573 lines
66 KiB
XML
573 lines
66 KiB
XML
<document id="DF5CB4132F6EF80AD8CB2E33DEDB0175" ID-CLB-Dataset="20341" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5105.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="797fca93-60bf-40ce-bb55-e5cb695f6356" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6332761" ID-ZooBank="187B04D7-4C35-4E27-9B2D-A616BF59F380" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1646597857429" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Watson, Gillian W." docDate="2022" docId="03D687D0FFA2985D19E8C800FA2EE445" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5105.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5105 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Margarodidae Cockerell" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="308" masterDocId="FFEFFFA8FFA6985A197FCA59FFB2E100" masterDocTitle="Towards identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 2. Checklists and keys to six archaeococcoid families" masterLastPageNumber="356" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="305" updateTime="1699317191505" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D2F4B12FF68B1FD25290449281EEAB8B">Towards identification of the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) of continental Africa: 2. Checklists and keys to six archaeococcoid families</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B3715BBB8439F64E3373D44AD9FCE496">Watson, Gillian W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="00F5ADF0D957D94056430C5C795349C8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D9D20623C28C09F9F2BD7CDEFE18D6F0">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03D687D0FFA2985D19E8C800FA2EE445" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6343165" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193890907" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6343165" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D687D0FFA2985D19E8C800FA2EE445" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687D0FFA2985D19E8C800FA2EE445" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA2985E19E8C800FDC0E373" box="[151,626,601,627]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985E19E8C800FDC0E373" blockId="4.[151,626,601,627]" box="[151,626,601,627]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<heading id="D08881AAFFA2985E19E8C800FDC0E373" bold="true" box="[151,626,601,627]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19E8C800FDC0E373" bold="true" box="[151,626,601,627]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1988C800FDC0E373" ID-CoL="624JZ" ID-ENA="83869" authority="Cockerell" box="[247,626,601,627]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">MARGARODIDAE Cockerell</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA2985E19E8C8C7FD73E3B9" box="[151,705,670,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985E19E8C8C7FD73E3B9" blockId="4.[151,1437,670,1981]" box="[151,705,670,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19E8C8C7FED0E3B9" bold="true" box="[151,354,670,697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Common names:</emphasis>
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Ground pearls or margarodids.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA2985E19B8C898FCC5E4F9" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985E19B8C898FCF8E559" blockId="4.[151,1437,670,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19B8C898FED6E3DB" bold="true" box="[199,356,705,731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Background:</emphasis>
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In the early literature (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1BE4C898FCF6E3DB" author="Morrison, H." box="[667,836,705,731]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 239" refId="ref31312" refString="Morrison, H. (1928) A classification of the higher groups and genera of the coccid family Margarodidae. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 52, 1 - 239." type="journal article" year="1928">Morrison 1928</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1A2FC898FBAFE3DC" author="Borchsenius, N. S." box="[848,1053,705,732]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refId="ref28652" refString="Borchsenius, N. S. (1960) [Fauna of USSR, Homoptera, Kermococcidae, Asterolecaniidae, Lecanidodiaspididae, Aclerdidae.] Akademiia Nauk SSSR. Series. Zoologicheskii Institut, Leningrad, 282 pp." type="book" year="1960">Borchsenius 1960</bibRefCitation>
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), the ancient family
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1C7FC898FA2FE3DB" box="[1280,1437,705,731]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19E8C8BCFEBBE3FE" box="[151,265,740,766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">sensu lato</emphasis>
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contained species showing an enormous range of morphological and biological variation.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1C7FC8BDFA2EE3FE" author="Koteja, J." box="[1280,1436,740,766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 162" refId="ref30433" refString="Koteja, J. (1974) Comparative studies on the labium in the Coccinea (Homoptera). Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawie, Rozprawy Naukowe, 89, 1 - 162." type="journal article" year="1974">Koteja (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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first proposed breaking the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E18B6C95EFDD4E221" box="[457,614,775,801]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1B13C95EFD6FE221" box="[620,733,775,801]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">sensu lato</emphasis>
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into six families, based on the structure of the labium, whereas
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E19E8C970FE75E244" author="Hodgson, C. J. & Foldi, I." box="[151,455,809,836]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 250" refId="ref29672" refString="Hodgson, C. J. & Foldi, I. (2006) A review of the Margarodidae sensu Morrison (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) and some related taxa based on the morphology of adult males. Zootaxa, 1263 (1), 1 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1263.1.1" type="journal article" year="2006">Hodgson and Foldi (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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subsequently recognized 11 families, based on male morphology. The name
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1C3DC973FF50E266" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1996C914FEC4E266" box="[233,374,845,870]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">sensu stricto</emphasis>
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||
is now applied to a family group of ten genera containing 109 described species (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1C73C915FA2AE267" author="Foldi, I." box="[1292,1432,844,871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="81 - 125" refId="ref29081" refString="Foldi, I. (2005 a) Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae sensu stricto (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 41, 81 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2005.10697442" type="journal article" year="2005">Foldi 2005a</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E19E8C936FED1E289" author="Miller, D. & Rung, A. & Parikh, G. & Venable, G. & Redford, A. J. & Evans, G. A. & Gill, R. J." box="[151,355,879,905]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. & Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
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Miller
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E199AC936FEADE289" box="[229,287,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1810C936FD17E28A" author="Garcia Morales, M. & Denno, B. D. & Miller, D. R. & Miller, G. L. & Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B." box="[367,677,879,906]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refId="ref29245" refString="Garcia Morales, M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 12 January 2022) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118." type="url" year="2016">
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García Morales
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1B59C936FDD2E289" box="[550,608,879,905]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The species are all highly adapted for life underground, spending part of the life cycle as a dormant cyst in the soil (a “ground pearl”) (de
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1AB4C9C8FB3CE2AB" author="Klerk, C. A. de & Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H." box="[971,1166,913,939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="133 - 144" refId="ref30139" refString="Klerk, C. A. de, Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H. (1983) General morphology of South African species of Margarodes (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae) with keys to nymphs and adult females. Phytophylactica, 15 (4), 133 - 144." type="journal article" year="1983">
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Klerk
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||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1D6CC9CBFBFEE2AB" box="[1043,1100,913,939]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
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1983
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Gavrilov-Zimin 2018). The cyst stage can live for multiple years and is an adaptation to survive long periods of drought when the host plant cannot grow (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E180FC98EFD88E2F1" author="Miller, D. & Rung, A. & Parikh, G. & Venable, G. & Redford, A. J. & Evans, G. A. & Gill, R. J." box="[368,570,983,1009]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. & Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
|
||
Miller
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||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E18C1C98EFE44E2F1" box="[446,502,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Adult females have relatively uniform morphology, but the immature stages show a dramatic diversity of structural details. Historically, some species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1A95C9A0FB26E513" box="[1002,1172,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1A95C9A0FB26E513" box="[1002,1172,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Porphyrophora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were used as sources of valuable red dyes for textiles (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E18A2CE45FCB7E536" author="Vahedi, H. A. & Hodgson, C. J." box="[477,773,1052,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="23 - 122" refId="ref31747" refString="Vahedi, H. A. & Hodgson, C. J. (2007) Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Systematics and Biodiversity, 5 (1), 23 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200006002039" type="journal article" year="2007">Vahedi and Hodgson 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1A38CE45FC53E536" box="[839,993,1052,1078]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
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of Africa have not been well studied and there may well be more, undescribed species still to be found.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985E19B8CE38FDC7E429" blockId="4.[151,1437,670,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19B8CE38FE03E57B" bold="true" box="[199,433,1121,1147]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Appearance in life:</emphasis>
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Normally found in soil or sand, usually on roots of annual grasses or perennial shrubs or trees, but early in the growing season crawlers sometimes found infesting grass leaves. Body of adult female large, length up to 5.0 mm or more, generally rotund, but some species elongate oval. Mouthparts normally absent; anterior legs enlarged for digging (fossorial); usually without wax secretions apart from a filamentous wax ovisac produced in some species. Cyst of immature female ovoid, amber yellow to dark brown, sometimes appearing iridescent or metallic, surface often textured.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985E19B8CF68FCC5E4F9" blockId="4.[151,1437,670,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19B8CF68FEC0E44B" bold="true" box="[199,370,1329,1355]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Identification:</emphasis>
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The best specimens for identification are young adult females just after the final moult, before the body has become distended with developing eggs. Adult female (
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<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA2985E1AE6CF0DFC6EE46E" box="[921,988,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[166,1424,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-15@5.[151,1436,181,1913]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Margarodidae, morphology of adult female; Dimargarodes tanganyicus Jakubski from Vahedi & Hodgson (2007: 32, Fig. 3), reproduced with permission © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332765/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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) large, up to 5.0 mm long or more, normally without mouthparts; anal opening not obvious. Forelegs greatly enlarged for digging through soil, often with some leg segments fused; each tarsus with more than one campaniform sensilla. Abdominal spiracles usually present (occasionally absent); thoracic spiracles each usually with pores in atrium. Cicatrices absent in adult female, occasionally present in cyst stage (de
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E18A9CF86FD25E4F9" author="Klerk, C. A. de & Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H." box="[470,663,1503,1529]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="133 - 144" refId="ref30139" refString="Klerk, C. A. de, Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H. (1983) General morphology of South African species of Margarodes (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae) with keys to nymphs and adult females. Phytophylactica, 15 (4), 133 - 144." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Klerk
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1B62CF86FDFCE4F9" box="[541,590,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1BDCCF86FCDEE4F9" author="Miller, D. & Rung, A. & Parikh, G. & Venable, G. & Redford, A. J. & Evans, G. A. & Gill, R. J." box="[675,876,1503,1529]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" refId="ref31140" refString="Miller, D., Rung, A., Parikh, G., Venable, G., Redford, A. J., Evans, G. A. & Gill, R. J. (2014) Scale Insects, Edition 2. USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP), Fort Collins, Colorado. Available from: http: // idtools. org / id / scales / factsheet. php? name = 6726 (accessed 15 February 2022)" type="url" year="2014">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1B8FCF86FC9AE4F9" box="[752,808,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA2985E19B8CC58FAAFE60E" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985E19B8CC58FAAFE60E" blockId="4.[151,1437,670,1981]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19B8CC58FE65E71B" bold="true" box="[199,471,1537,1563]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Economic importance:</emphasis>
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In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA2985E1883CC58FD3FE71B" box="[508,653,1537,1563]" name="South Africa" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1BE7CC58FC3AE71B" box="[664,904,1537,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1BE7CC58FC3AE71B" box="[664,904,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Margarodes capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1AE9CC5BFBF7E71B" box="[918,1093,1537,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prieskaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1AE9CC5BFBF7E71B" box="[918,1093,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">M. prieskaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1D03CC5BFAFAE71B" box="[1148,1352,1537,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vredendalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1D03CC5BFAFAE71B" box="[1148,1352,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">M. vredendalensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are becoming increasingly important as pests on grapevines (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1A5BCC7DFC55E73E" author="Klerk, C. A. de & Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H." box="[804,999,1572,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="133 - 144" refId="ref30139" refString="Klerk, C. A. de, Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H. (1983) General morphology of South African species of Margarodes (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae) with keys to nymphs and adult females. Phytophylactica, 15 (4), 133 - 144." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Klerk
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1A14CC7CFC16E73E" box="[875,932,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Infestation causes patches of vines to die, and vineyards can be destroyed. Ground-pearl feeding devitalizes the vines through sap depletion and possibly by injection of salivary toxins. Infested vines gradually decline; shoots become progressively thinner and shorter and leaves sparser, and after five or six years the vine may die (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1A0DCCD5FB83E7A6" author="Klerk, C. A. de & Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H." box="[882,1073,1676,1702]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="133 - 144" refId="ref30139" refString="Klerk, C. A. de, Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H. (1983) General morphology of South African species of Margarodes (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae) with keys to nymphs and adult females. Phytophylactica, 15 (4), 133 - 144." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Klerk
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1AC7CCD4FC5DE7A6" box="[952,1007,1676,1702]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In South America,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1C6BCCD5FF74E7C8" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1C6BCCD5FF74E7C8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Margarodes vitis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a serious pest of grapevines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1B5BCCF6FD60E7C9" author="Gonzalez, R. H." box="[548,722,1711,1737]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref29547" refString="Gonzalez, R. H. (1983) Manejo de plagas de la vid. Publicaciones en Ciencia Agricultura, Universidad de Chile, Facultad Ciencia Agrarias, Veterinarias, y Forestales, 13, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1983">González 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike an infestation of grapevine phylloxera (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1D93CCF6FF49E7EB" baseAuthorityName="Fitch" baseAuthorityYear="1855" class="Insecta" family="Phylloxeridae" genus="Daktulosphaira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitifoliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1D93CCF6FF49E7EB" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Daktulosphaira vitifoliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1878CC88FD8AE7EB" authority=": Aphidomorpha" authorityName="Aphidomorpha" box="[263,568,1745,1771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Hemiptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hemiptera: Aphidomorpha</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1B3ECC88FD53E7EC" authorityName="Herrich-Schaeffer" authorityYear="1854" box="[577,737,1745,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Phylloxeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Phylloxeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), in ground pearl infeststions no root galls are formed (de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1C23CC88FEA0E60E" author="Klerk, C. A. de & Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H." pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="133 - 144" refId="ref30139" refString="Klerk, C. A. de, Ben-Dov, Y. & Giliomee, J. H. (1983) General morphology of South African species of Margarodes (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Margarodidae) with keys to nymphs and adult females. Phytophylactica, 15 (4), 133 - 144." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Klerk
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19E8CCACFF7DE60E" box="[151,207,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the Middle East,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA2985E1B7CCCADFC14E60F" authority="(Bodenheimer)" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[515,934,1780,1807]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritici">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E1B7CCCADFD47E60E" box="[515,757,1780,1806]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Porphyrophora tritici</emphasis>
|
||
(Bodenheimer)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a pest of wheat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA2985E1D01CCADFAA2E60E" author="Vahedi, H. A." box="[1150,1296,1780,1806]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" pagination="357 - 363" refId="ref31645" refString="Vahedi, H. A. (2001) The biology of Porphyrophora tritici (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) and the effect of some farming practices on its populations in Kermanshah, Iran. Entomologica, 33 (1999), 357 - 363." type="journal article" year="2001">Vahedi 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA2985C19B8CD4FFD3DE065" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA2985C19B8CD4FFD3DE065" blockId="4.[151,1437,670,1981]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="307" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA2985E19B8CD4FFE99E630" bold="true" box="[199,299,1814,1840]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Biology:</emphasis>
|
||
The underground habit of margarodids makes them difficult to study so their biology is not well known. In at least some species, the life cycle can take several years and includes at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D79FD4FFFA2985E1DF5CD63FA97E653" box="[1162,1317,1849,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="immature">one immature</specimenCount>
|
||
instar that forms a dormant cyst to survive adverse conditions like drought (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA2985E1A15CD05FC1CE676" box="[874,942,1884,1910]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1498,1522]" captionTargetBox="[157,1430,382,1470]" captionTargetId="figure-138@6.[151,1435,381,1475]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. The life cycle of ground pearls (Margarodidae), from Foldi (2005a: 90, Fig. 2), reproduced with permission from Annales de la Société entomologique de France." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332767/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). In some species, the only time spent above ground is a brief period as adults for mating, whereas some other species reproduce parthenogenetically. Margarodids occur on various hosts, from annual grasses to perennial shrubs and perhaps even trees, usually feeding on the roots, but early in the year the crawlers of some species infest the leaf sheaths of grasses.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C1DDCCACEFA27E1B0" baseAuthorityName="Bodenheimer" baseAuthorityYear="1941" box="[1187,1429,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tritici">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C1DDCCACEFA27E1B0" box="[1187,1429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Porphyrophora tritici</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a pest of wheat in the Middle East, has one generation annually and overwinters as eggs in an ovisac underground. On hatching, the crawlers climb into grass leaf sheaths and feed there for 30‒45 days; then they return to the soil and moult into the cyst stage, which feeds on grass roots for 30‒45 days. During this stage there are up to 12 moults before the adult female emerges to mate above ground, then returning to the soil to produce an ovisac and eggs at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="4C879B23FFA0985C1984CB12FEFCE065" box="[251,334,331,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3‒4 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA0985C1823CB12FE54E065" author="Duran, M." box="[348,486,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" pagination="1 - 80" refId="ref28942" refString="Duran, M. (1971) [The investigations on ground pearls (Margarodes (Porphyrophora) tritici Bod.) a grain pest in central Anatolia]. Bitki Koruma Bulteni. Ankara (Plant Protection Bulletin), Supplement 1, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="1971">Durán 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA0985C188ECB12FD30E065" author="Vahedi, H. A." box="[497,642,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" pagination="357 - 363" refId="ref31645" refString="Vahedi, H. A. (2001) The biology of Porphyrophora tritici (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) and the effect of some farming practices on its populations in Kermanshah, Iran. Entomologica, 33 (1999), 357 - 363." type="journal article" year="2001">Vahedi 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF00664EFFA3985F19E8CDC8FBC9E6CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332765" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6332765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332765/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" startId="5.[151,250,1937,1961]" targetBox="[166,1424,193,1905]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA3985F19E8CDC8FBC9E6CC" blockId="5.[151,1437,1937,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA3985F19E8CDC8FEA1E6A9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1937,1961]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA3985F1865CDC8FE18E6A9" box="[282,426,1937,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, morphology of adult female;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA3985F1BA0CDC8FBE0E6A9" authority="Jakubski" authorityName="Jakubski" authorityYear="1965" box="[735,1106,1937,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA3985F1BA0CDC8FC40E6A9" box="[735,1010,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Dimargarodes tanganyicus</emphasis>
|
||
Jakubski
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA3985F1DEFCDC8FF01E6CD" author="Vahedi, H. A. & Hodgson, C. J." pageId="5" pageNumber="306" pagination="23 - 122" refId="ref31747" refString="Vahedi, H. A. & Hodgson, C. J. (2007) Some species of the hypogeal scale insect Porphyrophora Brandt (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Margarodidae) from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Systematics and Biodiversity, 5 (1), 23 - 122. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1477200006002039" type="journal article" year="2007">Vahedi & Hodgson (2007: 32</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 3), reproduced with permission © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF00664EFFA0985C19E8CF83FD30E716" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6332767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332767/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" startId="6.[151,250,1498,1522]" targetBox="[157,1430,382,1470]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CF83FD30E716" blockId="6.[151,1436,1498,1558]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CF83FEA1E4F2" bold="true" box="[151,275,1498,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
The life cycle of ground pearls (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C1B1CCF83FD44E4F2" box="[611,758,1498,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B37FFA0985C1A3FCF83FC5EE4F2" author="Foldi, I." box="[832,1004,1498,1522]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" pagination="81 - 125" refId="ref29081" refString="Foldi, I. (2005 a) Ground pearls: a generic revision of the Margarodidae sensu stricto (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea). Annales de la Societe entomologique de France, 41, 81 - 125. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00379271.2005.10697442" type="journal article" year="2005">Foldi (2005a: 90</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Fig. 2), reproduced with permission from Annales de la Société entomologique de France.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA0985D19E8CC31FC0BE2A4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="308" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CC31FB17E783" blockId="6.[151,1189,1640,1667]" box="[151,1189,1640,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CC31FC1BE782" bold="true" box="[151,937,1640,1667]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
Checklist and distributions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C1B7FCC31FD1EE782" box="[512,684,1640,1666]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in continental Africa
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(5 genera, 25 species)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CCE9FD11E7CA" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,675,1712,1738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CCE9FD86E7CA" authority="Jakubski" authorityName="Jakubski" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,564,1712,1738]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tanganyicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CCE9FE74E7CA" box="[151,454,1712,1738]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Dimargarodes tanganyicus</emphasis>
|
||
Jakubski
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1B41CCE9FD11E7CA" box="[574,675,1712,1738]" name="Tanzania" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CC8DFD8EE7EE" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,572,1748,1775]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CC8DFE59E7EF" authority="(Hall)" baseAuthorityName="Hall" box="[151,491,1748,1775]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurelianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CC8DFE2CE7EE" box="[151,414,1748,1774]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes aurelianus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hall)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1889CC8DFD8EE7EE" box="[502,572,1748,1774]" name="Sudan" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CCA1FDE0E613" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,594,1784,1811]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CCA1FE03E612" authority="Foldi" authorityName="Foldi" box="[151,433,1784,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cadeti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CCA1FED9E612" box="[151,363,1784,1810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes cadeti</emphasis>
|
||
Foldi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C18C3CCA1FDE0E613" box="[444,594,1784,1811]" name="Burkina Faso" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Burkina Faso</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CD45FDCCE636" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,638,1820,1847]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CD45FE57E637" authority="(Giard)" baseAuthorityName="Giard" box="[151,485,1820,1847]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CD45FE35E636" box="[151,391,1820,1846]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Giard)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1890CD45FDCCE636" box="[495,638,1820,1846]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CD19FC19E65B" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,939,1856,1883]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CD19FDAAE65A" authority="Jakubski" authorityName="Jakubski" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,536,1856,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="congolensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CD19FE19E65A" box="[151,427,1856,1882]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes congolensis</emphasis>
|
||
Jakubski
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1B5CCD19FC19E65B" box="[547,939,1856,1883]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CD3DFDE2E67E" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,592,1892,1918]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CD3DFE05E67E" authority="Brain" authorityName="Brain" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,439,1892,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="greeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CD3DFEDCE67E" box="[151,366,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes greeni</emphasis>
|
||
Brain
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C18BECD3DFDE2E67E" box="[449,592,1892,1918]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CDD1FD3EE6A2" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,652,1928,1955]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CDD1FE40E6A3" authority="(Brain)" baseAuthorityName="Brain" box="[151,498,1928,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="newsteadi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CDD1FE25E6A2" box="[151,407,1928,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes newsteadi</emphasis>
|
||
(Brain)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1882CDD1FD3EE6A2" box="[509,652,1928,1954]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CDF5FD26E6C6" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,660,1964,1991]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CDF5FE48E6C7" authority="(Brain)" baseAuthorityName="Brain" box="[151,506,1964,1991]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peringueyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CDF5FE2DE6C6" box="[151,415,1964,1990]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes peringueyi</emphasis>
|
||
(Brain)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1B7ACDF5FD26E6C6" box="[517,660,1964,1990]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA0985C19E8CD89FC94E6EA" blockId="6.[151,939,1712,2026]" box="[151,806,2000,2026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA0985C19E8CD89FDACE6EA" authority="Jakubski" authorityName="Jakubski" box="[151,542,2000,2026]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="307" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prieskaensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA0985C19E8CD89FE03E6EA" box="[151,433,2000,2026]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Margarodes prieskaensis</emphasis>
|
||
Jakubski
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1B56CD89FD3EE6EA" box="[553,652,2000,2026]" name="Namibia" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA0985C1BE8CD89FC94E6EA" box="[663,806,2000,2026]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="307">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CACEFDE8E1B1" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,602,151,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CACEFE73E1B2" authority="(Brain)" baseAuthorityName="Brain" box="[151,449,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ruber">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CACEFED7E1B1" box="[151,357,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes ruber</emphasis>
|
||
(Brain)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D18B4CACEFDE8E1B1" box="[459,602,151,177]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CAE2FD23E1D5" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,657,187,214]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CAE2FDBCE1D6" authority="(Hall)" baseAuthorityName="Hall" box="[151,526,187,214]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="salisburiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CAE2FE73E1D5" box="[151,449,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes salisburiensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Hall)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B66CAE2FD23E1D5" box="[537,657,187,213]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CA86FDEEE1F9" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,604,223,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CA86FE70E1F9" authority="Giard" authorityName="Giard" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,450,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CA86FECAE1F8" box="[151,376,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes trimeni</emphasis>
|
||
Giard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D18B2CA86FDEEE1F9" box="[461,604,223,249]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CB5AFD7AE01D" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,712,259,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CB5AFD9DE01D" authority="de Klerk" authorityName="de Klerk" box="[151,559,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="upingtonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CB5AFE71E01C" box="[151,451,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes upingtonensis</emphasis>
|
||
de Klerk
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B46CB5AFD7AE01D" box="[569,712,259,285]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CB7EFD61E041" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,723,295,321]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CB7EFD88E041" authority="de Klerk" authorityName="de Klerk" box="[151,570,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vredendalensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CB7EFE7CE041" box="[151,462,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes vredendalensis</emphasis>
|
||
de Klerk
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B3BCB7EFD61E041" box="[580,723,295,321]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CB12FDD3E065" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,609,331,358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CB12FDBFE066" authority="(Jakubski)" baseAuthorityName="Jakubski" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[151,525,331,358]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CB12FE3CE065" box="[151,398,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes williamsi</emphasis>
|
||
(Jakubski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B67CB12FDD3E065" box="[536,609,331,357]" name="Ghana" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CB36FDC3E089" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,625,367,393]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CB36FE51E089" authority="Foldi" authorityName="Foldi" authorityYear="1981" box="[151,483,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="desmieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CB36FE2EE089" box="[151,412,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodesia desmieri</emphasis>
|
||
Foldi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1891CB36FDC3E089" box="[494,625,367,393]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CBCAFD23E0AD" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,657,403,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CBCAFD89E0AD" authority="Silvestri" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,571,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CBCAFE60E0AD" box="[151,466,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B3ACBCAFD23E0AD" box="[581,657,403,429]" name="Eritrea" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CBEEFD44E0D1" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,758,439,465]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CBEEFDF8E0D1" authority="Borchsenius" authorityName="Borchsenius" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,586,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aristidae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CBEEFE07E0D1" box="[151,437,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes aristidae</emphasis>
|
||
Borchsenius
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B2CCBEEFD18E0D1" box="[595,682,439,465]" name="Algeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1BCACBEEFD44E0D1" box="[693,758,439,465]" name="Libya" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CB82FC70E0F5" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,962,475,501]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CB82FDE7E0F5" authority="Green" authorityName="Green" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,597,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythrocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CB82FDB4E0F5" box="[151,518,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes erythrocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
Green
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B21CB82FD07E0F5" box="[606,693,475,501]" name="Algeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1BBFCB82FCBBE0F5" box="[704,777,475,501]" name="Sudan" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Sudan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1A6BCB82FC70E0F5" box="[788,962,475,501]" name="Western Sahara" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Western Sahara</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CBA6FD17E319" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,677,511,537]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8CBA6FD90E319" authority="Hall" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,546,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hyparrheniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8CBA6FE55E319" box="[151,487,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes hyparrheniae</emphasis>
|
||
Hall
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B52CBA6FD17E319" box="[557,677,511,537]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C87AFD0BE33D" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,697,547,574]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C87AFD92E33E" authority="(Jakubski)" baseAuthorityName="Jakubski" box="[151,544,547,574]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C87AFE12E33D" box="[151,416,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes pilosus</emphasis>
|
||
(Jakubski)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B55C87AFD0BE33D" box="[554,697,547,573]" name="South Africa" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C81EFD71E361" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,707,583,609]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C81EFDB4E361" authority="Marchal" authorityName="Marchal" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,518,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trabuti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C81EFE2FE361" box="[151,413,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes trabuti</emphasis>
|
||
Marchal
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B71C81EFDD7E361" box="[526,613,583,609]" name="Algeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B0FC81EFD71E361" box="[624,707,583,609]" name="Tunisia" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Tunisia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C832FD3BE385" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,649,619,646]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C832FD9EE386" authority="(Newstead)" baseAuthorityName="Newstead" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[151,556,619,646]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buxtoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C832FE2DE385" box="[151,415,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora buxtoni</emphasis>
|
||
(Newstead)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B4AC832FD3BE385" box="[565,649,619,645]" name="Algeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Algeria</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C8D6FDC5E3A9" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,631,655,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C8D6FD93E3A9" authority="Silvestri" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,545,655,681]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erythraea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C8D6FE0AE3A9" box="[151,440,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora erythraea</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B54C8D6FDC5E3A9" box="[555,631,655,681]" name="Eritrea" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C8EAFD51E3CD" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,739,691,718]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C8EAFD90E3CE" authority="(Hall)" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[151,546,691,718]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C8EAFE66E3CD" box="[151,468,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora hirsutissima</emphasis>
|
||
(Hall)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B52C8EAFDC1E3CD" box="[557,627,691,717]" name="Egypt" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B01C8EAFD51E3CD" box="[638,739,691,717]" name="Morocco" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C88EFD8DE3F1" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,575,727,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C88EFE46E3F1" authority="Silvestri" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,500,727,753]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C88EFE39E3F1" box="[151,395,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora libica</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1881C88EFD8DE3F1" box="[510,575,727,753]" name="Libya" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Libya</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C8A2FD3DE215" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,655,763,790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C8A2FD92E216" authority="(Vayssiere)" baseAuthorityName="Vayssiere" baseAuthorityYear="1920" box="[151,544,763,790]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parieli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C8A2FE24E215" box="[151,406,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora parieli</emphasis>
|
||
(Vayssière)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B55C8A2FD3DE215" box="[554,655,763,789]" name="Morocco" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C946FD27E239" blockId="7.[151,962,151,825]" box="[151,661,799,825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D19E8C946FDA0E239" authority="Hall" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,530,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C946FE64E239" box="[151,470,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora rhodesiensis</emphasis>
|
||
Hall
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B62C946FD27E239" box="[541,661,799,825]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C9D2FC0BE2A4" blockId="7.[151,953,906,933]" box="[151,953,906,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<heading id="D08881AAFFA1985D19E8C9D2FC0BE2A4" bold="true" box="[151,953,906,933]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D19E8C9D2FC0BE2A4" bold="true" box="[151,953,906,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
Key to genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D181CC9D3FDBDE2A4" box="[355,527,906,932]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Margarodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in continental Africa, adult females
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365654DFFA1985D19E8C989FA2EE445" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" type="key">
|
||
<keyStep id="308B2E63FFA1985D19E8C989FA2EE51F" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8C989FA2EE503" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8C989FA2EE503" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
1(0) Prothoracic leg with claw base developed into a distinct, sclerotised heel. Abdominal spiracles numbering 8 pairs.........................................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D1DCEC9B5FAFCE502" ID-CoL="5ZWP" box="[1201,1358,1004,1026]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Neomargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D1DCEC9B5FAFCE502" bold="true" box="[1201,1358,1004,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Neomargarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA1985D1C24C9B4FA27E503" box="[1371,1429,1005,1027]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1855,1879]" captionTargetBox="[161,1429,515,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-481@8.[151,1436,507,1832]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Neomargarodes trabuti Marchal, adult female, developed from Morrison (1928: 79, Fig. 28)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332769" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332769/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CE52FA2EE51F" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" box="[151,1436,1034,1056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CE52FA2EE51F" box="[151,1436,1034,1056]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">- Prothoracic leg with claw base not developed into a distinct, sclerotised heel. Abdominal spiracles numbering 0‒7 pairs... 2</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="308B2E63FFA1985D19E8CE71FA2EE577" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CE71FA2FE55B" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CE71FA2FE55B" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
2(1) Antennal segments without setae except for a group on apical segment. Abdominal spiracles numbering 0‒2 pairs, situated on anterior abdominal segments if present..................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D1DC9CE1DFAFCE55A" ID-CoL="63PZQ" box="[1206,1358,1092,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Porphyrophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D1DC9CE1DFAFCE55A" bold="true" box="[1206,1358,1092,1114]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Porphyrophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA1985D1C24CE1CFA26E55B" box="[1371,1428,1093,1115]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1909,1933]" captionTargetBox="[152,1433,192,1875]" captionTargetId="figure-15@9.[151,1436,181,1886]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Porphyrophora hirsutissima (Hall), adult female, from Vahedi & Hodgson (2007: 61, Fig. 14), reproduced with permission from the Editor, Journal of Natural History, A: antenna; B: foreleg; C: hind leg." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332771" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332771/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CE3AFA2EE577" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" box="[151,1436,1122,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CE3AFA2EE577" box="[151,1436,1122,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">- Antennal segments each bearing at least 1 whorl of setae. Abdominal spiracles numbering 2‒6 pairs................... 3</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="308B2E63FFA1985D19E8CED9FA2EE5B2" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CED9FA2EE596" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" box="[151,1436,1151,1174]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CED9FA2EE596" box="[151,1436,1151,1174]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
3(2) Abdominal spiracles numbering 7 pairs.....................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D1DA9CE26FAFCE595" ID-CoL="62ZP2" box="[1238,1358,1151,1173]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D1DA9CE26FAFCE595" bold="true" box="[1238,1358,1151,1173]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA1985D1C24CED9FA27E596" box="[1371,1429,1152,1174]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1814,1838]" captionTargetBox="[151,1423,194,1781]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[151,1436,181,1790]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 6. Margarodes prieskaensis, adult female and A: immature cyst stage, developed from de Klerk et al. (1982: 70-71, Figs. 6 and 7) and de Klerk et al. (1983: 135, Fig. 2); reproduced with the authors’ permissions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332773" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332773/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CEC4FA2EE5B2" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" box="[151,1436,1181,1203]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CEC4FA2EE5B2" box="[151,1436,1181,1203]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">- Abdominal spiracles numbering 2 or 6 pairs................................................................ 4</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
<keyStep id="308B2E63FFA1985D19E8CEE3FA2EE445" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CEE3FA2EE5EE" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CEE3FA2EE5EE" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
4(3) Abdominal spiracles numbering 6 pairs, all same size. Body margin with pleural extensions bearing spines, setae and pores. Venter with distinct groups of spines, setae and pores. Hosts unknown for the African species........
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D1DBECE8EFAFCE5ED" ID-CoL="45JK" box="[1217,1358,1239,1261]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Dimargarodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D1DBECE8EFAFCE5ED" bold="true" box="[1217,1358,1239,1261]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Dimargarodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA1985D1C24CE81FA27E5EE" box="[1371,1429,1240,1262]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1937,1961]" captionTargetBox="[166,1424,193,1905]" captionTargetId="figure-15@5.[151,1436,181,1913]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Margarodidae, morphology of adult female; Dimargarodes tanganyicus Jakubski from Vahedi & Hodgson (2007: 32, Fig. 3), reproduced with permission © Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London, U.K." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332765" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332765/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036C6FFA1985D19E8CEACFA2EE445" blockId="7.[151,1437,976,1350]" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
<keyLead id="308E95F3FFA1985D19E8CEACFA2EE445" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">
|
||
- Abdominal spiracles numbering 2 pairs (on anterior abdominal segments), anteriormost largest. Body margin smooth and with numerous setae, without pleural extensions or spines. Venter with short conical spines, setae and pores but not in distinct groups. On roots of oil palm in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687656FFA1985D1B6ECF69FD33E445" box="[529,641,1328,1349]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
|
||
................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D45FFA1985D1DBBCF76FAFDE445" ID-CoL="62ZP5" box="[1220,1359,1327,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Margarodesia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="308" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAD4FFA1985D1DBBCF76FAFDE445" bold="true" box="[1220,1359,1327,1349]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Margarodesia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13442A43FFA1985D1C24CF69FA27E445" box="[1371,1429,1328,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1823,1847]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,1798]" captionTargetId="figure-15@11.[151,1436,181,1800]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 7. Margarodesia desmieri Foldi, adult female, from Foldi (2005a: 103, Fig. 10), reproduced with permission from Annales de la Société entomologique de France. A: antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6332775" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6332775/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="308">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</keyLead>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</keyStep>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |