B7AF836F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragosus">fragosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A57C7BC01D095CDB452F6737D153CE34" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys edentatus (Forel)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys edentatus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edentatus">edentatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
groups, the petiole and postpetiole form 2 nodes that are small in comparison to segment IV, which covers and forms most of the gaster as in most
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7B00DBAF9AD7E7AEB03E46DFFFAF6947" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2258" lsidName-HNS="Myrmicinae Lepeletier" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
. (Compare figs. 91 and 95). No strong constriction between principal gastric segments.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C3BDB1EE17589C597EA715C529415267" pageNumber="19">Antennae 9 - 12 segmented, often with a swollen apical segment. Palpi segmented 4,3 to 2,2. Compound eyes varying from large and multifacetted to completely absent. Ocelli present in workers in a minority of species.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="FAD92ADD810647A60B8D280D932DC3F1" pageNumber="19">Tibial spurs on middle legs; tarsal claws simple or with a submedian tooth.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="4F52043A4787390CB095B6E700A1C981" pageNumber="19">Queen: Usually winged, but sometimes wingless and ergatoid, always with compound eyes present so far as known, though they may be very small. Characters otherwise as in the worker of the same species, but body usually a little broader, segment for segment. Wings, when present, like those of male.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C03EA40CC1DC176F841CD7B6A8147712" pageNumber="19">
|
|
Male: See characterization under tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0930F64BC2F6A4E64809CE7F3F6D6BA3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2276" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachyini Forel" pageNumber="19" rank="tribe">Cerapachyini</taxonomicName>
|
|
(p. 15). So far as known, the male of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="AFC04A51BDB43A7EFA4B1499A0118861" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
always has 13 - merous antennae and apical spurs on the midtibiae, and the mandibles are triangular, though often with acute apex and concave masticatory border. A sampling of genital capsules is shown in figs. 123 - 126, and subgenital plates in figs. 115, 116, 118, and 122.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C336A9091938050CB7F5AC9FC3D00556" pageNumber="19">
|
|
In the discussion that follows, I shall show that the synonymy of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1F5C5CE996B04BF6E3FF9CAB1BBA4C96" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
extends very widely — much more widely, in fact, than I would have believed before I began this study. Nevertheless, all but one of the generic or subgeneric names here listed as synonyms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4371A4ACE9774B0BC2B0A7D281D244FC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
were based on species originally included in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0E3FC9CDE29C6859FAA39FE646ADF55C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, or early assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F05B13CFD0D5CF07AC7AE8781BF0A946" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. lat. by Emery or Forel. Thus in a sense we are returning to an earlier generic concept.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="65835141F5CBB838122C0421DCB30043" pageNumber="19">
|
|
The 4 subgenera of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C621EF8631D2EAEBD6FC450F74C6909F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
were based primarily on the number of antennal segments, thus:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C1F5DA6847003BE89916F9D967E006B2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. str., 12 segments;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="14E19C6854AA16A345C9AF8CB9ABE9A7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
, 11;
|
|
<taxonomicName id="46D878D56C485833416C620B37B96ED9" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147152" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea Roger" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
|
|
, 10; and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="87F078A860B605438BE2B3A86658049E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
, 9. The subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F9A1A31F30E2A40952C7850491527DA5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146893" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cysias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cysias Emery" lsidName-HNS="Cysias Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cysias</taxonomicName>
|
|
had already been synonymized under
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F618DB24AED44343A2398635C18605D6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
by Emery (1911: 10).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="26BF1A704421773425509A2F987149AF" pageNumber="19">
|
|
The series
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7ADC0378F4C1D5AA272F256F5292792C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. str. —
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4F5C031A0149BA0745C3A0ED71B40F30" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
formed a rough morphocline, not only in the decline of antennal segment number from 12 to 9, but also in the loss of eyes in the worker, and in the reduction of the postpetiolar segment and relative increase in dominance of the succeeding (first gastric) segment. The most extreme result of these trends is seen in such
|
|
<taxonomicName id="58BC7B0FC9835A46871B0A4ED01F8672" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
species as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="201BAE25D0767613C26F0A611DAB64F0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys edentatus (Forel)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys edentatus (Forel)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edentatus">edentatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2471673602C528D88DC6EAD707B746E4" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27875" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys biroi Forel" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys biroi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">biroi</taxonomicName>
|
|
, in which the petiole and postpetiole are similar in size, and the succeeding segment, true abdominal tergum IV, is enlarged to cover most of the gastric dorsum (fig. 95). This arrangement is formally like that of the subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F0E193E6A07BA7D8213BB4478D03D23D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2258" lsidName-HNS="Myrmicinae Lepeletier" pageNumber="19" rank="subFamily">Myrmicinae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and clearly represents a convergence to the myrmicine condition. It also renders very difficult the use of " waist " characters for the separation of formicid subfamilies in classifications and keys, especially when one has to distinguish certain army ants with 2 - segmented waists from cerapachyines and myrmicines.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="51B590100A38680B7158AA0ECA34F0FF" pageNumber="20">
|
|
While the general morphocline in species-groups of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E50DE72DB87325676D46E8F2BA77C7AD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
involves reductions in both eye size (ommatidial count) and antennomere number, the reductions do not occur with complete concordance. Undescribed species with 12 antennomeres and dot-like eyes in the worker have been found in Africa and Asia, and in these same two continents we have large-eyed species (e. g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="61C51FBBDA2D2BAA85A97D93A84E87DA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27951" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys nitidulus Brown" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys nitidulus Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidulus">nitidulus</taxonomicName>
|
|
) with 11 antennomeres.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0D4CA85F54E388672B2C377DA55D1F47" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27927" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys kodecorum Brown" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys kodecorum Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kodecorum">C. kodecorum</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1F6E3915B9CE00D2F3B0B3C36535F888" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
|
from southeastern Kalimantan (Borneo) usually has 11 segments in the worker, but one worker from the same series has 7 or even only 6 abnormally thick segments in the funiculus. Who is to say really what is normal and abnormal in antennal segmentation in this genus?
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C334195DB6FC4601ADA4A7EC35FD7E25" pageNumber="20">
|
|
In some 11 - segmented species, the basalmost ring segments are often exceedingly short and indistinct, especially the first segment after the pedicel. This segment may even be largely hidden inside the pedicel, and may be partly fused with the succeeding segment (funiculus III). I believe that subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="58EF862B37C701353502011FB0F5F246" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147152" authority="Roger, 1862" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1862" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ooceraea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ooceraea Roger" lsidName-HNS="Ooceraea Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Ooceraea</taxonomicName>
|
|
, based on 2 supposedly decamerous species, is actually cryptically 11 - merous. At least, the type and other specimens of 0.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8A62B095D5B4C127BAE7709EE3EFC3E3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragosus">fragosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[65] seem to me to be obscurely 11 - merous, but when the ambiguities of counting and of determining which segments are fused or partly fused become this great, antennal segment number has weakened taxonomic value. Borgmeier (1957: 107), and after him Kempf (1972: 7), apparently hold the same opinion.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="02140E517AB0115370DB3E7AF49CCA70" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragosus">C. fragosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and relatives from Asia, described and undescribed, are so much like the 9 - segmented
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D6C2F4E955B84451C8B37B917EC41118" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27991" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys typhlus (Roger)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys typhlus (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typhlus">C. typhlus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group (" subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FBF8B8BA82E3BA29BA1DEBD02E621A73" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
") in body form, sculpture, and postpetiolar-gastric proportions that it seems absurd to recognize
|
|
<taxonomicName id="48CCC8BB07CCABAFBECE41B456A4C5C7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
merely on the flimsy antennal segment character.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E5C280010568C3E47652841786CA3EC5" pageNumber="20">
|
|
The main characters supposed to separate
|
|
<taxonomicName id="32CBA6074033105A2285B7375DF4A0D3" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7670D6C15FD211976DAD220D1EC436D2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E71C4B6D8709F4872B34C8DDC3F6806D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
are the proportions of the segments near the end of the antenna, and the shape of the petiolar node. In
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF90BD2825223DE7040FF61096CD65ED" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, the apical antennomere is usually very long and thick, even egg-shaped, and can be said to form a club of a single segment. While there can be no denying that many species fit the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4F715A4921AC70BA3FC1EA50886D438A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
antennal pattern, others do so less well. The antennatus group (including antennatus, type species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B9070782C3AA78C11B080CEBCF15B548" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
), for example, shows wide variation in this character, tending to bridge the gap between the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4D1365C0F51AE1F65D253573883D4C52" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
condition, with a very thick apical segment, and the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F5D355D2C3EC260A1CD6E7AB609C96DF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
condition, in which the apical segment is little or not at all thicker than the penultimate segment.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6224F2D6415498EEE5E69AB2830D2394" pageNumber="20">
|
|
The 5 - merous club cited as a character of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="61CA3C632082BD53B06B64704F596970" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
seems to me completely ambiguous, as already discussed above. We also have such " bridging " species as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="23E0E97FB5C10A3B5AA2A25399E9BD37" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27889" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawleyi">C. crawleyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
[24] and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="28601D5636F86A88966F783F7558BD68" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27934" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys lividus Brown" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys lividus Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lividus">C. lividus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[36]. Figures 87 - 90 illustrate the CerapachysLioponera-Phyracaces morphocline for antennal clubbing.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="F5E1F6B05E8EFF8C7B883ECFC6E8DDAD" pageNumber="20">
|
|
The character involving the petiolar node really boils down to whether the node is margined on the sides above.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E4653337D1B4EFA52F3C39D426DFFAD8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
species usually have strong dorsolateral margins on petiole and trunk, and the margination often extends to the postpetiole and even, in a few Australian species, to the head behind the eyes. Thus one finds a morphocline for strength and extent of margination along the body axis within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8E5F5F71EB1249D652E2301ACDC62062" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and this morphocline stretches of course into
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B8CA4C8FCAD7476629E9BD728F8DE868" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
(C longitarsus group), which has only the petiolar node laterally marginate. Here again the antennatus complex of forms provides a bridge between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C374C4F0CD2F7488A89277FD258E1F33" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F262B876C81D88FCDC4541BB487F9344" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
, because in this complex, the petiole can be more or less Phyracaces-like or Cerapachyslike in different-sized individuals of the same nest series. I have pointed out in the discussion of this group [25] that one species was originally described as "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="215D5993B1B4F9BE5E945F645B383ADD" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136659" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces vandermeermohri Menozzi" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces vandermeermohri Menozzi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vandermeermohri">Phyracaces vandermeermohri</taxonomicName>
|
|
" which illustrates the ambiguity of the generic lines here. In addition to the antennatus group, we have the annectant forms
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B2A2E4238FBF8CB9C3DA2D7BA7701814" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27889" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawleyi">crawleyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
[24],
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C9B90707D1BF777236838CB16D4B846C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27965" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys pruinosus Brown" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys pruinosus Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pruinosus">pruinosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[60], and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="236829817659D1C8AFF45E7E46DCCCEA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27934" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys lividus Brown" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys lividus Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lividus">lividus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[36]. Had the last-named species been earlier described from Australia instead of Madagascar, I believe it would have been put into
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1BD205599D2065AC801BAB0EA08047B5" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
rather than
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B3B84EC065C724DE149E496147224C36" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="A5D962FF3DB8CDB630B522BF4D62B6C0" pageNumber="20">
|
|
The ambiguity of the margination as a generic character is also demonstrated in the descriptions of such species as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DD7F36E3FD0A87E806A36A63C8A4E0B6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136672" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces pygmaeus Clark" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces pygmaeus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">Phyracaces pygmaeus</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DF28FDF173E08250E3D1627526F6363E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136591" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces aberrans Clark" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces aberrans Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberrans">P. aberrans</taxonomicName>
|
|
[33, 47] (Clark, 1934: 25 - 27) and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F458435A4929DAC26095873B1EECD26B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136608" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces braytoni Weber" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces braytoni Weber" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braytoni">P. braytoni</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Weber, 1949: 3). I have examined the type of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2B896DB94BC658DD4493399D7A53CAFA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136608" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces braytoni Weber" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces braytoni Weber" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="braytoni">P. braytoni</taxonomicName>
|
|
[34], and find it to be a member of the same species-group as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D4AE68D9712C4E590CC41E33CCD1487" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136670" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">Lioponera longitarsus</taxonomicName>
|
|
, type species of that genus, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A7745E822BD2E39A6047C3B7E74F284D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136672" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces pygmaeus Clark" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces pygmaeus Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pygmaeus">P. pygmaeus</taxonomicName>
|
|
is actually a synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8F8EE771DE80601B90687C70D984D464" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136670" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">longitarsus</taxonomicName>
|
|
. R. W. Taylor recognized independently (personal communication) that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3D51DD2FBC062CCB61E264A11217DF8C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
was nothing more than an indistinct species-group within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BE4DD61945D6243483540DE3CEDA6971" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and we accordingly tacitly synonymized the latter in our contribution to " The Insects of Australia " (Brown and Taylor, 1970). The name
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83BB14692664F2F4368455F1CDD9307E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
, being older, or course then took priority over
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0B65314A3F0A93AF814647F930482628" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The members of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E4C2FAB4304BE6029AFB45404060FACB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136670" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera longitarsus Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="longitarsus">longitarsus</taxonomicName>
|
|
group are, so far as we know, arboreal or subarboreal dwellers in hollow twigs and perhaps other tubular cavities in wood or bark, a microhabitat in consonance with the workers' slender, cylindrical body build and large compound eyes. I assume that they prey on ants of other species occupying similar habitats, but there is no real information available on their feeding habits. Both
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6329BD0ABD7E297707C3CDFE9B1789FC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8E2F717EACDA6585124583827EBC506F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
axe treated as synonyms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="21258A3404E8078D95223C9E3F815450" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Brown (1973: 181).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="DE0203D35D8D1B2CB97D026B1E11F592" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="21CEDADA4C3DAA42A0514B2AF6E2D9AB" lastPageNumber="21" pageNumber="20">
|
|
Clark (1941) raised a genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6471FE4EAC87F2714A3C74475A3CB705" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147136" authority="Clark, 1941" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neophyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neophyracaces Clark" lsidName-HNS="Neophyracaces Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neophyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
for a group of Australian species in which the workers normally possess ocelli. Most of these species are relatively large in size and prevailingly bright orange or reddish ferruginous in color, and they seem especially well adapted to xeric conditions. Otherwise, they conform to the " typical "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C594B0C6975CC75182F8CB361AA4F24C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
pattern, with strongly developed margination of the trunk, petiole, and even the postpetiole. A number of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2FBAB36DFE1DEAD95863914AED76DB96" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
species in Australia are like them, except that the workers lack ocelli. Elsewhere in the collective genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B8089E2C9F5EE2C0953F57CF00C17CDB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
— as in the complexes of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DFD18C60B3104917605427E0C0F53EA6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27867" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys antennatus Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys antennatus Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="antennatus">C. antennatus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[25] and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7137DB1EB70B5E646709ACEAA08C289D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27910" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys fragosus (Roger)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fragosus">C. fragosus</taxonomicName>
|
|
[65] — the appearance of ocelli is an allometric character within as well as between colony series. Some of the large, ocellate individuals may in fact be functional reproductives (ergatoids), even in species known to possess dealate queens, but at present we have no direct information on this matter. In view of our scanty and largely ambiguous knowledge of ocellar occurrence and function in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="670D8CC2D66F6FBEC81A6A450DCB29BF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. lat., it does not seem to me that Clark's
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C464F6C86919A4989EBE755BDAB8FF30" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147136" authority="Clark, 1941" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neophyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neophyracaces Clark" lsidName-HNS="Neophyracaces Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neophyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
is worthy of recognition as more than a species-group within
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5B87CD0C6F9CA72A3034E7E60B9E10A8" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
. It would be interesting to know whether and to what extent the ocellate workers of this group also function as reproductives.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="52F88677230C4BDB7D450D74EE3D8505" pageNumber="21">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4A3033398E6C9FEBF7EA9B509D248BDB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27889" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawleyi">C. crawleyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
illustrates one method of dealing with annectant species: make it the type of a new genus. This species was originally described by Crawley as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F9EE5E40A9ECA1C63784343A3C0B5A1D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:136619" authority="Crawley, 1924" authorityName="Crawley" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace jacobsoni Crawley" lsidName-HNS="Chrysapace jacobsoni Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="species" species="jacobsoni">Chrysapace jacobsoni</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C8AF79780891EC5481C88B622F01F658" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146871" authority="Crawley, 1924" authorityName="Crawley" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace Crawley" lsidName-HNS="Chrysapace Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Chrysapace</taxonomicName>
|
|
, like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A43F0DC3793B1E5199487FAACD8FBD6D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
, is an anagram of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B17B27C03C1506AB829FC82B52B2C8CC" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
). While the species [24] is aberrant in its own right, it fits fairly comfortably in either
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A32EBA4EAD64DEE131470AFA0AC09F34" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
or
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C919EFDA86BD1C644D0B773A0030D8FF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
as they have been constituted in recent years, and Wheeler (1924) doubted that it was outside of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2816A36C179FA20181233B69A843A0E6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
. However, C
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2C657A78166C5A4B05F270F450933A4E" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27889" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys crawleyi Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crawleyi">crawleyi</taxonomicName>
|
|
has one very primitive character in addition to its striking sculpture: the middle and hind tibiae each have a large and a small apical spur. The evidently related species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C7205879EAD1840E566856144E8AF61F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27974" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys sauteri Forel" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys sauteri Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sauteri">C. sauteri</taxonomicName>
|
|
has not been examined for the spur character, but if the tibiae in this poorly known Taiwanese species also have 2 spurs each, it may be necessary to resurrect
|
|
<taxonomicName id="07CC2546928339BD4208EEE531B23F14" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146871" authority="Crawley, 1924" authorityName="Crawley" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Chrysapace" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysapace Crawley" lsidName-HNS="Chrysapace Crawley" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Chrysapace</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a genus.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="83101F358170FCEECC9266C879F7A698" pageNumber="21">
|
|
We still have to account for the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="179331FA1E454ED48C51CB0D92C41B22" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Although described by Forel in 1891 as a genus,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E1FE0B52BC649EBF780DF7D31402B118" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
was placed as a subgenus of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="711AE6693437179E55A2D03B8A05A731" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
by its author in the following year, but Emery's 1911 treatment of it as a genus set apart in a special tribe with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8B1E470B7AEA15893A371AD445548F63" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2436" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cylindromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cylindromyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Cylindromyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cylindromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
tended to obscure the early relationship. Most of the species subsequently described in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="15191D96DA854C4CCD229B55F357C54F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
tended to strengthen the concept of a separate genus; the 11 - merous antennae, large, flat eyes, presence of ocelli, and above all, the separated frontal carinae, often framing demiscrobes for the antennae, tended to mark off a presumably arboreal group of species with its own distinctive habitus. However, the central African species
|
|
<taxonomicName id="ED800CB1AB73E7F33E63429100EE9B30" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36109" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone grandis Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Simopone grandis Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">grandis</taxonomicName>
|
|
[76] is not so typical, and the fact that it combines traits of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="CAE6C9C7B061306321D08DB407E3E656" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6FD0D143758A78EF9FDA6DC6C84AD419" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
|
|
with those of more characteristic
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C4B6E795546564F3AD00506D6EBD305D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
species was obscured by a mediocre original description and by the paucity and isolation of material available for study in collections. The discovery and analysis of another specimen of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A91D1FF8FCB4CA7338DE22F8287E868D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36109" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone grandis Santschi" lsidName-HNS="Simopone grandis Santschi" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">grandis</taxonomicName>
|
|
[76] permits us now to say that it is such a strong link between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8CE061FEA3F9BBC385E268AA4682C627" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2295A6DA3C5181271AA9BD49705953C2" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
s. lat. that the generic distinction comes into doubt.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="BC1B677853B08B87FDFE5CF6A7FEAF9A" pageNumber="21">
|
|
Further trouble for this distinction comes in the form of a new species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="224AF4507C80A9182E758A441F8B1AA7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36104" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone conciliatrix Brown" lsidName-HNS="Simopone conciliatrix Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conciliatrix">Simopone conciliatrix</taxonomicName>
|
|
[77], Simopone-like in habitus, but with 12 antennomeres and other details that put it in the category of annectants between
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F8C6B00260AC051286BBEB9421CEE32C" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FEF765B5E001BB687F7938B78EC541D7" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Of course, there exist species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="BF263438DB0109847FE2D1D0ACFFF059" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
with 11 antennomeres (subgenus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7CBBC6EA8B136504ADEA187F50DAE28A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
), but, as already discussed, they mostly have the eyes reduced or absent, rather than enlarged as in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="72A6D563891701806F19A44D9AB1CB11" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Thus the 11 - merous condition in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="B2E222E3E35D8E520B03AB5CCCE15488" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="38217689E409355E206B385CFABC382F" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147181" authority="Emery, 1882" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1882" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parasyscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Parasyscia Emery" lsidName-HNS="Parasyscia Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Parasyscia</taxonomicName>
|
|
has apparently been considered (by anyone who may have thought about it at all) as convergent. The new 12 - merous species now ties
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FAA1454068CA23E6DE0106C491599B19" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
back to the more primitive line of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="191B0684ED0A265A2FCA1E4DFB4D5AE6" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which (according to Williston's Rule) must have had 12 antennal segments. Williston's Rule may also be invoked in the matter of the maxillary and labial palpi, which in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="66DE6CD9A76E2032522986B3E04832FA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27913" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys grandis (Clark)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys grandis (Clark)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">C. grandis</taxonomicName>
|
|
have 6 and 4 segments respectively, but in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F008FB125BC768C97B8EACBDC18EE338" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:36104" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone conciliatrix Brown" lsidName-HNS="Simopone conciliatrix Brown" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conciliatrix">C. conciliatrix</taxonomicName>
|
|
only 3 and 2. We see here the expression of an interesting tendency in ants as a family to maintain high palpal counts among some epigaeic, and especially arboreal, foragers. In these same lines, however, antennal segments may either be reduced in number, or stay at the primitive number 12.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="44ECAF54C265563A8DC85180F460C14A" pageNumber="21">
|
|
In the circumstances, my instincts have been to place
|
|
<taxonomicName id="9D8EBCE5A5C87F49FFF81CEE3B415D61" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
in the synonymy of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26528DB517BB7D4472332CA97F1F2382" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a primitive arboreal group of the latter genus, and this is the way the situation may well be viewed by future revisers. There does, however, remain one character by which the two groups can still be unequivocally separated in at least the workerqueen castes, and that is the tibial spur of the middle leg — present in all
|
|
<taxonomicName id="06C384B75ED136F49BB6381469672252" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
I have examined, and absent in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F38939F17D46FD8984CF22ADDFF26065" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Since the middle-leg spur character is concordant in a rough way with the traditional characters of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5C76295B724504913D6115AAA3E2691A" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
, it seems best to continue to recognize the generic separation, a course that also avoids some awkward specieslevel homonymy that would result if the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="87C30D7E968FFDEC810D79D89457F9EF" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2432" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopone" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Simopone Forel" lsidName-HNS="Simopone Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Simopone</taxonomicName>
|
|
species were thrown into
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2B695ED1B58AE2C9FA036AC25614F960" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="ABF548C00B4CE1D92EC7E2AE2B7DB27B" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="B59AE656536931548C97EA5AB483FECF" pageNumber="21">bionomics: Discussed previously under the tribe.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6E6236A2186AB69B5E3D71192CDD0609" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="147F2F75906D152FBE8C36ABEB7B7D8A" pageNumber="21">
|
|
distribution:
|
|
<taxonomicName id="79EC5955510DEBF1E309219DBF9893AA" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
as here constituted is by far the largest genus in the tribe, and its geographical range is virtually coextensive with that of tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName id="A44CEA1B684BD9CF3946E37A46AFE7A0" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2276" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachyini Forel" pageNumber="21" rank="tribe">Cerapachyini</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The genus is much better represented in the Old World than the New, and the majority of species, both described and undescribed, are in the Indo-Australian region. Forms with laterally marginate petiole (formerly
|
|
<taxonomicName id="F3C84CF7E4486DF5FFA8DF45CF1BC068" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147189" authority="Emery, 1901" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyracaces Emery" lsidName-HNS="Phyracaces Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyracaces</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="383709AB8441D34C40A00970D1DD537B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147136" authority="Clark, 1941" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1941" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neophyracaces" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neophyracaces Clark" lsidName-HNS="Neophyracaces Clark" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neophyracaces</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="76C413DAFE2203980640C3695343C64D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:147034" authority="Mayr, 1879" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Lioponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lioponera Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Lioponera Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Lioponera</taxonomicName>
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) are restricted to the Old World, and have radiated especially extensively in Australia, where they occur in semidesert as well as wet and dry forest habitats. The 9 - segmented group (
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<taxonomicName id="97B1B90B0A78419BD66FEA64F26ED354" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:146892" authority="Roger, 1861" authorityName="Roger" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Syscia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Syscia Roger" lsidName-HNS="Syscia Roger" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthorpoda" rank="genus">Syscia</taxonomicName>
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) is widespread in northern and eastern Australia as one or two species [63], and also has endemic species in New Guinea, the Solomons and Fiji; s.
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<taxonomicName id="4D3E667E97CDA33FE8C3726B28BBFB93" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27875" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys biroi Forel" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys biroi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">biroi</taxonomicName>
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of this group has become established in Hawaii and even in the West Indies, following probable overseas transport by human commerce. The 9 - segmented species are good colonizers.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C4B3BFB9C665B4BDC70226B47A166DA4" pageNumber="21">
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It is interesting to note that the " more typical "
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<taxonomicName id="F296BEE38D5C7DD249406838972C0B4D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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— the species with rounded petiole and 12 or 11 antennal segments related to
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<taxonomicName id="8AF8D7DC2A2D71EF1EA70392B27E3695" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27896" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys dohertyi Emery" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys dohertyi Emery" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dohertyi">C. dohertyi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="F6F3571DBB9E147253E3771D89614F5B" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27890" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys cribrinodis (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys cribrinodis (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cribrinodis">C. cribrinodis</taxonomicName>
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— have not penetrated continental Australia, though they have spread through Melanesia as far eastward as Fiji. This absence may be related to the extraordinary radiation in Australia of
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<taxonomicName id="D8437558A90759E0882B425AE1DB0A77" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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in the adaptive zones that elsewhere are mainly occupied by
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<taxonomicName id="EC06D8E3B7070F26C1F917987E670B59" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="30AE2B4D081529B0A878B77D4DF63031" lastPageNumber="22" pageNumber="21">
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In the New World, where
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<taxonomicName id="DAC63E249B8F549285F40929B3B10893" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2433" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Sphinctomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" lsidName-HNS="Sphinctomyrmex Mayr" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Sphinctomyrmex</taxonomicName>
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|
is known only from a single rare, localized species,
|
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<taxonomicName id="F9A671FD5767220CEA8D5AC697FCF2AE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
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|
is represented sparsely by a few 11 - segmented species ranging from Sonoran North America southward to Panama; one 11 - segmented species apparently isolated in southeastern Brasil; and one 12 - segmented, minute-eyed species from Trinidad that possibly could be a historic immigrant like
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0F8A67F2ACBB6C41C59C67B1CB8F7B9D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27875" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys biroi Forel" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys biroi Forel" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">C. biroi</taxonomicName>
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|
, known from the same island. The 11 - merous species from North and Central America appear to be endemic, and number perhaps as many as 5 or 6, counting undescribed samples; these form a tightly knit group of blind or minute-eyed forms related to
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1C7FBE412B4359505E08CD7CD994B0FE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27870" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys augustae Wheeler" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys augustae Wheeler" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="augustae">C. augustae</taxonomicName>
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. It seems likely that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="556960EE6F3BB2A471D2B41076E33390" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is limited in the New World by competition with myrmecotherous ecitonines such as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="6AAADA501D82A322F97DEBFC82711592" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2491" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Neivamyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neivamyrmex Borgmeier" lsidName-HNS="Neivamyrmex Borgmeier" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neivamyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="C44BEB62A7EEFB34A0CCADB9B6D7B6D6" pageNumber="22">
|
|
In Africa,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EFD933A002DC2A46EE12C54DFE6D7C1D" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
is widely and fairly well represented by a diversity of groups of species with 11 or 12 antennal segments (mainly 12) in habitats ranging from rain forest to arid karroo veld, montane grassland, and Saharan oases and wadis. Although at least one species (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7D65D6B31820CE45192230394D5558FB" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:27961" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys piochardi (Emery)" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys piochardi (Emery)" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piochardi">C. piochardi</taxonomicName>
|
|
) occurs in the Middle East, no cerapachyine is known to reach Europe.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5CA818D6185A6223C2E8469D4258D53D" pageNumber="22">
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0B482B0B0BB2D45BFE9FC8B10FBC76CE" LSID-HNS="urn:lsid:biosci.ohio-state.edu:osuc_concepts:2431" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cerapachys" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerapachys Smith" lsidName-HNS="Cerapachys Smith" order="Hymenoptera" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cerapachys</taxonomicName>
|
|
ranges to the southern shores of Australia and South Africa, and is well represented on Madagascar, but is still unknown from south of Brasil in South America. In Asia, the genus reaches north to the Himalayan wall, central China, and southern Japan.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |