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<document id="2EFCE6FA3A1E880D1F07EFACC4FE36B8" ID-CLB-Dataset="22022" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2017.344" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0e3a88b1-bb05-4a78-b1a5-d99c8995df45" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3834679" ID-ZooBank="27AA4538-407D-470A-8141-365124193D85" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589909072435" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando, McCANN, Linda D., Keppel, Erica &amp; Ruiz, Gregory M." docDate="2017" docId="794587B2FFD1FFAEFDE9FDC4FC48F9D6" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2017-344.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 344" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Ficopomatus enigmaticus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="857CFFCAFFC1FFBCFFCDFFA0FFB9FFD1" masterDocTitle="The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview" masterLastPageNumber="76" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698840373421" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="45C4E973B6673BD368CD8CE4EAFA7515">The fouling serpulids (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) from United States coastal waters: an overview</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EA8515366605D4F1387E0DCAF12A2244">Bastida-Zavala, J. Rolando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="79C8C8DEF50DB627C99D55C5936E661F">McCANN, Linda D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="54720B9D3B4FEFEF8473ED0074E52C58">Keppel, Erica</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="40F474CF9EEEE67CE08538A362026D12">Ruiz, Gregory M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6592397DA0B9F00379809E78088A1E51">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C554BFA6B3E9CBDE26D624B0E2F8815C">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="794587B2FFD1FFAEFDE9FDC4FC48F9D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3851359" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164184951" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3851359" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:794587B2FFD1FFAEFDE9FDC4FC48F9D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/794587B2FFD1FFAEFDE9FDC4FC48F9D6" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD1FFACFDE9FDC4FBB6FDAF" box="[548,1039,612,638]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFDE9FDC4FBB6FDAF" blockId="16.[548,1039,612,677]" box="[548,1039,612,638]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD1FFACFDE9FDC4FBB6FDAF" box="[548,1039,612,638]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFDE9FDC4FBB6FDAF" ID-CoL="6HVS2" authority="(Fauvel, 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[548,1039,612,638]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFDE9FDC4FCE5FDAF" bold="true" box="[548,860,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ficopomatus enigmaticus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFCA6FDC4FBBEFDAF" author="Fauvel" box="[875,1031,612,638]" firstAuthor="Fauvel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="424 - 430" refId="ref44770" refString="Fauvel P. 1923. Un nouveau serpulien d'eau saumatre Mercierella n. g., enigmatica n. sp. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 47: 424 - 430." type="journal article" year="1923">Fauvel, 1923</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD1FFACFD01FD2BFCD1FD74" box="[716,872,651,677]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFD01FD2BFCD1FD74" blockId="16.[548,1039,612,677]" box="[716,872,651,677]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<figureCitation id="69D72A21FFD1FFACFD01FD2BFCADFD74" box="[716,788,651,677]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1635,1661]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A. Operculum, juvenile from Humboldt Bay, California. B. Operculum, adult from San Pedro, California (LACMNH-N8819). – C. zygophora. C. Operculum, juvenile from Alaska (SERC). D. Operculum, adult from Canoe Bay, Alaska (LACMNH-N2128). – Ficopomatus enigmaticus. E. Tubes from Lake Merritt, California (LACMNH-N5141). F. Body, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-59327). G. Operculum, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-60530R). H. Colonies in Long Beach, California (photo by Bruno Pernet).– F. miamiensis. I. Tubes, from Chetumal Bay, Mexican Caribbean (ECOSUR). J–K. Operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-88344RF). – F. uschakovi. L. Tube, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883). M. Thorax and operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-86995). N. Operculum, from La Encrucijada, Chiapas (UMAR-Poly 113). O. Thorax and operculum, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834683/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 2</figureCitation>
E–H, 3
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD1FFACFF70FD70FCF2F89C" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFF70FD70FB8EFC56" blockId="16.[189,1399,720,903]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D1FC118AFFD1FFACFF70FD70FB8EFC56" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFF70FD70FCBDFD3B" author="Fauvel P." box="[189,772,720,746]" page="430" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" year="1923">
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFF70FD70FCBDFD3B" ID-CoL="3ZTGR" authority="Fauvel, 1923: 424 - 430" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityPageNumber="424 - 430" authorityYear="1923" box="[189,772,720,746]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Mercierella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmatica">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFF70FD70FE6CFD3B" box="[189,469,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mercierella enigmatica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFE29FD70FCBDFD3B" author="Fauvel" box="[484,772,720,746]" firstAuthor="Fauvel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="424 - 430" refId="ref44770" refString="Fauvel P. 1923. Un nouveau serpulien d'eau saumatre Mercierella n. g., enigmatica n. sp. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 47: 424 - 430." type="journal article" year="1923">Fauvel, 1923: 424–430</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 1a–o (
<typeStatus id="2E578806FFD1FFACFC53FD70FC6BFD3B" box="[926,978,720,746]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">type</typeStatus>
locality: Caen Canal,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD1FFACFB39FD70FACAFD3B" box="[1268,1395,720,746]" country="France" name="Haute-Normandie" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Normandy</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFF27FD57FE87FCC0" box="[234,318,759,785]" name="France" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">France</collectingCountry>
; on stems of
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFE2EFD57FDD3FCC0" box="[483,618,759,785]" class="Aves" family="Poaceae" genus="Phragmites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFE2EFD57FDD3FCC0" box="[483,618,759,785]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Phragmites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFDB0FD57FD66FCC0" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[637,735,759,785]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
grass), submerged wood, stones and shells in brackish water; associated with the bivalve
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFD49FCBEFBB7FCE8" authority="(Nyst, 1835)" baseAuthorityName="Nyst" baseAuthorityYear="1835" box="[644,1038,798,825]" class="Bivalvia" family="Dreissenidae" genus="Congeria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cochleata">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFD49FCBEFCD7FCE9" box="[644,878,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Congeria cochleata</emphasis>
(Nyst, 1835)
</taxonomicName>
, now
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFB9BFCBEFE26FC8E" authority="(Conrad, 1831)" baseAuthorityName="Conrad" baseAuthorityYear="1831" class="Bivalvia" family="Dreissenidae" genus="Mytilopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="leucophaeata">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFB9BFCBEFACFFCE9" box="[1110,1398,798,824]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mytilopsis leucophaeata</emphasis>
(Conrad, 1831)
</taxonomicName>
, the amphipod
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFD9CFCE5FC56FCB1" ID-CoL="YHFR" authority="(Pallas, 1766)" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[593,1007,837,864]" class="Malacostraca" family="Corophiidae" genus="Corophium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="volutator">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFD9CFCE5FCF1FC8E" box="[593,840,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Corophium volutator</emphasis>
(Pallas, 1766)
</taxonomicName>
and the bryozoan
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFB08FCE5FDA2FC56" authority="(Audouin, 1826)" baseAuthorityName="Audouin" baseAuthorityYear="1826" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Membraniporidae" genus="Membranipora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="lacroixii">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFB08FCE5FEF5FC57" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Membranipora lacroixii</emphasis>
(Audouin, 1826)
</taxonomicName>
, now
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFDADFCCCFB8AFC56" authority="(Linnaeus, 1767))" authorityName="" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1767" box="[608,1075,876,903]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Membraniporidae" genus="Conopeum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="reticulum">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFDADFCCCFCECFC57" box="[608,853,876,902]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Conopeum reticulum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFCA8FCCCFBA6FC56" author="Linnaeus" box="[869,1055,876,903]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="234 - 237" refId="ref47398" refString="Linnaeus C. 1767. Systema Naturae. 12 th ed., 1, Part 2. L. Salvius, Holmiae [Stockholm], 533 - 1327. Linero-Arana I. &amp; Diaz-Diaz O. 2012. Presencia del poliqueto exotico Ficopomatus uschakovi (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) en Venezuela: descripcion y comentarios sobre su distribucion. Interciencia 37: 234 - 237." type="journal article" year="1767">Linnaeus, 1767</bibRefCitation>
))
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFF70FC11FC48FB0C" blockId="16.[189,1399,945,1869]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D1FC118AFFD1FFACFF70FC11FC48FB0C" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFF70FC11FE77FC1A" ID-CoL="3ZTGR" authorityName="Fauvel" authorityYear="1923" box="[189,462,945,971]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Mercierella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmatica">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFF70FC11FE77FC1A" box="[189,462,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mercierella enigmatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFE24FC11FD56FC1A" author="Fauvel P." box="[489,751,945,972]" firstAuthor="Fauvel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref44851" refString="Fauvel P. 1933. Histoire de la Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, serpulien d'eau saum atre. Archives de Zoologie experimentale et generale 75: 185 - 193." type="journal article" year="1933">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFE24FC11FD0DFC1A" box="[489,692,945,972]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fauvel 1933: 190</treatmentCitation>
–192
</bibRefCitation>
(Lake Merritt, Oakland, San Francisco Bay; on pilings, piers, docks and boat hull associated with the amphipod
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFC42FC78FACEFC23" ID-CoL="9G4HW" authority="Milne Edwards, 1830" authorityName="Milne Edwards" authorityYear="1830" box="[911,1399,984,1010]" class="Malacostraca" family="Corophiidae" genus="Corophium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonelli">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFC42FC78FBD4FC23" box="[911,1133,984,1010]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Corophium bonelli</emphasis>
Milne Edwards, 1830
</taxonomicName>
(actually
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFE93FC5FFB04FBC8" ID-CoL="446DR" authority="(Crawford, 1937) sensu James T. Carlton" authorityName="sensu James T. Carlton" baseAuthorityName="Crawford" baseAuthorityYear="1937" box="[350,1213,1023,1050]" class="Malacostraca" family="Corophiidae" genus="Monocorophium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insidiosum">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFE93FC5FFD14FBC8" box="[350,685,1023,1049]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Monocorophium insidiosum</emphasis>
(Crawford, 1937) sensu James T. Carlton
</taxonomicName>
, pers. comm.), the hydrozoan
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFE51FB87FD5FFB91" ID-CoL="c8425824-5c90-4776-9860-9b101cb8e7b5" authority="Steenstrup, 1842" authorityName="Steenstrup" authorityYear="1842" box="[412,742,1062,1089]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corynidae" genus="Syncoryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFE51FB87FDAFFB90" box="[412,534,1063,1089]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Syncoryne</emphasis>
Steenstrup, 1842
</taxonomicName>
(actually
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFC93FB87FEDEFBB6" ID-CoL="6XPNV" authority="(M. Sars, 1835) sensu James T. Carlton" authorityName="sensu James T. Carlton" baseAuthorityName="M. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1835" class="Hydrozoa" family="Corynidae" genus="Sarsia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tubulosa">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFC93FB87FBAEFB91" box="[862,1047,1062,1089]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Sarsia tubulosa</emphasis>
(M. Sars, 1835) sensu James T. Carlton
</taxonomicName>
, pers. comm.), and
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFD96FBEDFCC2FBB9" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[603,891,1101,1128]" class="Bivalvia" family="Mytilidae" genus="Mytilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mytiloida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFD96FBEDFD0AFBB6" box="[603,691,1101,1127]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Mytilus</emphasis>
Linnaeus, 1758
</taxonomicName>
). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFC77FBEEFB2EFBB6" box="[954,1175,1101,1128]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFC77FBEEFB2EFBB6" author="Hartman" box="[954,1175,1101,1128]" firstAuthor="Hartman" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="63 - 64" refId="ref45339" refString="Hartman O. 1952. Fouling serpulid worms, new to the Gulf of Mexico. Texas Journal of Sciences 1: 63 - 64." type="journal article" year="1952">Hartman 1952: 64</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Rockport, Texas; fouling). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFEB1FBD4FD3AFB5E" author="Rioja E." box="[380,643,1140,1167]" firstAuthor="Rioja" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="547 - 551" refId="ref49150" refString="Rioja E. 1943. Estudios Anelidologicos IX: La presencia de la Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, en las costas argentinas. Anales del Instituto de Biologia 14: 547 - 551." type="journal article" year="1943">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFEB1FBD4FD81FB5E" box="[380,568,1140,1167]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Rioja 1943: 547</treatmentCitation>
—550
</bibRefCitation>
(Puerto Quequén,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFC92FBD4FC60FB5E" box="[863,985,1140,1167]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Argentina</collectingCountry>
). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFBDCFBD4FABFFB5F" box="[1041,1286,1140,1167]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFBDCFBD4FABFFB5F" author="Straughan" box="[1041,1286,1140,1167]" firstAuthor="Straughan" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="229 - 240" refId="ref50488" refString="Straughan D. 1969. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from Oahu, Hawaii. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 68 (4): 229 - 240. http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34157438 # page / 811 / mode / 1 up" type="journal article" year="1969">Straughan 1969: 234</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Ala Wai Canal, Kewalo Basin and Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFC6CFB3BFB17FB64" box="[929,1198,1179,1206]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFC6CFB3BFB17FB64" author="Bailey-Brock" box="[929,1198,1179,1206]" firstAuthor="Bailey-Brock" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="69 - 81" refId="ref41829" refString="Bailey-Brock J. H. 1976. Habitats of tubicolous polychaetes from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll. Pacific Science 30 (1): 69 - 81. http: // scholarspace. manoa. hawaii. edu / bitstream / handle / 10125 / 1532 / v 30 n 1 - 69 - 81. pdf" type="journal article" year="1976">Bailey-Brock 1976: 73</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Oahu and Maui islands, Hawaii; associated with channels, fish farms and oysters).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFF70FB4AFCF2F89C" blockId="16.[189,1399,945,1869]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="D1FC118AFFD1FFACFF70FB4AFCF2F89C" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFF70FB4AFE50FAD2" ID-CoL="6HVS2" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[189,489,1258,1283]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFF70FB4AFE50FAD2" box="[189,489,1258,1283]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ficopomatus enigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
–
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFDCFFB4AFC64FAD2" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[514,989,1257,1284]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFDCFFB4AFC18FAD2" box="[514,929,1257,1284]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978: 114</treatmentCitation>
–116
</bibRefCitation>
, figs 2e–i, 3d–e, l–q, 4a–d, s, aa–bb, nn–vv, zz, 5c (revision of the genus;
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFD56FAB0FC95FAFB" box="[667,812,1296,1322]" name="Netherlands" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Netherlands</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFCFAFAB0FC28FAFB" box="[823,913,1296,1322]" name="Tunisia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFC51FAB0FB8CFAFB" box="[924,1077,1296,1322]" name="South Africa" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFBF2FAB0FB17FAFB" box="[1087,1198,1296,1322]" name="Australia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFB74FAB1FB46FAFA" box="[1209,1279,1297,1323]" name="Japan" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFAC7FAB1FACBFAFA" box="[1290,1394,1297,1323]" name="Uruguay" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFF27FA97FEE6FA80" box="[234,351,1335,1361]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Argentina</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFE51FA97FDF9FA80" box="[412,576,1335,1361]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">United States</collectingCountry>
: San Francisco,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD1FFACFCC9FA98FCF1FA83" box="[772,840,1336,1362]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Texas</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD1FFACFC48FA97FC66FA83" box="[901,991,1335,1362]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFBD7FA97FACFFA80" box="[1050,1398,1335,1362]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFBD7FA97FACFFA80" author="Hoagland &amp; Turner" box="[1050,1398,1335,1362]" firstAuthor="Hoagland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref45485" refString="Hoagland K. E. &amp; Turner R. D. 1980. Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station. Marine Biology 58: 55 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00386880" type="journal article" year="1980">Hoagland &amp; Turner 1980: 60</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station, Barnegat Bay,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD1FFACFC78FAFFFBFCFAA8" box="[949,1093,1375,1401]" country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
;
<quantity id="36149B41FFD1FFACFB9BFAFEFB07FAA8" box="[1110,1214,1374,1401]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1.4" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="0.8">0.8–2 m</quantity>
; occurs in low densities on wood plates in the mouth of creeks flowing to the bay). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFBC1FA25FB54FA4E" box="[1036,1261,1413,1440]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFBC1FA25FB54FA4E" author="Zibrowius" box="[1036,1261,1413,1440]" firstAuthor="Zibrowius" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref52277" refString="Zibrowius H. 1992. Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee 51: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1992">Zibrowius 1992: 91</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(discussion about its origin). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFE2DFA0DFC0CFA17" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den" box="[480,949,1452,1479]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="23 - 67" refId="ref45774" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den. 1993. A review of Recent and fossil serpulid &quot; reefs &quot;; actuopaleontology and the ' Upper Malm' serpulid limestones in NW Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 72 (1): 23 - 67." type="journal article" year="1993">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFE2DFA0DFC3EFA17" box="[480,903,1452,1479]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ten Hove &amp; van den Hurk 1993: 42</treatmentCitation>
–44
</bibRefCitation>
, figs 5A–D, 6A–C (Lake
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFB27FA0CFA95FA17" box="[1258,1324,1452,1478]" name="Tunisia" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Tunis</collectingCountry>
reefs; intertidal to
<quantity id="36149B41FFD1FFACFE4EFA73FE74FA3F" box="[387,461,1491,1518]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="1.9">1.9 m</quantity>
, salinity 28–47‰, temperature 10–30°C). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFBCEFA73FB6AFA3F" box="[1027,1235,1491,1518]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFBCEFA73FB6AFA3F" author="Perkins" box="[1027,1235,1491,1518]" firstAuthor="Perkins" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="79 - 122" refId="ref48322" refString="Perkins T. H. 1998. Checklist of shallow-water marine polychaetous Annelida of Florida. In: Camp D. K., Lyons W. G. &amp; Perkins T. H. (eds) Checklist of Selected Shallow-water Marine Invertebrates of Florida: 79 - 122. Florida Marine Research Institute, Technical Report 3." type="book chapter" year="1998">Perkins 1998: 95</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist of shallow-water polychaetes from Florida). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFCC8FA5AFB33F9C5" author="Bianchi C. N. &amp; Morri C." box="[773,1162,1530,1557]" firstAuthor="Bianchi" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="215 - 220" refId="ref43022" refString="Bianchi C. N. &amp; Morri C. 2001. The battle is not to the strong: serpulid reefs in the lagoon of Orbetello (Tuscany, Italy). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 215 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / ecss. 2001.0793" type="journal article" year="2001">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFCC8FA5AFBE9F9C5" box="[773,1104,1530,1557]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Bianchi &amp; Morri 2001: 216</treatmentCitation>
–218
</bibRefCitation>
(Orbetello Lagoon,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFF27F981FE9AF9EA" box="[234,291,1569,1595]" name="Italy" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Italy</collectingCountry>
; reef-builders, competition with
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD1FFACFD6EF981FB97F9EA" ID-CoL="6MJML" authority="(Verril, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Verrill" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[675,1070,1569,1595]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Hydroides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dianthus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFD6EF981FC31F9EA" box="[675,904,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hydroides dianthus</emphasis>
(Verril, 1873)
</taxonomicName>
and ecological preferences; salinity 13–48‰, temperature 7–30°C). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFD2FF9E8FBFFF9B3" author="Schwindt E. &amp; Bortolus A. &amp; Iribarne O. O." box="[738,1094,1608,1635]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schwindt" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="137 - 149" refId="ref50215" refString="Schwindt E., Bortolus A. &amp; Iribarne O. O. 2001. Invasion of a reef-builder polychaete: direct and indirect impacts on the native benthic community structure. Biological Invasions 3: 137 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1014571916818" type="journal article" year="2001">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFD2FF9E8FBB3F9B3" box="[738,1034,1608,1635]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Schwindt
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFC9AF9E9FC29F9B3" box="[855,912,1608,1634]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2001: 139
</treatmentCitation>
–147
</bibRefCitation>
(impacts on Mar Chiquita Lagoon,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFE99F9CFFE77F95B" box="[340,462,1647,1674]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Argentina</collectingCountry>
). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFDC6F9CFFCC5F958" author="Schwindt E. &amp; Iribarne O. O. &amp; Isla F. I." box="[523,892,1647,1674]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schwindt" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref50267" refString="Schwindt E., Iribarne O. O. &amp; Isla F. I. 2004. Physical effects of an invading reef-building polychaete on an Argentinean estuarine environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 59: 109 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2003.06.004" type="journal article" year="2004">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFDC6F9CFFCF8F958" box="[523,833,1647,1674]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Schwindt
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFD49F9D0FD78F958" box="[644,705,1647,1673]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2004: 111
</treatmentCitation>
–118
</bibRefCitation>
(physical effects on the same lagoon). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFF27F936FDACF961" box="[234,533,1686,1713]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFF27F936FDACF961" author="Bastida-Zavala" box="[234,533,1686,1713]" firstAuthor="Bastida-Zavala" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref42167" refString="Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">Bastida-Zavala 2008: 19</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 5A (California and Hawaii). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFC2EF936FACFF961" author="Carlton J. T. &amp; Eldredge L. G." box="[995,1398,1686,1713]" firstAuthor="Carlton" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref43366" refString="Carlton J. T. &amp; Eldredge L. G. 2009. Marine Bioinvasions of Hawai'i. The Introduced and Cryptogenic Marine and Estuarine Animals and Plants of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies 4. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu." type="book" year="2009">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFC2EF936FAF2F961" box="[995,1355,1686,1713]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Carlton &amp; Eldredge 2009: 60</treatmentCitation>
–61
</bibRefCitation>
(Hawaii; invasion history and local economic impacts). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFC51F91DFAA4F906" box="[924,1309,1725,1752]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFC51F91DFAA4F906" author="Ben-Eliahu &amp; ten Hove" box="[924,1309,1725,1752]" firstAuthor="Ben-Eliahu" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref42760" refString="Ben-Eliahu M. N. &amp; ten Hove H. A. 2011. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal- From a Lessepsian migration perspective. Zootaxa 2848: 1 - 147. http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2011 / f / zt 02848 p 147. pdf" type="journal article" year="2011">Ben-Eliahu &amp; ten Hove 2011: 14</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFAE1F91DFAC8F906" box="[1324,1393,1725,1751]" name="Israel" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Israel</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD1FFACFF27F944FE9AF92F" box="[234,291,1764,1790]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Suez</collectingRegion>
Canal and
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFE67F945FE4DF92E" box="[426,500,1765,1791]" name="Egypt" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Egypt</collectingCountry>
;
<quantity id="36149B41FFD1FFACFDCDF944FDFEF92E" box="[512,583,1764,1791]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="0.3">0.3 m</quantity>
; under rocks, encrustation of tin can). —
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFBFFF944FB78F92F" box="[1074,1217,1764,1790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFBFFF944FB78F92F" author="Cohen" box="[1074,1217,1764,1790]" firstAuthor="Cohen" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refId="ref43740" refString="Cohen A. N. 2011. The exotics guide: Non-native marine species of the North American Pacific Coast. Center for Research on Aquatic Bioinvasions, Richmond and San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, California. Available from http: // www. exoticsguide. org [accessed 12 Dec. 2015]." type="url" year="2011">Cohen 2011</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
: webpage (Los Angeles Harbor, California; small boat marina; four specimens). —
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD1FFACFBC2F8ACFA81F8F4" author="Pernet B. &amp; Barton M. &amp; Fitzhugh K. &amp; Harris L. H. &amp; Lizarraga D. &amp; Ohl R. &amp; Whitcraft C. R." box="[1039,1336,1803,1830]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pernet" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref48382" refString="Pernet B., Barton M., Fitzhugh K., Harris L. H., Lizarraga D., Ohl R. &amp; Whitcraft C. R. 2016. Establishment of the reef-forming tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) (Annelida: Serpulidae) in southern California. BioInvasions Records 5 (1): 13 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2016.5.1.03" type="journal article" year="2016">
<treatmentCitation id="704D10B5FFD1FFACFBC2F8ACFAB2F8F4" box="[1039,1291,1803,1830]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
Pernet
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFBAFF8ACFB24F8F4" box="[1122,1181,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">et al.</emphasis>
2016: 13
</treatmentCitation>
–18
</bibRefCitation>
(Los Angeles River, California; established populations).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD1FFADFF70F8D7FCD8FE4A" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFF70F8D7FE13F840" blockId="16.[189,426,1911,1937]" box="[189,426,1911,1937]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD1FFACFF70F8D7FE13F840" bold="true" box="[189,426,1911,1937]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="3">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD1FFACFF70F8D7FE13F840" bold="true" box="[189,426,1911,1937]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD1FFACFF70F80AFC04F83A" blockId="16.[189,1398,1961,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<specimenCount id="E7EAFD2DFFD1FFACFF70F80AFED6F815" box="[189,367,1962,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">143 specimens</specimenCount>
: CB (64)
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFE2CF80AFDE3F815" box="[481,602,1962,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2000-09">Sep. 2000</date>
, 2001 and
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFD15F80AFCEEF815" box="[728,855,1962,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2012-08">Aug. 2012</date>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD1FFACFCAEF80AFC35F815" box="[867,908,1962,1988]" name="Switzerland" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CH</collectingCountry>
(17)
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFC01F80AFBFDF815" box="[972,1092,1962,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2004-09">Sep. 2004</date>
, IR (1)
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFB50F80AFAA5F815" box="[1181,1308,1961,1988]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2005-08">Aug. 2005</date>
, TB (2)
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFF70F871FE95F83A" box="[189,300,2001,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-07">Jul. 2002</date>
, GB (12)
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFE52F871FDA1F83A" box="[415,536,2001,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2002-09">Sep. 2002</date>
, SF (47)
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFD49F871FD45F83A" box="[644,764,2001,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2000-09">Sep. 2000</date>
,
<date id="85521064FFD1FFACFCC5F871FC01F83A" box="[776,952,2001,2027]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="2011" valueMax="2012">2011 and 2012</date>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF70FEABFE0DFEF4" blockId="17.[189,436,267,293]" box="[189,436,267,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD0FFADFF70FEABFE0DFEF4" bold="true" box="[189,436,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFF70FEABFE0DFEF4" bold="true" box="[189,436,267,293]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Additional material</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF70FE99FCD8FE4A" blockId="17.[189,1399,313,411]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<specimenCount id="E7EAFD2DFFD0FFADFF70FE99FEDBFE82" box="[189,354,313,340]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">25 specimens</specimenCount>
:
<collectionCode id="97FDAE61FFD0FFADFEA3FE9AFE54FE85" box="[366,493,314,340]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">LACMNH</collectionCode>
N8835 and N1873, many specimens (Lake Merritt, Oakland,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD0FFADFB1FFE99FAF5FE82" box="[1234,1356,313,339]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">California</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="85521064FFD0FFADFA94FE9AFE93FEA6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1934-07-27">27 Jul. 1934</date>
and
<date id="85521064FFD0FFADFEABFEFDFE47FEA6" box="[358,510,348,375]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1937-07-24">24 Jul. 1937</date>
);
<collectionCode id="97FDAE61FFD0FFADFDD9FEFDFD2AFEA6" box="[532,659,349,375]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">LACMNH</collectionCode>
N5141,
<specimenCount id="E7EAFD2DFFD0FFADFD31FEFCFC24FEA7" box="[764,925,348,375]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="generic">15 specimens</specimenCount>
(approx.
<geoCoordinate id="94D85063FFD0FFADFBDCFEFDFBC7FEA6" box="[1041,1150,349,375]" degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="21.283333">21°17' N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="94D85063FFD0FFADFB46FEFCFAB3FEA6" box="[1163,1290,348,375]" degrees="157" direction="west" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" precision="925" value="-157.83333">157°50' W</geoCoordinate>
, Ala Wai Canal, Honolulu,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD0FFADFE43FE20FE5FFE4B" box="[398,486,384,410]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
,
<date id="85521064FFD0FFADFE3CFE20FD35FE4B" box="[497,652,384,410]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" value="1948-04-18">18 Apr. 1948</date>
, coll. R.W. Hiatt).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD0FFADFF70FE61FBC9FCB4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF70FE61FE8FFE0A" blockId="17.[189,310,449,475]" box="[189,310,449,475]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD0FFADFF70FE61FE8FFE0A" bold="true" box="[189,310,449,475]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFF70FE61FE8FFE0A" bold="true" box="[189,310,449,475]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF70FE50FD2BFD6B" blockId="17.[189,1399,496,698]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
This species is gregarious and can build large colonies. Tube white, often covered by a dark film of microalgae; with large peristomes (collar-like rings); without longitudinal ridges or alveoli (
<figureCitation id="69D72A21FFD0FFADFAC1FDB3FAD3FDFC" box="[1292,1386,531,557]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1635,1661]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A. Operculum, juvenile from Humboldt Bay, California. B. Operculum, adult from San Pedro, California (LACMNH-N8819). – C. zygophora. C. Operculum, juvenile from Alaska (SERC). D. Operculum, adult from Canoe Bay, Alaska (LACMNH-N2128). – Ficopomatus enigmaticus. E. Tubes from Lake Merritt, California (LACMNH-N5141). F. Body, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-59327). G. Operculum, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-60530R). H. Colonies in Long Beach, California (photo by Bruno Pernet).– F. miamiensis. I. Tubes, from Chetumal Bay, Mexican Caribbean (ECOSUR). J–K. Operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-88344RF). – F. uschakovi. L. Tube, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883). M. Thorax and operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-86995). N. Operculum, from La Encrucijada, Chiapas (UMAR-Poly 113). O. Thorax and operculum, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834683/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
). Opercular peduncle smooth, white. Operculum fig-shaped, with a brown, horny plate covered with black spines, curving inwards (
<figureCitation id="69D72A21FFD0FFADFE24FDF9FDF3FDA2" box="[489,586,601,627]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1635,1661]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A. Operculum, juvenile from Humboldt Bay, California. B. Operculum, adult from San Pedro, California (LACMNH-N8819). – C. zygophora. C. Operculum, juvenile from Alaska (SERC). D. Operculum, adult from Canoe Bay, Alaska (LACMNH-N2128). – Ficopomatus enigmaticus. E. Tubes from Lake Merritt, California (LACMNH-N5141). F. Body, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-59327). G. Operculum, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-60530R). H. Colonies in Long Beach, California (photo by Bruno Pernet).– F. miamiensis. I. Tubes, from Chetumal Bay, Mexican Caribbean (ECOSUR). J–K. Operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-88344RF). – F. uschakovi. L. Tube, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883). M. Thorax and operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-86995). N. Operculum, from La Encrucijada, Chiapas (UMAR-Poly 113). O. Thorax and operculum, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834683/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2G</figureCitation>
), sometimes with accessory spinules. Sometimes, the horny plate is completely covered by these spines. Thoracic membranes well developed, not fused dorsally (
<figureCitation id="69D72A21FFD0FFADFAC2FDDCFAD0FD46" box="[1295,1385,636,663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1635,1661]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A. Operculum, juvenile from Humboldt Bay, California. B. Operculum, adult from San Pedro, California (LACMNH-N8819). – C. zygophora. C. Operculum, juvenile from Alaska (SERC). D. Operculum, adult from Canoe Bay, Alaska (LACMNH-N2128). – Ficopomatus enigmaticus. E. Tubes from Lake Merritt, California (LACMNH-N5141). F. Body, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-59327). G. Operculum, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-60530R). H. Colonies in Long Beach, California (photo by Bruno Pernet).– F. miamiensis. I. Tubes, from Chetumal Bay, Mexican Caribbean (ECOSUR). J–K. Operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-88344RF). – F. uschakovi. L. Tube, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883). M. Thorax and operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-86995). N. Operculum, from La Encrucijada, Chiapas (UMAR-Poly 113). O. Thorax and operculum, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834683/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
). Special collar chaetae coarsely serrated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF70FD42FBC9FCB4" blockId="17.[189,1399,737,870]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
Measurements: Total length =
<quantity id="36149B41FFD0FFADFDEEFD41FD33FD2D" box="[547,650,737,764]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1099999999999999" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="11.1">11.1 mm</quantity>
(n = 14, range (r): 3.1–25.3, SD = 6.9); thorax length =
<quantity id="36149B41FFD0FFADFAD0FD41FACEFD2D" box="[1309,1399,737,764]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
(n = 15, r: 1.4–3.8, SD = 0.9), thorax width =
<quantity id="36149B41FFD0FFADFD38FCA5FCEBFCCE" box="[757,850,773,799]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
(n = 15, r: 0.5–1.6, SD = 0.3); peduncle and operculum length =
<quantity id="36149B41FFD0FFADFE79FC88FDA8FC93" box="[436,529,808,834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
(n = 15, r: 0.8–3.0, SD = 0.6); operculum length =
<quantity id="36149B41FFD0FFADFB5DFC88FB54FC93" box="[1168,1261,808,834]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
(n = 15, r: 0.6–1.6, SD = 0.3); operculum diameter =
<quantity id="36149B41FFD0FFADFD7CFCEBFCB2FCB4" box="[689,779,843,869]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.7 mm</quantity>
(n = 15, r: 0.5–1.0, SD = 0.2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD0FFAEFF70FC2CFACAFC4C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF70FC2CFE0EFC77" blockId="17.[189,439,908,934]" box="[189,439,908,934]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD0FFADFF70FC2CFE0EFC77" bold="true" box="[189,439,908,934]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" reason="3">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFF70FC2CFE0EFC77" bold="true" box="[189,439,908,934]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Taxonomic remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFAEFF70FC1CFC45FD92" blockId="17.[189,1398,955,1017]" lastBlockId="18.[189,1399,267,579]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD0FFADFF70FC1CFE57FC04" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[189,494,956,981]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFF70FC1CFE57FC04" box="[189,494,956,981]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ficopomatus enigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a long historical record of invasions (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD0FFADFC20FC1BFADFFC04" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[1005,1382,955,981]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD0FFADFF70FC7EFE7CFC29" author="Zibrowius" box="[189,453,990,1017]" firstAuthor="Zibrowius" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="83 - 107" refId="ref52277" refString="Zibrowius H. 1992. Ongoing modification of the Mediterranean marine fauna and flora by the establishment of exotic species. Mesogee 51: 83 - 107." type="journal article" year="1992">Zibrowius (1992: 91)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD0FFADFD42FC7FFCF9FC29" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[655,832,991,1016]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFD42FC7FFCF9FC29" box="[655,832,991,1016]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F. enigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was probably introduced to Europe and San Francisco during the First World War (
<date id="85521064FFD3FFAEFD41FEABFCAFFEF4" box="[652,790,267,293]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" value="1914" valueMax="1919">1914–1919</date>
), because the first records in Europe, including the original description (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFE7EFE8FFDFFFE98" author="Fauvel" box="[435,582,303,329]" firstAuthor="Fauvel" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="424 - 430" refId="ref44770" refString="Fauvel P. 1923. Un nouveau serpulien d'eau saumatre Mercierella n. g., enigmatica n. sp. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 47: 424 - 430." type="journal article" year="1923">Fauvel 1923</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFD93FE8FFD4AFE9B" author="Rioja" box="[606,755,303,330]" firstAuthor="Rioja" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 471" refId="ref48990" refString="Rioja E. 1931. Estudio de los poliquetos de la Peninsula Iberica. Memorias de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales de Madrid, Serie de Ciencias Naturales 2: 1 - 471." type="journal article" year="1931">
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD3FFAEFD93FE8FFD27FE98" box="[606,670,303,329]" country="Spain" name="La Rioja" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Rioja</collectingRegion>
(1931)
</bibRefCitation>
from
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFCF6FE8FFC38FE98" box="[827,897,303,329]" name="Spain" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Spain</collectingCountry>
, and the specimens collected in 1931 from Lake Merrit, Oakland (revised by
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFD87FEF3FC0FFEBC" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[586,950,339,365]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
), were made a few years after the war. Zibrowius also rejected the hypothesis of
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFD7DFED6FCEEFE40" author="Fauvel" box="[688,855,374,401]" firstAuthor="Fauvel" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="424 - 430" refId="ref44770" refString="Fauvel P. 1923. Un nouveau serpulien d'eau saumatre Mercierella n. g., enigmatica n. sp. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 47: 424 - 430." type="journal article" year="1923">Fauvel (1923)</bibRefCitation>
of an Indian-Indonesian origin. He thought it more likely that the species originates in a subtropical to temperate region, perhaps southern
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFAC9FE3AFACAFE65" box="[1284,1395,410,436]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Given that five of the six species of
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD3FFAEFDBDFE1FFCB0FE09" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1921" box="[624,777,447,472]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFDBDFE1FFCB0FE09" box="[624,777,447,472]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ficopomatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are present in Asia, this region seems a likely point of origin. Recently,
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFE75FE42FD1DFE2D" author="Styan" box="[440,676,481,508]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Styan" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="53 - 65" refId="ref50542" refString="Styan C. A., McCluskey C. F., Sun Y. &amp; Kupriyanova E. K. 2017. Cryptic sympatric species across the Australian range of the global estuarine invader Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) (Serpulidae, Annelida). Aquatic Invasions 12 (1): 53 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / ai. 2017.12.1.06" type="journal article" year="2017">
Styan
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFDC5FE42FDF8FE2A" box="[520,577,481,507]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
analyzed several populations of
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD3FFAEFB8FFE42FACEFE2A" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1090,1399,482,507]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFB8FFE42FACEFE2A" box="[1090,1399,482,507]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ficopomatus enigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from southern
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFEA1FDA5FE62FDCE" box="[364,475,517,543]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
, using mitochondrial (Cyt B) sequencing and nuclear marker (iSSR) profiles, concluding that these populations represents cryptic sympatric species.
</paragraph>
<caption id="A593662CFFD0FFADFF76F805FCF1F832" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3834685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834685/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[187,230,1957,1983]" targetBox="[197,1396,1091,1854]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD0FFADFF76F805FCF1F832" blockId="17.[187,1396,1957,2019]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFF76F805FEB2F86E" bold="true" box="[187,267,1957,1983]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
Distribution of serpulids (
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD0FFADFD86F805FD7DF86E" authorityName="Benedict" authorityYear="1887" box="[587,708,1957,1983]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Crucigera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFD86F805FD7DF86E" box="[587,708,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Crucigera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD0FFADFCCDF806FC20F86E" authorityName="Southern" authorityYear="1921" box="[768,921,1958,1983]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD0FFADFCCDF806FC20F86E" box="[768,921,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ficopomatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD3FFAEFF70FDCBFB77FCC5" blockId="18.[189,1399,619,788]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
This species plays an important ecological role in some localities, because it builds large colonies in some Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFE72FD2FFDD4FD78" author="Hove H. A. ten" box="[447,621,655,681]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="45 - 51" refId="ref45587" refString="Hove H. A. ten. 1974. Notes on Hydroides elegans (Haswell, 1883) and Mercierella enigmatica Fauvel, 1923, alien serpulid polychaetes introduced into the Netherlands. Bulletin Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam 4 (5): 45 - 51." type="journal article" year="1974">ten Hove 1974</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFDB0FD2FFC57FD78" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[637,1006,654,681]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFC30FD2FFAD7FD78" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den" box="[1021,1390,654,681]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="23 - 67" refId="ref45774" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den. 1993. A review of Recent and fossil serpulid &quot; reefs &quot;; actuopaleontology and the ' Upper Malm' serpulid limestones in NW Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 72 (1): 23 - 67." type="journal article" year="1993">ten Hove &amp; van den Hurk 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFF70FD12FE29FD1D" author="Fornos" box="[189,400,690,716]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fornos" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="175 - 186" refId="ref45038" refString="Fornos J. J., Forteza V. &amp; Martinez-Taberner A. 1997. Modern polychaete reefs in Western Mediterranean lagoons: Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel) in the Albufera of Menorca, Balearic Islands. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 128: 175 - 186. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0031 - 0182 (96) 00045 - 4" type="journal article" year="1997">
Fornós
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFED8FD13FEF7FD1D" box="[277,334,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFE53FD12FD1BFD1D" author="Bianchi &amp; Morri" box="[414,674,690,716]" firstAuthor="Bianchi" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="215 - 220" refId="ref43022" refString="Bianchi C. N. &amp; Morri C. 2001. The battle is not to the strong: serpulid reefs in the lagoon of Orbetello (Tuscany, Italy). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 215 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / ecss. 2001.0793" type="journal article" year="2001">Bianchi &amp; Morri 2001</bibRefCitation>
) and Patagonian coastal lagoons (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFBE3FD12FAA4FD1D" author="Schwindt" box="[1070,1309,690,716]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schwindt" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="137 - 149" refId="ref50215" refString="Schwindt E., Bortolus A. &amp; Iribarne O. O. 2001. Invasion of a reef-builder polychaete: direct and indirect impacts on the native benthic community structure. Biological Invasions 3: 137 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1014571916818" type="journal article" year="2001">
Schwindt
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFB6EFD13FB65FD1D" box="[1187,1244,690,716]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFAE6FD12FADFFD1D" author="Schwindt" box="[1323,1382,690,716]" firstAuthor="Schwindt" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref50267" refString="Schwindt E., Iribarne O. O. &amp; Isla F. I. 2004. Physical effects of an invading reef-building polychaete on an Argentinean estuarine environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 59: 109 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2003.06.004" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
), where it forms reefs or micro-atolls,
<quantity id="36149B41FFD3FFAEFD9EFD76FD20FD21" box="[595,665,726,752]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3m</quantity>
in diameter(
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFCE4FD76FBC7FD21" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den" box="[809,1150,726,752]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="23 - 67" refId="ref45774" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den. 1993. A review of Recent and fossil serpulid &quot; reefs &quot;; actuopaleontology and the ' Upper Malm' serpulid limestones in NW Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 72 (1): 23 - 67." type="journal article" year="1993">ten Hove&amp;van den Hurk1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFB44FD76FAD6FD21" author="Schwindt" box="[1161,1391,726,752]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Schwindt" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="137 - 149" refId="ref50215" refString="Schwindt E., Bortolus A. &amp; Iribarne O. O. 2001. Invasion of a reef-builder polychaete: direct and indirect impacts on the native benthic community structure. Biological Invasions 3: 137 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1023 / A: 1014571916818" type="journal article" year="2001">
Schwindt
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFB36FD77FA88FD21" box="[1275,1329,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFF70FD5AFF45FCC5" author="Schwindt" box="[189,252,762,788]" firstAuthor="Schwindt" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref50267" refString="Schwindt E., Iribarne O. O. &amp; Isla F. I. 2004. Physical effects of an invading reef-building polychaete on an Argentinean estuarine environment. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 59: 109 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ecss. 2003.06.004" type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
), and can reach
<quantity id="36149B41FFD3FFAEFE74FD59FDBAFCC5" box="[441,515,761,788]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="750.0">750 m</quantity>
in length as in Lake
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFD35FD59FC83FCC2" box="[760,826,761,787]" name="Tunisia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Tunis</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFC86FD5AFB04FCC5" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den" box="[843,1213,761,788]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="23 - 67" refId="ref45774" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Hurk P. van den. 1993. A review of Recent and fossil serpulid &quot; reefs &quot;; actuopaleontology and the ' Upper Malm' serpulid limestones in NW Germany. Geologie en Mijnbouw 72 (1): 23 - 67." type="journal article" year="1993">ten Hove &amp; van den Hurk 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD3FFAEFF70FC9BFACAFC4C" blockId="18.[189,1398,827,925]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Recently, colonies(
<figureCitation id="69D72A21FFD3FFAEFE51FC9BFE4CFC87" box="[412,501,827,854]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[189,232,1635,1661]" captionTargetBox="[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[240,1347,265,1594]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 2. Serpulids from United States fouling plates. Crucigera websteri. A. Operculum, juvenile from Humboldt Bay, California. B. Operculum, adult from San Pedro, California (LACMNH-N8819). – C. zygophora. C. Operculum, juvenile from Alaska (SERC). D. Operculum, adult from Canoe Bay, Alaska (LACMNH-N2128). – Ficopomatus enigmaticus. E. Tubes from Lake Merritt, California (LACMNH-N5141). F. Body, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-59327). G. Operculum, from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (SERC-60530R). H. Colonies in Long Beach, California (photo by Bruno Pernet).– F. miamiensis. I. Tubes, from Chetumal Bay, Mexican Caribbean (ECOSUR). J–K. Operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-88344RF). – F. uschakovi. L. Tube, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883). M. Thorax and operculum, from Galveston Bay, Texas (SERC-86995). N. Operculum, from La Encrucijada, Chiapas (UMAR-Poly 113). O. Thorax and operculum, from Corpus Christi, Texas (SERC-88883)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834683" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834683/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig.2H</figureCitation>
) of this species were collected from Long Beach,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD3FFAEFBD3FC9BFB2CFC84" box="[1054,1173,827,853]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">California</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFB6FFC9CFADFFC84" author="Pernet" box="[1186,1382,827,854]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Pernet" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="13 - 19" refId="ref48382" refString="Pernet B., Barton M., Fitzhugh K., Harris L. H., Lizarraga D., Ohl R. &amp; Whitcraft C. R. 2016. Establishment of the reef-forming tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel, 1923) (Annelida: Serpulidae) in southern California. BioInvasions Records 5 (1): 13 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.3391 / bir. 2016.5.1.03" type="journal article" year="2016">
Pernet
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFB3DFC9CFA9EFC84" box="[1264,1319,827,853]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFF70FCFFFE7CFCAB" author="Bastida-Zavala" box="[189,453,863,890]" firstAuthor="Bastida-Zavala" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref42167" refString="Bastida-Zavala J. R. 2008. Serpulids (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the eastern Pacific, including a brief mention of Hawaiian serpulids. Zootaxa 1722: 1 - 61." type="journal article" year="2008">Bastida-Zavala (2008)</bibRefCitation>
recorded
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD3FFAEFDF1FCC0FD5EFCA8" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[572,743,864,889]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFDF1FCC0FD5EFCA8" box="[572,743,864,889]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">F. enigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from fouling plates in San Diego,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD3FFAEFB49FCFFFB46FCA8" box="[1156,1279,863,889]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">California</collectingRegion>
; however, this record was a mistake because the samples examined were actually from San Francisco,
<collectingRegion id="3328F846FFD3FFAEFB39FC23FAD6FC4C" box="[1268,1391,899,925]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">California</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD3FFAEFF70FC65FC16FBAB" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD3FFAEFF70FC65FE99FC0E" blockId="18.[189,288,965,991]" box="[189,288,965,991]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD3FFAEFF70FC65FE99FC0E" bold="true" box="[189,288,965,991]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFF70FC65FE99FC0E" bold="true" box="[189,288,965,991]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD3FFAEFF70FC54FC16FBAB" blockId="18.[189,1399,1011,1146]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Intertidal to sublittoral (
<quantity id="36149B41FFD3FFAEFDCDFC54FDF9FBDF" box="[512,576,1012,1038]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
). In lagoons with salinities of 13–48‰, temperature 7–30°C (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFF0AFBB7FE6CFBE3" author="Bianchi &amp; Morri" box="[199,469,1047,1074]" firstAuthor="Bianchi" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="215 - 220" refId="ref43022" refString="Bianchi C. N. &amp; Morri C. 2001. The battle is not to the strong: serpulid reefs in the lagoon of Orbetello (Tuscany, Italy). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 53: 215 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / ecss. 2001.0793" type="journal article" year="2001">Bianchi &amp; Morri 2001</bibRefCitation>
); on
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD3FFAEFDDAFBB8FDCEFBE3" box="[535,631,1048,1074]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
grass, submerged wood, stones and shells, bivalves, bryozoans, rocky, sandy and artificial substrates such as tin cans (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFC82FB9BFC5AFB84" author="Fauvel" box="[847,995,1083,1109]" firstAuthor="Fauvel" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="424 - 430" refId="ref44770" refString="Fauvel P. 1923. Un nouveau serpulien d'eau saumatre Mercierella n. g., enigmatica n. sp. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France 47: 424 - 430." type="journal article" year="1923">Fauvel 1923</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFC38FB9CFAD6FB84" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[1013,1391,1083,1110]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFF70FBFFFDADFBA8" author="Ben-Eliahu &amp; ten Hove" box="[189,532,1119,1145]" firstAuthor="Ben-Eliahu" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref42760" refString="Ben-Eliahu M. N. &amp; ten Hove H. A. 2011. Serpulidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the Suez Canal- From a Lessepsian migration perspective. Zootaxa 2848: 1 - 147. http: // www. mapress. com / zootaxa / 2011 / f / zt 02848 p 147. pdf" type="journal article" year="2011">Ben-Eliahu &amp; ten Hove 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and settlement plates (this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B9F6652FFFD3FFAEFF70FB01FC48F9D6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD3FFAEFF70FB01FEEFFB6A" blockId="18.[189,342,1185,1211]" box="[189,342,1185,1211]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="AA1B81C8FFD3FFAEFF70FB01FEEFFB6A" bold="true" box="[189,342,1185,1211]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFF70FB01FEEFFB6A" bold="true" box="[189,342,1185,1211]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F15336A4FFD3FFAEFF70FB70FC48F9D6" blockId="18.[189,1399,1232,1544]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
World-wide in temperate, brackish-water lagoons. Northern Europe, Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFF38FB53FE34FADC" box="[245,397,1267,1293]" name="South Africa" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFDCCFB53FDC9FADC" box="[513,624,1267,1293]" name="Australia" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFDB6FB54FD78FADF" box="[635,705,1268,1294]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Hawaii, California, northern Gulf of Mexico,
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFB12FB54FAFFFADF" box="[1247,1350,1268,1294]" name="Uruguay" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
and northern
<collectingCountry id="89FB7634FFD3FFAEFEE8FAB7FE23FAE0" box="[293,410,1303,1329]" name="Argentina" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFE66FAB8FCAEFAE0" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[427,791,1303,1330]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
). In this work,
<taxonomicName id="36EC4D27FFD3FFAEFC04FAB8FB4EFAE0" baseAuthorityName="Fauvel" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[969,1271,1304,1329]" class="Polychaeta" family="Serpulidae" genus="Ficopomatus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sabellida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="enigmaticus">
<emphasis id="C398EAB6FFD3FFAEFC04FAB8FB4EFAE0" box="[969,1271,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ficopomatus enigmaticus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was found abundantly on fouling plates from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia (first recorded there in 1994 by L. McCann) and San Francisco Bay, California; and occasionally from Charleston, South Carolina, Indian River and Tampa Bay, Florida, and Galveston Bay, Texas (
<figureCitation id="69D72A21FFD3FFAEFD22FA22FC8FFA4D" box="[751,822,1410,1436]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="17.[187,230,1957,1983]" captionTargetBox="[197,1396,1091,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[192,1401,1088,1858]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Fig. 3. Distribution of serpulids (Crucigera and Ficopomatus spp.) from United States fouling plates (closed symbols) and literature records (open symbols)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3834685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3834685/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). The material studied extends its eastward range from Rockport, Texas (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFE02FA07FC86FA11" author="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A." box="[463,831,1446,1473]" firstAuthor="ten Hove" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="96 - 120" refId="ref46010" refString="Hove H. A. ten &amp; Weerdenburg J. C. A. 1978. A generic revision of the brackish-water serpulid Ficopomatus Southern 1921 (Polychaeta: Serpulinae), including Mercierella Fauvel 1923, Sphaeropomatus Treadwell 1934, Mercierellopsis Rioja 1945 and Neopomatus Pillai 1960. The Biological Bulletin 154: 96 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540777" type="journal article" year="1978">ten Hove &amp; Weerdenburg 1978</bibRefCitation>
), to Pensacola Bay, Florida (
<quantity id="36149B41FFD3FFAEFB59FA06FB4AFA10" box="[1172,1267,1446,1473]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="750.0">750 km</quantity>
); our study also extends its southward range from Barnegat Bay, New Jersey (
<bibRefCitation id="957D4B55FFD3FFAEFC1DFA6AFB42FA35" author="Hoagland &amp; Turner" box="[976,1275,1482,1508]" firstAuthor="Hoagland" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="55 - 64" refId="ref45485" refString="Hoagland K. E. &amp; Turner R. D. 1980. Range extensions of teredinids (shipworms) and polychaetes in the vicinity of a temperate-zone nuclear generating station. Marine Biology 58: 55 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00386880" type="journal article" year="1980">Hoagland &amp; Turner 1980</bibRefCitation>
) to Indian River, Florida (
<quantity id="36149B41FFD3FFAEFEBDFA4DFE64F9D9" box="[368,477,1517,1544]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="km" value="1500.0">1500 km</quantity>
), though only one specimen was found there.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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