treatments-xml/data/03/D6/87/03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8.xml

<document id="619B8E9953ECBFE9681CBC20345F2371" ID-CLB-Dataset="27943" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4523.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="23903efe-ba7a-438c-a04f-d4b08680b640" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2610202" ID-ZooBank="96B7B9E3-9F49-4983-A46C-D29CD6B2EE49" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553624654688" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mahony, Stephen, Kamei, Rachunliu G. &amp; Teeling, Emma C." docDate="2018" docId="03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4523.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4523 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Xenophrys gigas Jerdon 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFEFFFF2FFDE0232FFE4FFD2FFDEFFCC" masterDocTitle="Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species" masterLastPageNumber="96" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="39" updateTime="1698713983112" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="021868E72FCA60EB775C3BFD4CF85F48" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A206F13442533F688471CF5E2AB352E5">
<mods:title id="B9ECE94117B484C61EA8708B216CBB38">Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="D1906B59D8A3099FCA8D0D1836A94194" type="personal">
<mods:role id="CC0D4BEC41BE7BDB8F327348A7AC005C">
<mods:roleTerm id="F987F512E798B9F6B13D828838A558BB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F4AB17DEF2A7E7449A8D9700B1DFE647">Mahony, Stephen</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="2D5D6999EB92C10D3C87667DF103658C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0550855D05A008C432464B32DDC832E2">
<mods:roleTerm id="8E57F49092376BC08744471C62B29F1D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4DB25348EDA42D314E3FE0FB43ABB7DD">Kamei, Rachunliu G.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E2B67F9B42B9FB37236A5A394DA149A1" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1272C549F7DDC4624C2EA326E37DD1E6">
<mods:roleTerm id="8552016775A816F1660BE15E5E00CFDF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="76CFCBE23C268F9F7D5D525E0D7762A6">Teeling, Emma C.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="B2ABCF08E95921DAF410D26DED506BEC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="7E54976AE89A8F9BD795568A42ED7E7E" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="786950C8FFE43B61249835EC7253B82F">
<mods:title id="0B7216E3D53B9AE6FE4336474C884706">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="CC55BB51D3B0F5970E1CEBF1FCC4C1A4">
<mods:date id="001223BF8CAEC5F318CA258782C7AB5A">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="8FC6AE3FCF9C094B533BC8B959EB7464" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="E51A5B7F370405912B11BC5785DD0722">2018-11-19</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="847ED914D7B3912D044139D6BEFF7B72" type="volume">
<mods:number id="BDE9E838139FB4FAE54326C7E1E0D95D">4523</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="77FD07934F7794FA2A5BE513165EECCD" type="issue">
<mods:number id="ECC0B9046F28E8541FBB5EF35C480BFA">1</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="2A4B367B8AC5EDA3D18BF1E94C9F5AC3" unit="page">
<mods:start id="4D26EB4E4298B4C2782E4238E7CC8528">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="B52F91AA7646CB80A63EEEA63A6D2389">96</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="E93E6602E855D6F9C50992837B87FB75">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="78E57C9F847767807BAB82330841181B" type="CLB-Dataset">27943</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EF0DE7AC9466614F53F834CC4A7B45AD" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4523.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D33906692C44A8654FD35B7B28E5D356" type="GBIF-Dataset">23903efe-ba7a-438c-a04f-d4b08680b640</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CABB08687CB65A5928AD3DB518609F78" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="262669EC863AC4FBA2420F7D47D65A65" type="Zenodo-Dep">2610202</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8AC3F0CEDE707508B0D69D41A8D09BC6" type="ZooBank">96B7B9E3-9F49-4983-A46C-D29CD6B2EE49</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5958827" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154499344" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5958827" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<subSubSection id="C3656517FFF80214FF73FC33FA42FC36" box="[151,1436,993,1018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF80214FF73FC33FA42FC36" blockId="38.[151,1437,993,2026]" box="[151,1436,993,1018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<heading id="D08881F0FFF80214FF73FC33FA42FC36" bold="true" box="[151,1436,993,1018]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF80214FF73FC33FA42FC36" bold="true" box="[151,1436,993,1018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF80214FF73FC33FF27FC36" box="[151,249,993,1018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF80214FECFFC33FD52FC36" ID-CoL="7FW8V" authority="Jerdon, 1870" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[299,652,993,1018]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF80214FECFFC33FE34FC35" bold="true" box="[299,490,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF80214FE16FC33FD52FC36" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[498,652,993,1018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF80214FD23FC33FBB1FC36" authority="Boulenger, 1908" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[711,1135,993,1018]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF80214FD23FC33FC77FC35" bold="true" box="[711,937,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Megalophrys major</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF80214FC54FC33FBB1FC36" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[944,1135,993,1018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by present designation).
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3656517FFF80218FF73FBD7FBD5FB09" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF80214FF73FBD7FB0BF922" blockId="38.[151,1437,993,2026]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.399]: 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FC66FBD7FC2AFBD2" box="[898,1012,1029,1054]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 14</figureCitation>
), from Khasi Hills, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF80214FB06FBD7FA81FBD2" box="[1250,1375,1029,1054]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
state [previously “Darjeeling”––see Remarks section], Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF80214FCDCFBFBFCAAFB8E" box="[824,884,1065,1090]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by T.C. Jerdon, collection date ~1870. 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF80214FF73FB9FFE45FBAA" bold="true" box="[151,411,1101,1126]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Examined specimens.</emphasis>
Adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93), 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF80214FCA1FB9CFC7FFBAA" box="[837,929,1102,1126]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
; four adult males (BMNH 1947.2.24.94 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.400]; BMNH 1947.2.24.95 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.401]; BMNH 1947.2.24.96 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.402]; BMNH 1947.2.24.98 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.404]), two adult females (BMNH 1947.2.24.92 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.398]; BMNH 1947.2.24.97 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.403]), one unsexed subadult (BMNH 1947.2.24.99 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.405]), and one juvenile (BMNH 1947.2.25.1 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.406]), details as per the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF80214FEB9FAD0FE67FAD6" box="[349,441,1282,1306]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
; four adult males (ZSIC 9744; ZSIC 9756; BMNH 1908.4.8.4 [ex. ZSIC 9743]; BMNH 1908.4.8.5 [ex. ZSIC 9736]), one adult female (ZSIC 9746), and one unsexed juvenile (BMNH 1908.4.8.6 [ex. ZSIC 9760]) from “Cherrapunji [=Sohra]”, East Khasi Hills district, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF80214FC72FA9BFBCDFAAE" box="[918,1043,1353,1378]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
state, Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF80214FB29FA9BFAD7FAAE" box="[1229,1289,1353,1378]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by J.H. Bourne, collection date unknown; two adult males (SDBDU 2007.229; SDBDU 2007.230), from the Terunhü River, Kenrunhü (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FE8EFA43FE3DFA66" box="[362,483,1425,1450]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="25.917778">25°55'4&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FE17FA43FDB6FA66" box="[499,616,1425,1450]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="94.090004">94°5'24&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF80214FD93FA43FD1DFA65" box="[631,707,1425,1450]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="510.0">510 m</quantity>
asl.), New Sendenyu Village, Tseminyu sub-division, Kohima district, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF80214FF11FA67FEBDFA02" box="[245,355,1461,1486]" country="India" name="Nagaland" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Nagaland</collectingRegion>
, Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF80214FE03FA67FDFDFA02" box="[487,547,1461,1486]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by RGK on 0 
<date id="FFC1105CFFF80214FCDAFA64FC2DFA02" box="[830,1011,1461,1486]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2007-10-03">3 October 2007</date>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B173CC1FFF80214FBE5FA64FDEEF992" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028521237" collectingDate="2013-05-23" collectionCode="CES" collectorName="Khumhzi II &amp; Northeast" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" elevation="470" latitude="24.86111" location="Raenghkucpaeng" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.642494" municipality="Luangmai (Noney) district" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Manipur">
one adult female (
<collectionCode id="ED6EAE59FFF80214FB36FA64FAD9FA02" box="[1234,1287,1462,1486]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">CES</collectionCode>
18901 [field number RGK 0073]: 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FE75FA0BFD8BFA3E" box="[401,597,1497,1522]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 15A &amp; B</figureCitation>
), from 
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FD4BFA0BFCAEFA3E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FD4BFA0BFCAEFA3E" box="[687,880,1497,1522]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.86111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.642494" municipality="Luangmai (Noney) district" name="Raenghkucpaeng" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Raenghkucpaeng</location>
duithuak (duithuak = stream, in local 
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FAD2FA0BFA43FA3E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FAD2FA0BFA43FA3E" box="[1334,1437,1497,1522]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.86111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.642494" municipality="Luangmai (Noney) district" name="Rongmei" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Rongmei</location>
[
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FF79FA2FFEFFF9DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FF79FA2FFEFFF9DA" box="[157,289,1533,1558]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.86111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.642494" municipality="Luangmai (Noney) district" name="Nruangmei" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Nruangmei</location>
] language), near 
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FE13FA2CFD12F9DA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FE13FA2CFD12F9DA" box="[503,716,1533,1558]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.86111" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.642494" municipality="Luangmai (Noney) district" name="St. Joseph School" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">St. Joseph School</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FD06FA2FFCB7F9DA" box="[738,873,1533,1558]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="24.86111">24°51'40&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FC98FA2CFC20F9DA" box="[892,1022,1534,1558]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="93.642494">93°38'33&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<elevation id="0052D1AFFFF80214FBF5FA2CFB4FF9DA" box="[1041,1169,1533,1558]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="470.0">
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF80214FBF5FA2CFBBEF9D9" box="[1041,1120,1534,1558]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="470.0">470 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
.), 
<collectorName id="268A534AFFF80214FB56FA2FFAE5F9D9" box="[1202,1339,1533,1558]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Khumhzi II</collectorName>
village, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA4ACE6FFF80214FF73F9F3FE10F9F6" box="[151,462,1569,1594]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Luangmai (Noney) district</collectingMunicipality>
(erstwhile [before 2016] in 
<collectingCounty id="62A14E10FFF80214FCCCF9F3FBCDF9F6" box="[808,1043,1569,1594]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Tamenglong district</collectingCounty>
), 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF80214FBC8F9F3FB52F9F6" box="[1068,1164,1569,1594]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Manipur</collectingRegion>
state, 
<collectorName id="268A534AFFF80214FB05F9F3FA90F9F6" box="[1249,1358,1569,1594]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Northeast</collectorName>
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF80214FABFF9F3FA49F9F6" box="[1371,1431,1569,1594]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by RGK on 
<collectingDate id="EF85E9B4FFF80214FE70F994FDEEF992" box="[404,560,1606,1630]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2013-05-23">
<date id="FFC1105CFFF80214FE70F994FDEEF992" box="[404,560,1606,1630]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2013-05-23">
23 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF80214FE5DF994FDEEF992" author="Mahony, S. &amp; Teeling, E. C. &amp; Biju, S. D." box="[441,560,1606,1630]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="143 - 169" refId="ref55362" refString="Mahony, S., Teeling, E. C. &amp; Biju, S. D. (2013) Three new species of horned frogs, Megophrys (Amphibia: Megophryidae), from Northeast India, with a resolution to the identity of Megophrys boettgeri populations reported from the region. Zootaxa, 3722 (2), 143 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.2.2" type="journal article" year="2013">May 2013</bibRefCitation>
</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B173CC1FFF80214FDDAF997FD04F96A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028521236" collectingDate="2013-05-26" collectionCode="CES" collectorName="Northeast" country="India" county="Luangmai district" elevation="450" latitude="24.85" location="Mpeih" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.623055" municipality="Khumhzi village" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Manipur">
adult male (
<collectionCode id="ED6EAE59FFF80214FD23F994FD22F992" box="[711,764,1606,1630]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">CES</collectionCode>
18902 [field number RGK 0088]: 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FB6BF997FA91F992" box="[1167,1359,1605,1630]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 15C &amp; D</figureCitation>
), from 
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FF73F9BBFF3EF94E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FF73F9BBFF3EF94E" box="[151,224,1641,1666]" country="India" county="Luangmai district" latitude="24.85" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.623055" municipality="Khumhzi village" name="Mpeih" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Mpeih</location>
baek duithuak (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FE7AF9BBFDC9F94E" box="[414,535,1641,1666]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="24.85">24°51'0&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FDC2F9B8FD77F94E" box="[550,681,1642,1666]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="93.623055">93°37'23&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<elevation id="0052D1AFFFF80214FD5CF9BBFCEEF94E" box="[696,816,1641,1666]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="450.0">
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF80214FD5CF9BBFCDCF94D" box="[696,770,1641,1666]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="450.0">450 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
.), 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA4ACE6FFF80214FCA9F9BBFBD0F94E" box="[845,1038,1641,1666]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Khumhzi village</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62A14E10FFF80214FBF9F9BBFB37F94E" box="[1053,1257,1641,1666]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Luangmai district</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF80214FB13F9BBFA89F94E" box="[1271,1367,1641,1666]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Manipur</collectingRegion>
state, 
<collectorName id="268A534AFFF80214FF73F95FFEDAF96A" box="[151,260,1677,1702]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Northeast</collectorName>
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF80214FEEEF95FFE98F96A" box="[266,326,1677,1702]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by RGK on 
<collectingDate id="EF85E9B4FFF80214FDA7F95FFD04F96A" box="[579,730,1677,1702]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2013-05-26">
<date id="FFC1105CFFF80214FDA7F95FFD04F96A" box="[579,730,1677,1702]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2013-05-26">
26 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF80214FD81F95CFD04F96A" author="Mahony, S. &amp; Teeling, E. C. &amp; Biju, S. D." box="[613,730,1678,1702]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="143 - 169" refId="ref55362" refString="Mahony, S., Teeling, E. C. &amp; Biju, S. D. (2013) Three new species of horned frogs, Megophrys (Amphibia: Megophryidae), from Northeast India, with a resolution to the identity of Megophrys boettgeri populations reported from the region. Zootaxa, 3722 (2), 143 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.2.2" type="journal article" year="2013">May 2013</bibRefCitation>
</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation id="3B173CC1FFF80214FD01F95FFB0FF922" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2028521232" collectingDate="2013-05-27" collectionCode="CES" collectorName="Northeast" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" elevation="1255" latitude="24.966946" location="Khangchiuluanh" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.498055" municipality="Khangchiuluanh village" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Manipur">
adult male (
<collectionCode id="ED6EAE59FFF80214FC8CF95CFC43F96A" box="[872,925,1678,1702]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">CES</collectionCode>
18903 [field number RGK 0089]: 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FAC4F95FFF17F906" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 15E &amp; F</figureCitation>
), from near 
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FEB8F963FDCBF906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FEB8F963FDCBF906" box="[348,533,1713,1738]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.966946" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.498055" municipality="Khangchiuluanh village" name="Khangchiuluanh" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Khangchiuluanh</location>
(
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FDC2F963FD6EF906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FDC2F963FD6EF906" box="[550,688,1713,1738]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.966946" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.498055" municipality="Khangchiuluanh village" name="Khongjaron" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Khongjaron</location>
) 
<location id="8EA06047FFF80214FD25F963FCCAF906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D6878AFFF8021FFF73FC33FBF2FEA8:8EA06047FFF80214FD25F963FCCAF906" box="[705,788,1713,1738]" country="India" county="Tamenglong district" latitude="24.966946" longLatPrecision="21" longitude="93.498055" municipality="Khangchiuluanh village" name="Church" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Manipur">Church</location>
(
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FCC3F963FC7EF906" box="[807,928,1713,1738]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="24.966946">24°58'1&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4B505BFFF80214FC4BF963FBEFF906" box="[943,1073,1713,1738]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="15" value="93.498055">93°29'53&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<elevation id="0052D1AFFFF80214FBA4F963FB18F906" box="[1088,1222,1713,1738]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.255" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="1255.0">
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF80214FBA4F963FB46F905" box="[1088,1176,1713,1738]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.255" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="1255.0">1255 m</quantity>
asl
</elevation>
.), 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA4ACE6FFF80214FB07F963FF38F922" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Khangchiuluanh village</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="62A14E10FFF80214FF15F907FE0BF922" box="[241,469,1749,1774]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Tamenglong district</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF80214FE04F907FD9EF922" box="[480,576,1749,1774]" country="India" name="Manipur" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Manipur</collectingRegion>
state, 
<collectorName id="268A534AFFF80214FD6CF907FD2BF922" box="[648,757,1749,1774]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Northeast</collectorName>
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF80214FD18F907FCE6F922" box="[764,824,1749,1774]" name="India" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by RGK on 
<collectingDate id="EF85E9B4FFF80214FBDCF904FB0FF922" box="[1080,1233,1750,1774]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2013-05-27">
<date id="FFC1105CFFF80214FBDCF904FB0FF922" box="[1080,1233,1750,1774]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2013-05-27">
27 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF80214FBBFF904FB0FF922" author="Mahony, S. &amp; Teeling, E. C. &amp; Biju, S. D." box="[1115,1233,1750,1774]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="143 - 169" refId="ref55362" refString="Mahony, S., Teeling, E. C. &amp; Biju, S. D. (2013) Three new species of horned frogs, Megophrys (Amphibia: Megophryidae), from Northeast India, with a resolution to the identity of Megophrys boettgeri populations reported from the region. Zootaxa, 3722 (2), 143 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3722.2.2" type="journal article" year="2013">May 2013</bibRefCitation>
</date>
</collectingDate>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF80215FF23F92BFC25FE8C" blockId="38.[151,1437,993,2026]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF80214FF23F92BFD05F8DE" bold="true" box="[199,731,1785,1810]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF80214FF23F92BFEF7F8DE" box="[199,297,1785,1810]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
description (measurements in mm).
</emphasis>
Mature male (SVL 75.0) (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FBE8F92BFBA1F8DE" box="[1036,1151,1785,1810]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 14</figureCitation>
). Head moderately large, longer than wide (HW 29.0, HL 29.7, IFE 12.6, IBE 20.9); snout bluntly pointed in dorsal view, obtusely protruding in lateral view, without rostral appendage (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FD1FF893FC5EF896" box="[763,896,1857,1882]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 14C</figureCitation>
); loreal region acute, concave; canthus rostralis angular; dorsal surface of snout very slightly concave; eye length ~2.5 times as long as maximum diameter of visible portion of tympanum, and shorter than snout length (EL 9.2, TYD 3.7, SL 10.6); eye–tympanum distance (TYE 6.3) longer than diameter of visible portion of tympanum; tympanum oval-shaped, obliquely orientated with upper ~20% concealed by supratympanic ridge (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF80214FD52F803FCE4F826" box="[694,826,2001,2026]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Figure 14C</figureCitation>
); pupil vertically elliptical; nostril positioned laterally, closer to eye than to snout tip (EN 4.2, NS 6.5); internarial distance greater than upper eyelid width, and equal to narrowest point between upper eyelids (IN 9.4, UEW 6.0, IUE 9.4); pineal ocellus not visible externally; vomerine ridges present, medium sized, ovoid, moderately raised, orientated acutely, positioned between to slightly posterior to choanae, slightly closer to choanae than to each other; vomerine teeth short; maxillary teeth present; tongue moderately large, with small notch posteriorly, medial lingual process absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF90215FF23FE9EFD1DFD00" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Forelimbs long, thin (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF90215FE5FFE9EFDA9FEA8" box="[443,631,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 14A &amp; B</figureCitation>
), forearms moderately enlarged relative to upper forelimbs, and shorter than hand length (FAL 18.4, HAL 18.7); fingers long, narrow, without lateral fringes (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF90215FB8AFEBDFB2AFE44" box="[1134,1268,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 14D</figureCitation>
), finger length formula IV&lt;II=I&lt;III (FIL 9.3, FIIL 9.3, FIIIL 12.0, FIVL 9.1); interdigital webbing, subarticular, supernumerary and metacarpal tubercles all absent; thenar tubercles weakly developed; finger tips flattened, slightly expanded relative to digit widths (FIIIW 2.0, FIIIDW 2.3) with subcircular pads, terminal grooves on pads absent. Hindlimbs long, thin (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF90215FEF1FE2DFE08FDD4" box="[277,470,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 14A &amp; B</figureCitation>
); thighs slightly shorter than shanks, and longer than feet (TL 39.7, SHL 40.8, FOL 37.1); toes long, dorsoventrally flattened with very narrow lateral fringes (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF90215FBF3FDF6FB41FDF0" box="[1047,1183,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 14E</figureCitation>
), relative toe lengths I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV; toe tips flattened, considerably dilated (TIVW 2.0, TIVDW 2.7), with distinct subcircular pads, terminal grooves on pads absent; webbing basal, I1.5– 
<date id="FFC1105CFFF90215FCC8FDBEFC93FD49" box="[812,845,620,645]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">2II</date>
1–2.5 
<date id="FFC1105CFFF90215FC6DFDBEFC6AFD49" box="[905,948,620,645]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">III2</date>
–3.5IV3.5– 
<date id="FFC1105CFFF90215FBDCFDBEFB84FD49" box="[1080,1114,620,645]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">2V</date>
; inner metatarsal tubercles distinct (IMT 4.5), longitudinally ovoid; subarticular, supernumerary and outer metatarsal tubercles absent; ridge of callous tissue absent on ventral surface of toes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF90215FF23FD05FC34FAC1" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Skin of dorsal surfaces of head and body primarily smooth with weak, densely scattered granules; tympanum with borders raised relative to surrounding region; outer edge of upper eyelid with a distinct pointed bump; supratympanic ridges narrow anteriorly, gradually expanding posterior to tympanum to become moderately enlarged and glandular, extending from posterior orbital borders, broadly curving through upper border of tympanum, terminating above forearm insertions; flanks densely covered with small to large unevenly scattered pustular tubercles; dorsolateral ridges thin, well defined, extending from behind supratympanic ridge to ~70% distance to vent; parietoscapular-sacral ridges weak, “&gt;–&lt;” configuration, composed primarily of single row of closely spaced asperities; dorsal surfaces of forearms, thighs and shanks with short transverse ridges; posterior thighs with small scattered pustular tubercles, remaining dorsal surfaces of forelimbs and hindlimbs otherwise smooth; gular region, chest, abdomen and ventral surfaces of limbs smooth; pectoral glands small, raised, level with axilla on chest; femoral glands large, flat, on posterior surface of thighs, slightly closer to knee than to cloaca; distinct pair of enlarged glands present adjacent to cloaca, one on each side, that are smaller than femoral glands but larger than surrounding tubercles; small black and white dermal asperities present, forming broad dense band circummarginally on gular region, dense on upper lips, lower loreal region, and tympanic region (especially dense on tympanum), moderately dense on dorsal surface of eyelids, entire dorsal surface of head and back, increasing in density posteriorly and on dorsal ridges, absent from all remaining surfaces.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF90215FF23FAC5FA8BF8E4" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF90215FF23FAC5FE8EFAFC" box="[199,336,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Colouration</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF90215FEBAFACBFDDBFAFC" box="[350,517,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">In preservative</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF90215FDF0FAC5FD58FAFC" box="[532,646,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetId="figure@40.[151,1436,193,1854]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 14</figureCitation>
): Dorsal and lateral surfaces of body, and dorsal and lateral surfaces of head primarily brown; light-edged, faintly darker brown triangular marking between eyes; no X-, Y-, or V-shaped markings on dorsum; tubercles primarily white on posterior flanks only; lateral surfaces of head below supratympanic ridges and canthus rostralis dark brown with cream-white stripe on upper lip, extending from nostril to rear of jaw, bordered below by thin dark brown stripe; outer edges of eyelids dark brown; dorsal and lateral surfaces of forelimbs and hindlimbs primarily mid brown; three dark brown blotches on dorsolateral surface of forearms; dorsal surface of outer three fingers with faint brown blotches; dorsal surfaces of hindlimbs without distinct transverse crossbars; lateral surfaces of thighs and shanks with dark brown spots and blotches; throat and chest primarily plain mid brown with few cream-white spots along edge of gular region, light-edged wide dark brown stripe extending from posterior edge of mandible onto base of forearms; abdomen, ventral surfaces of forelimbs, thighs, shanks, and dorsal surfaces of tarsi and feet immaculate pale brown; some small dark brown spots and blotches laterally along lower flanks on both sides bordering lower-most tubercles; area surrounding vent and posterior surfaces of thighs primarily mid to dark brown with small cream-white tubercles; ventral surfaces of tarsi and feet pale greyish-brown; hands ventrally pale greyish-brown; pectoral and femoral glands creamish-white. 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF90215FF73F8C3FF07F8E4" box="[151,217,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">In life</emphasis>
: Not documented for 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF90215FE34F8C3FDF2F8E5" box="[464,556,1809,1833]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
. Refer to 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF90215FD7DF8DDFCDBF8E4" box="[665,773,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figure 15</figureCitation>
for examples of colour in life of referred specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF90218FF23F8E6FA5BFE61" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF90215FF23F8E6FEE1F881" bold="true" box="[199,319,1844,1869]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Variation.</emphasis>
Refer to 
<tableCitation id="C6FD0327FFF90215FE48F8E6FDDFF880" box="[428,513,1844,1869]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="22.[147,225,525,545]" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric details for specimens new and known included in the Taxonomic review section. Refer to Methods and materials section for explanation of measurement abbreviations and museum acronyms. HT = holotype; PT = paratype; LT = lectotype; PLT = paralectotype; NT = neotype; RS = referred specimen; M = adult male; F = adult female; SA = subadult; J = juvenile [post metamorphic]; † = BMNH voucher numbers; # = SDBDU voucher numbers; ind = character limits insufficiently distinct to reliably measure." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Table 1</tableCitation>
for morphometric variation within the referred specimen series, consisting of 
<specimenCount id="9D79FD15FFF90215FA64F8E6FF11F8BC" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="adult">12 adult</specimenCount>
males, three adult females, two subadults, and a juvenile. Referred specimens generally resemble 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF90215FAF8F88BFAABF8BD" box="[1308,1397,1881,1905]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for most morphological characters with the following exceptions: Webbing between digits varies slightly between individuals and sexes, i.e., webbing formula on Toe IV: males from 3.2IV3.2 to 3.6IV3.6, females 
<date id="FFC1105CFFF90215FB1CF872FAFBF874" box="[1272,1317,1952,1976]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">4IV</date>
4.3; lateral fringes on toes vary from moderately weak from bases to tips on all toes, to almost completely absent on some individuals; relative finger lengths seem to vary between populations, IV&lt;II=I&lt;III on all “Darjeeling” specimens except a subadult (BMNH 1947.2.24.99) with IV=II=I&lt;III, all Sohra specimens have IV=II=I&lt;III, except a female (ZSIC 9746) with IV&lt;II&lt;I&lt;III, and all aforementioned variations, with an additional IV&lt;I&lt;II&lt;III for RGK 0 0 98, are observed in the Nagaland-Manipur specimens; vomerine ridges vary from sub-circular to ovoid, positioned slightly closer to choanae than to each other on many individuals; posterior edge of tongue on some specimens appears more deeply notched than others, likely due to preservation condition; dorsolateral ridges typically weak to moderately well developed, varying in length from ~60 to 90% trunk length; between ~5 and 30% of tympanum can be concealed by supratympanic ridge; dermal tubercle cover on flanks varies considerably, some with only sparse scattering of small tubercles (e.g., 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FD8DFF45FD33FF7C" box="[617,749,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 15A</figureCitation>
), others with moderately dense cover of heterogeneous sized (large to small) tubercles (e.g., 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FE16FF6EFD76FF18" box="[498,680,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 15C &amp; E</figureCitation>
); dorsal markings vary from faint to distinct complete X-shaped, Yshaped, hourglass-shaped marking, or just a V-shaped marking on parietoscapular region, not visible on some older specimens presumably due to fading; some specimens have faint spotting and blotching on chest and abdomen (e.g., 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FF33FEF5FE89FE8C" box="[215,343,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetId="figure@41.[150,1436,193,1614]" captionTargetPageId="41" captionText="FIGURE 15. Megophrys major: A–F. referred specimens from Manipur: A. and B. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: A. dorsolateral view; B. ventral view; C. and D. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 15F</figureCitation>
); density and surface coverage of dermal asperities varies extensively among male specimens, if present on females, asperities sparse on mid-dorsum increasing in density posteriorly to above cloaca, but absent from other surfaces, asperities typically absent on juvenile and subadult specimens examined; white upper lip stripe not present on metamorphs and juveniles (with SVL &lt;
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FD13FE46FC95FE60" box="[759,843,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
), instead lateral surfaces of head plain dark brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF006614FFF6021AFF73F881FBDBF844" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610230/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" startId="40.[151,250,1875,1897]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1854]" targetPageId="40">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF6021AFF73F881FBDBF844" blockId="40.[151,1435,1875,1928]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFF73F881FEC1F8A4" bold="true" box="[151,287,1875,1897]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF6021AFEC2F881FE04F8A5" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[294,474,1875,1897]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFEC2F881FE04F8A5" box="[294,474,1875,1897]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Megophrys major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFB06F881FB2AF8A4" bold="true" box="[1250,1268,1875,1896]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">A</emphasis>
. dorsal view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFA60F886FA4BF8A5" bold="true" box="[1412,1429,1876,1897]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">B</emphasis>
. ventral view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFEC6F8A0FEEAF844" bold="true" box="[290,308,1906,1928]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">C</emphasis>
. profile view of head; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFDFFF8A0FDF3F84B" bold="true" box="[539,557,1906,1927]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">D</emphasis>
. ventral view of hand; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF6021AFCFCF8A0FCF7F84B" bold="true" box="[792,809,1906,1927]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">E</emphasis>
. ventral view of foot.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF006614FFF7021BFF73F9B1FA84F97A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610232/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" startId="41.[151,250,1635,1657]" targetBox="[150,1436,193,1614]" targetPageId="41">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF7021BFF73F9B1FA84F97A" blockId="41.[151,1435,1635,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFF73F9B1FEFFF9B4" bold="true" box="[151,289,1635,1657]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF7021BFECDF9B1FE3EF9B5" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[297,480,1635,1657]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFECDF9B1FE3EF9B5" box="[297,480,1635,1657]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Megophrys major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFE0BF9B1FDC5F9B5" bold="true" box="[495,539,1635,1657]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A–F</emphasis>
. referred specimens from Manipur: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFC70F9B1FC78F9B4" bold="true" box="[916,934,1635,1656]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
. and 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFC06F9B6FC2DF9B5" bold="true" box="[994,1011,1636,1657]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
. an adult female (CES 18901: SVL 98.2 mm) in life: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFEF2F950FEF6F95B" bold="true" box="[278,296,1666,1687]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">A</emphasis>
. dorsolateral view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFE16F950FDDDF95B" bold="true" box="[498,515,1666,1687]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">B</emphasis>
. ventral view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFD7FF950FD73F954" bold="true" box="[667,685,1666,1688]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">C</emphasis>
. and 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFD01F950FD29F95B" bold="true" box="[741,759,1666,1687]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">D</emphasis>
. an adult male (CES 18902: SVL 80.0 mm) in life: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFAE1F950FAC9F954" bold="true" box="[1285,1303,1666,1688]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">C</emphasis>
. dorsolateral view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFF31F973FF39F97A" bold="true" box="[213,231,1697,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">D</emphasis>
. ventral view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFE9BF973FE4EF97A" bold="true" box="[383,400,1697,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">E</emphasis>
. and 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFE2CF973FE0BF97A" bold="true" box="[456,469,1697,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">F</emphasis>
. an adult male (CES 18903: SVL 81.1 mm) in life: 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFC07F973FC2AF97A" bold="true" box="[995,1012,1697,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">E</emphasis>
. dorsolateral view; 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF7021BFB58F973FB17F97A" bold="true" box="[1212,1225,1697,1718]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">F</emphasis>
. ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40218FF23FE65FC45FD64" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23FE65FDF8FE1C" bold="true" box="[199,550,439,464]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Secondary sexual characters.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FDCAFE65FDACFE1C" box="[558,626,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Males</emphasis>
: nuptial pads present, weakly raised, covered with brown/black microasperities on freshly collected specimens (appear as microgranules on old specimens), primarily covering dorsal surface of base of Finger I, narrowing distally, extending to mid-proximal phalange on inner dorsal side; nuptial pad on Finger II small, oval, positioned on base of digit on inner dorsal side (extending to mid-proximal phalange on some individuals); external vocal sac indistinct; internal vocal slit present on floor of mouth near rear of mandible, one on each side; forearms enlarged relative to upper forelimbs. 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC03FDBEFB98FD49" box="[999,1094,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Females</emphasis>
: mature ova without pigment; nuptial pads, vocal sac, vocal slits, and enlarged forearms, all absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40218FF23FD66FEEFFC21" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23FD66FDCDFD01" bold="true" box="[199,531,692,717]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Morphological comparison.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FDFFFD66FD3BFD00" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[539,741,692,717]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FDFFFD66FD3BFD00" box="[539,741,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Megophrys major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FD09FD67FCCFFD00" box="[749,785,693,716]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(adult males, 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC51FD67FC16FD00" box="[949,968,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
=12, adult females, 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FB4FFD67FB60FD00" box="[1195,1214,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
=3) differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FA99FD67FED9FD3C" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1864" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FA99FD67FED9FD3C" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FEA4FD0BFE6CFD3C" authorityName="Ye and Fei" authorityYear="1992" box="[320,434,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zhangi">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FEA4FD0BFE6CFD3C" box="[320,434,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. zhangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its larger adult body size, male SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FC65FD05FBF6FD23" box="[897,1064,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.955" metricValueMax="8.75" metricValueMin="7.159999999999999" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="79.55" valueMax="87.5" valueMin="71.6">71.6–87.5 mm</quantity>
, female SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FB23FD05FAB5FD23" box="[1223,1387,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.19" metricValueMax="9.82" metricValueMin="8.559999999999999" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="91.9" valueMax="98.2" valueMin="85.6">85.6–98.2 mm</quantity>
(vs. male SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FEF6FD2EFE66FCD8" box="[274,440,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.385" metricValueMax="4.95" metricValueMin="3.82" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="43.85" valueMax="49.5" valueMin="38.2">38.2–49.5 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FE21FD2FFE06FCD8" box="[453,472,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
=17, female SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FD47FD2EFC97FCD8" box="[675,841,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" metricValueMax="5.61" metricValueMin="4.05" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="48.3" valueMax="56.1" valueMin="40.5">40.5–56.1 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FCB2FD2FFCB7FCD8" box="[854,873,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
=6; male SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FBF5FD2EFB69FCD8" box="[1041,1207,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.485" metricValueMax="3.72" metricValueMin="3.25" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="34.85" valueMax="37.2" valueMin="32.5">32.5–37.2 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FB20FD2FFB09FCD8" box="[1220,1239,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">N</emphasis>
=3, respectively); differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FEC2FCF3FE7FFCF4" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[294,417,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FEC2FCF3FE7FFCF4" box="[294,417,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FE3EFCF3FD5DFCF4" authorityName="Fei, Ye and Huang" authorityYear="1983" box="[474,643,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medogensis">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FE3EFCF3FD5DFCF4" box="[474,643,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. medogensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by presence of distinct continuous whitish-cream upper lip stripe (vs. absent), by basal webbing present (vs. absent); differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FCB0FC97FBF9FC91" authorityName="Fei &amp; Ye" authorityYear="1990" box="[852,1063,836,861]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mangshanensis">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FCB0FC97FBF9FC91" box="[852,1063,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. mangshanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by basal webbing between toes present (vs. absent), lateral fringes on toes occasionally present (vs. absent), larger adult body size, male SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FF73FC5EFE9CFC68" box="[151,322,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.74" metricValueMin="7.159999999999999" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="79.5" valueMax="87.4" valueMin="71.6">71.6–87.4 mm</quantity>
, female SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FE0AFC5EFD49FC68" box="[494,663,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.19" metricValueMax="9.82" metricValueMin="8.559999999999999" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="91.9" valueMax="98.2" valueMin="85.6">85.6–98.2 mm</quantity>
(vs. male SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FCBBFC5EFC15FC68" box="[863,971,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.25" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="62.5">62.5 mm</quantity>
, N=1, female SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FB5AFC5EFACBFC68" box="[1214,1301,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="mm" value="73.0">73 mm</quantity>
, N=1). For comparisons with subsequent species covered in this study, refer to relevant morphological comparison sections for those species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40218FF23FC25FBD5FB09" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23FC25FE66FBDC" bold="true" box="[199,440,1015,1040]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Systematic position.</emphasis>
OTU 5 (“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FDD7FC2BFD18FBDC" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[563,710,1015,1040]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FDD7FC2BFD8CFBDC" box="[563,594,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M.</emphasis>
cf. 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FD67FC2BFD18FBDC" box="[643,710,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
3”) in the molecular analyses of this study and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FB1EFC25FF3FFBF8" author="Mahony, S. &amp; Foley, N. C. &amp; Biju, S. D. &amp; Teeling, E. C." pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="744 - 771" refId="ref55439" refString="Mahony, S., Foley, N. C., Biju, S. D. &amp; Teeling, E. C. (2017) Evolutionary history of the Asian Horned Frogs (Megophryinae): integrative approaches to timetree dating in the absence of a fossil record. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34 (3), 744 - 771 + S. I. 33 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msw 267" type="book chapter" year="2017">
Mahony 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FA85FC2BFA42FBDC" box="[1377,1436,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
represents 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FE84FBCEFDF6FBF8" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[352,552,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FE84FBCEFDF6FBF8" box="[352,552,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Megophrys major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FDCAFBCFFD8CFBF8" box="[558,594,1053,1076]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
The systematic position of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FC62FBCFFC31FBF8" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[902,1007,1053,1076]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC62FBCFFC31FBF8" box="[902,1007,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FC11FBCFFBC7FBF8" box="[1013,1049,1053,1076]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
within the MMC clade is not fully resolved (
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FEECFBEDFE48FB94" box="[264,406,1087,1112]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="11.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionStartId-1="12.[151,250,1027,1049]" captionStartId-2="13.[151,250,1115,1137]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,250,1843,1865]" captionTargetBox-0="[241,1332,252,1087]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1426,309,999]" captionTargetBox-2="[155,1430,193,1084]" captionTargetBox-3="[162,1426,1248,1806]" captionTargetId-0="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1127]" captionTargetId-1="figure@12.[151,1436,301,1006]" captionTargetId-2="figure@13.[150,1436,193,1094]" captionTargetId-3="figure@13.[151,1436,1248,1822]" captionTargetPageId-0="11" captionTargetPageId-1="12" captionTargetPageId-2="13" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. BI concatenated gene tree based on the 47 taxa concatenated mt+nuDNA alignment (Dataset C), with ML node values provided. Posterior probability/bootstrap values&gt;95% in both analyses are represented by a black spot on the node, values &lt;95% in one or both analyses are provided next to relevant nodes, where * is&gt;95%, and – is given for nodes that were not resolved on the ML tree. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review are provided in parentheses." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Concatenated gene trees based on the 29 taxa concatenated nuDNA alignment (Dataset D): A. RAxML tree; B. MrBayes tree. Posterior probability/bootstrap values are provided next to associated nodes. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. RAxML tree for the combined mt+nuDNA dataset expanded to include the Chen et al. (2017) sequences (Dataset J). Bootstrap support values are provided adjacent to the associated nodes. Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. DensiTree cloudogram representations of *BEAST analyses, removing the first 10% of trees as burn-in, produced from the four nuDNA gene alignments of Dataset E: A. original unphased; B. phased. Dark blue branches represent the most frequently occurring topology, light blue branches represent the consensus trees with intensity proportional to the frequency of the topology in the dataset, and green areas represent all topologies in the dataset. Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2610206/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2610208/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2610210/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2610212/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figures 2–5</figureCitation>
; Appendix I, Table 3; Appendix II, 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FCDAFBEDFC74FB94" box="[830,938,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1250,1272]" captionTargetBox="[163,1425,384,1202]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[150,1437,373,1228]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. Ultrametric guide tree topologies used for BPP analyses: A. topology based on *BEAST analyses of phased nuclear alignments, with posterior probability values for nodes; B. alternative topology guide tree based on the results of concatenated mt+nuDNA gene tree analyses (Dataset E); C. alternative topology based on *BEAST analyses of unphased nuclear alignments, with posterior probability values for nodes. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610204/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figures 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FC58FB92FC14FB94" box="[956,970,1088,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1148,1170]" captionTargetBox="[241,1332,252,1087]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[151,1436,193,1127]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. BI concatenated gene tree based on the 47 taxa concatenated mt+nuDNA alignment (Dataset C), with ML node values provided. Posterior probability/bootstrap values&gt;95% in both analyses are represented by a black spot on the node, values &lt;95% in one or both analyses are provided next to relevant nodes, where * is&gt;95%, and – is given for nodes that were not resolved on the ML tree. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review are provided in parentheses." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610206/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">2</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FC10FBEDFBDBFB94" box="[1012,1029,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1843,1865]" captionTargetBox="[162,1426,1248,1806]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[151,1436,1248,1822]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5. DensiTree cloudogram representations of *BEAST analyses, removing the first 10% of trees as burn-in, produced from the four nuDNA gene alignments of Dataset E: A. original unphased; B. phased. Dark blue branches represent the most frequently occurring topology, light blue branches represent the consensus trees with intensity proportional to the frequency of the topology in the dataset, and green areas represent all topologies in the dataset. Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610212/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">5</figureCitation>
: as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FBD2FB93FB19FB94" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[1078,1223,1087,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FBD2FB93FB8BFB94" box="[1078,1109,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M.</emphasis>
cf. major
</taxonomicName>
3/OTU 5). It was consistently found to be the sister taxon to a new species (OTU 7/“ 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FC76FBB7FBFEFBB0" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[914,1056,1124,1149]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC76FBB7FC77FBB0" box="[914,937,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M</emphasis>
. cf. 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC39FBB7FBFEFBB0" box="[989,1056,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
1”) described below, but it is not yet clear which species these sister taxa are most closely related to within the MMC. Uncorrected 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FB3DFB5BFB39FB6C" box="[1241,1255,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">p</emphasis>
-distance for the 16S rRNA gene between these sister taxa was 6.4–6.5% (Appendix I, Table 6).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3656517FFF40218FF23FB1DFC42FAFD" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40218FF23FB1DFDBFFAC1" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23FB1DFE90FB24" bold="true" box="[199,334,1231,1256]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Etymology.</emphasis>
The original species epithet “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FD5DFB03FD28FB24" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[697,758,1233,1256]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FD5DFB03FD28FB24" box="[697,758,1233,1256]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” is derived from the Greek word meaning “giant”, later replaced with “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FEA6FB27FE5BFAC0" authority="Latin" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[322,389,1269,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FEA6FB27FE5BFAC0" box="[322,389,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”, Latin for “large”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40218FF23FAC5FC42FAFD" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,924,1303,1329]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23FAC5FE20FAFC" bold="true" box="[199,510,1303,1328]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Suggested common name:</emphasis>
Jerdon’s White-lipped Horned Frog.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3656517FFF40219FF23FAEEFC19FE1C" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40218FF23FAEEFC3AF970" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23FAEEFEBEFA99" bold="true" box="[199,352,1340,1365]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</emphasis>
This species was considered widespread from Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF40218FC17FAEEFBF3FA99" box="[1011,1069,1340,1365]" name="India" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">India</collectingCountry>
to southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF40218FB0DFAEEFA96FA99" box="[1257,1352,1340,1365]" name="Vietnam" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
but 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FA99FAEFFF04FAB4" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FA99FAEFFF04FAB4" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FF07FAB3FE8AFAB4" box="[227,340,1375,1400]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
(s.l.) is now known to represent a species complex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FC55FA8DFBAAFAB4" author="Chen, J. - M. &amp; Zhou, W. - W. &amp; Poyarkov Junior, N. A. &amp; Stuart, B. L. &amp; Brown, R. M. &amp; Lathrop, A. &amp; Wang, Y. - Y. &amp; Yuan, Z. - Y. &amp; Jiang, K. &amp; Hou, M. &amp; Chen, H. - M. &amp; Suwannapoom, C. &amp; Ngoc Nguyen, S. &amp; Van Duong, T. &amp; Papenfuss, T. J. &amp; Murphy, R. W. &amp; Zhang, Y. - P. &amp; Che, J." box="[945,1140,1375,1400]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="28 - 43" refId="ref51754" refString="Chen, J. - M., Zhou, W. - W., Poyarkov Junior, N. A. Stuart, B. L., Brown, R. M., Lathrop, A., Wang, Y. - Y., Yuan, Z. - Y., Jiang, K., Hou, M., Chen, H. - M., Suwannapoom, C., Ngoc Nguyen, S., Van Duong, T., Papenfuss, T. J., Murphy, R. W., Zhang, Y. - P. &amp; Che, J. (2017) A novel multilocus phylogenetic estimation reveals unrecognized diversity in Asian horned toads, genus Megophrys sensu lato (Anura: Megophryidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 106, 28 - 43. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2016.09.004" type="journal article" year="2017">
Chen 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC12FAB3FBEFFAB4" box="[1014,1073,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FB66FA8DFAB8FAB4" author="Mahony, S. &amp; Foley, N. C. &amp; Biju, S. D. &amp; Teeling, E. C." box="[1154,1382,1375,1400]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="744 - 771" refId="ref55439" refString="Mahony, S., Foley, N. C., Biju, S. D. &amp; Teeling, E. C. (2017) Evolutionary history of the Asian Horned Frogs (Megophryinae): integrative approaches to timetree dating in the absence of a fossil record. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 34 (3), 744 - 771 + S. I. 33 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msw 267" type="book chapter" year="2017">
Mahony 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FB0CFAB3FAFCFAB4" box="[1256,1314,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2017
</bibRefCitation>
; this study). Only the following localities (between 450 and 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF40218FCE0FA56FC87FA50" box="[772,857,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.255" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="m" value="1255.0">1255 m</quantity>
asl.) represent the verified distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FAD7FA57FA42FA50" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[1331,1436,1413,1436]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FAD7FA57FA42FA50" box="[1331,1436,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FF73FA7AFF65FA73" box="[151,187,1448,1471]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="13442A19FFF40218FF2FFA75FE98FA0C" box="[203,326,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1742,1764]" captionTargetBox="[161,1425,1085,1720]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[159,1427,1083,1721]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 8. Distribution map of the western MMSG taxa: A. All taxa (excluding M. monticola) from Northeast India and surrounding countries: diamonds represent type localities, circles represent referred localities based on molecularly sampled specimens: orange = M. zhangi; yellow = M. robusta; black = M. medogensis; dark blue = M. major; pink = Megophrys flavipunctata sp. nov.; dark green = Megophrys oreocrypta sp. nov.; light blue = Megophrys himalayana sp. nov.; light green = Megophrys periosa sp. nov.; pale blue = M. cf. periosa; purple = M. glandulosa. B. Inset rectangle in Figure A enlarged to show the distribution map for M. monticola from Darjeeling and Sikkim region, Northeast India, showing distribution of named mitochondrial haplotypes: stars represent the type localities, circles represent referred localities confirmed from sequence data: red = M. “sanu” comb. nov., light blue = M. “katabhako” comb. nov. Blue lines represent major rivers; grey lines represent international borders." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2610218/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figure 8A</figureCitation>
): Sohra [=Cherrapunji], in the East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya state; Khumhzi, in Luangmai district and Khangchiuluanh, in Tamenglong district, Manipur state; and Tseminyu, in Kohima district, Nagaland. The locality “Darjeeling” associated with Jerdon’s BMNH series of specimens is considered erroneous (see Remarks for details). The eastern distribution limit for 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FD1DF9C7FCBEF9E0" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[761,864,1557,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FD1DF9C7FCBEF9E0" box="[761,864,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FC82F9C7FC54F9E0" box="[870,906,1557,1580]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is currently unclear, but it might be expected to extend into adjacent areas of western 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF40218FDDEF9EAFD77F99C" box="[570,681,1592,1616]" name="Myanmar" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. A report of this species from Tura Peak, West Garo Hills district in Meghalaya state was provided by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FDC5F98EFC8AF9B9" author="Sangma, M. A. &amp; Saikia, P. K." box="[545,852,1628,1653]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="2404 - 2424" refId="ref57292" refString="Sangma, M. A. &amp; Saikia, P. K. (2015) Checklist of amphibians inventoried from Tura Peak of West Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India. Journal of Global Biosciences, 4 (5), 2404 - 2424." type="journal article" year="2015">Sangma and Saikia (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. The authors provided no diagnostic characters for their specimens so the taxonomic identity of animals from this locality warrants careful investigation considering our study identifies the presence of three MMC species in Meghalaya state.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF40219FF23F915FC19FE1C" blockId="42.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="43.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FF23F915FDCBF92C" bold="true" box="[199,533,1735,1760]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Habitat and natural history.</emphasis>
There have been many observations and notes published regarding 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FAE2F91BFAB0F92C" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[1286,1390,1737,1760]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FAE2F91BFAB0F92C" box="[1286,1390,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF40218FA90F915FA48F92C" box="[1396,1430,1735,1760]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, primarily from Southeast Asian countries (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FD49F93EFC7FF8C8" author="Bain, R. H. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T." box="[685,929,1772,1797]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref50107" refString="Bain, R. H. &amp; Nguyen, Q. T. (2004) Herpetofaunal diversity of Ha Giang Province in northeastern Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species. Novitates, 3453, 1 - 42. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2004) 453 &lt;0001: HDOHGP&gt; 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2004">Bain &amp; Nguyen 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FC48F93EFBB3F8C8" author="Ohler, A. &amp; Marquis, O. &amp; Swan, S. &amp; Grosjean, S." box="[940,1133,1772,1797]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="71 - 87" refId="ref55990" refString="Ohler, A., Marquis, O., Swan, S. &amp; Grosjean, S. (2000) Amphibian diversity of Hoang Lien Nature Reserve (Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam) with description of two new species. Herpetozoa, 13 (1 - 2), 71 - 87." type="journal article" year="2000">
Ohler 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC17F93FFBF5F8C9" box="[1011,1067,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
2000
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FB9DF93EFB22F8C8" author="Stuart, B. L." box="[1145,1276,1772,1796]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="43 - 67" refId="ref58222" refString="Stuart, B. L. (1999) Amphibians and reptiles. In: Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. &amp; Khounboline, K. (Eds.), Wildlife in Lao PDR. 1999 Status Report. IUCN-The World Conservation Union / Wildlife Conservation Society / Centre for Protected Areas and Watershed Management, Vientiane, pp. 43 - 67." type="book chapter" year="1999">Stuart 1999</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FAECF93EFA9AF8C9" author="Stuart, B. L." box="[1288,1348,1772,1797]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="473 - 479" refId="ref58294" refString="Stuart, B. L. (2005) New frog records from Laos. Herpetological Review, 36 (4), 473 - 479." type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
), which are likely to represent different species. Some old reports of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FC88F8C3FC07F8E4" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[876,985,1809,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FC88F8C3FC07F8E4" box="[876,985,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tadpoles (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF40218FB77F8DDFA8FF8E4" author="Annandale, N." box="[1171,1361,1807,1832]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" pagination="7 - 36" refId="ref49797" refString="Annandale, N. (1912) Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911 - 1912. I. Batrachia. Records of the Indian Museum, 8 (1), 7 - 36, pls. II-IV. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 1186" type="journal article" year="1912">Annandale 1912</bibRefCitation>
) from Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF40218FEF4F8E6FE94F881" box="[272,330,1844,1869]" name="India" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">India</collectingCountry>
are not considered reliable, since most tadpoles were identified by association of adult frogs present in the collection stream, not accounting for the fact that in our experience most streams in Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF40218FA87F885FA43F8BC" box="[1379,1437,1879,1904]" name="India" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">India</collectingCountry>
are inhabited by two or more 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF40218FE17F8AEFDAFF859" box="[499,625,1916,1941]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF40218FE17F8AEFDAFF859" box="[499,625,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Megophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Based on our observations of recently collected specimens, a female (CES 18901) collected towards the end of May contained mature ova, and males were found calling during May (CES 18902, CES 18903) and October (SDBDU 2007.229, SDBDU 2007.230), indicating that the breeding season for this species probably extends from the pre-monsoon (May) until post monsoon (October). SDBDU 2007.229 and SDBDU 2007.230 were found calling amongst fallen and dead reeds on the banks of the Terunhü River in 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF50219FF1EFF0DFEBBFF34" box="[250,357,223,248]" country="India" name="Nagaland" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Nagaland</collectingRegion>
at around 18:30 h (just after dusk). The Terunhü River at the collection locality is a moderately fast flowing stream passing through a disturbed secondary forest patch. CES 18902 was found calling during the daytime perched ~ 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF50219FE83FEFAFE77FEF3" box="[359,425,296,320]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="m" value="2.3">2.3 m</quantity>
above ground level on a leaf of a wild cardamom on the bank of the Mpeih bak duithuak (stream). CES 18903 was found calling from a hole in the retaining wall where a clear water stream exits an underground diversion. The gravid female (CES 18901) was collected nearby an unnamed stream. No further individuals could be located along that stream during the subsequent two nights of searching, indicating that breeding activity had not yet reached a peak (or was experiencing a lull).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3656517FFF5021FFF23FE0EFBF2FEA8" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF50219FF23FE0EFCE3FC04" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FF23FE0EFEE5FE39" bold="true" box="[199,315,476,501]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Remarks.</emphasis>
On 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FE94FE0EFD11FE38" authority="Jerdon, 1870" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[368,719,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FE94FE0EFDF0FE38" box="[368,558,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FDDCFE0EFD11FE38" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[568,719,476,501]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: The original type series of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FBF2FE0EFB0AFE38" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[1046,1236,476,501]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FBF2FE0EFB0AFE38" box="[1046,1236,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consisted of five 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FF73FDD2FF30FDD4" box="[151,238,512,536]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
specimens in Jerdon’s personal collection collected from “ 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF50219FC6EFE2DFC0DFDD4" box="[906,979,511,536]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Sikim</collectingRegion>
[sic] and the Khasi Hills” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FB1BFE2DFA4EFDD4" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[1279,1424,511,536]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon 1870</bibRefCitation>
). Soon after the description of Jerdon’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FDB6FDF7FC4EFDF1" authority=", Anderson (1871 b)" authorityName=", Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[594,912,548,573]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FDB6FDF7FD6EFDF0" box="[594,688,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FD25FDF6FC4EFDF1" author="Anderson, J." box="[705,912,548,573]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="149 - 211" refId="ref49619" refString="Anderson, J. (1871 b) On some Indian reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871, 149 - 211." type="journal article" year="1871">Anderson (1871b)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
stated “I have a specimen of Dr. Jerdon’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FA60FDF7FF0AFDAC" authorityName=", Anderson" authorityYear="1871" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FA60FDF7FF0AFDAC" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
beside me [in the Indian Museum (now ZSIC)], but I find that in no way differs from the Darjeeling large specimens, which are the adults of this species [
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FD2EFDBEFBACFD49" authority="Gunther, 1864" authorityName="Gunther. The" authorityYear="1864" box="[714,1138,620,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FD2EFDBEFC62FD49" box="[714,956,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Xenophrys monticola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FC23FDBEFBACFD49" author="Gunther, A." box="[967,1138,620,645]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref53775" refString="Gunther, A. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. The Ray Society, London, 452 + XXVII pp., 26 pls." type="book" year="1864">Günther, 1864</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
]”. With that statement, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FA60FDBFFF0AFD64" authorityName=", Anderson" authorityYear="1871" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FA60FDBFFF0AFD64" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was regarded to represent a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FCFAFD43FC6AFD64" authorityName="Gunther. The" authorityYear="1864" box="[798,948,655,680]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FCFAFD43FC6AFD64" box="[798,948,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the subsequent four decades. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FAAAFD5DFECDFD01" author="Sclater, W. L." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref57663" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 b) List of the Batrachia in the Indian Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, VIII + 43 pp." type="book" year="1892">Sclater (1892b:33)</bibRefCitation>
listed all Indian Museum amphibian specimens by numbers, localities and collectors, which included seven specimens of “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FE6AFD0BFC91FD3C" authority="&quot; sensu Anderson (1871 b)" authorityName="&quot; sensu Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[398,847,727,752]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FE6AFD0BFDFEFD3C" box="[398,544,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. monticola</emphasis>
” sensu 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FD9BFD05FC91FD3C" author="Anderson, J." box="[639,847,727,752]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="149 - 211" refId="ref49619" refString="Anderson, J. (1871 b) On some Indian reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871, 149 - 211." type="journal article" year="1871">Anderson (1871b)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
deposited by Jerdon, six from “Darjeeling” (ZSIC 9673–9677, ZSIC 9721) and one from “Khasia Hills” (ZSIC 9679). We know now (discussed below) that the large species from Darjeeling that 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FE11FCCDFD16FCF4" author="Anderson, J." box="[501,712,799,824]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="149 - 211" refId="ref49619" refString="Anderson, J. (1871 b) On some Indian reptiles. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1871, 149 - 211." type="journal article" year="1871">Anderson (1871b)</bibRefCitation>
was referring Jerdon’s 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FC0DFCF3FB95FCF4" authorityName=", Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1001,1099,801,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FC0DFCF3FB95FCF4" box="[1001,1099,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen to is 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FAF0FCF3FA4AFCF4" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[1300,1428,799,824]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FAF0FCF3FA4AFCF4" box="[1300,1428,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, it is not clear whether that particular specimen was one of Jerdon’s five 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FBDAFC97FB4BFC91" box="[1086,1173,837,861]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FADCFC97FA4AFC90" authorityName=", Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[1336,1428,837,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FADCFC97FA4AFC90" box="[1336,1428,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FF73FCB5FEBAFC4C" author="Deuti, K. &amp; Grosjean, S. &amp; Nicolas, V. &amp; Vasudevan, K. &amp; Ohler, A." box="[151,356,871,896]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="20 - 48" refId="ref52320" refString="Deuti, K., Grosjean, S., Nicolas, V., Vasudevan, K. &amp; Ohler, A. (2017) Nomenclatural puzzle in early Xenophrys nomina (Megophryidae, Amphibia) solved with description of two new species from India (Darjeeling hills and Sikkim). Alytes, 34, 20 - 48." type="journal article" year="2017">
Deuti 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FF38FCBBFECDFC4C" box="[220,275,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
referred five of the aforementioned “Darjeeling” specimens (ZSIC 9673–9677), and three others not mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FE87FC5EFD3FFC68" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[355,737,908,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref57663" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 b) List of the Batrachia in the Indian Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, VIII + 43 pp." type="book" year="1892">Sclater (1892b; ZSIC 9722–9724)</bibRefCitation>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FCE1FC5EFC1EFC68" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[773,960,908,933]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FCE1FC5EFC1EFC68" box="[773,960,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Megophrys sanu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF50219FC22FC5EFB99FC69" box="[966,1095,908,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FC22FC5EFB99FC69" bold="true" box="[966,1095,908,933]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">comb. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
(as juveniles). The taxonomic identities of ZSIC 9721 and ZSIC 9679 require clarification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF50219FF23FC06FCD6F9C4" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
The whereabouts of the original 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FDD8FC07FDB2FC21" box="[572,620,981,1005]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
series of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FD3AFC06FC45FC20" authorityName=", Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[734,923,980,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FD3AFC06FC45FC20" box="[734,923,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FC38FC06FBC1FC21" box="[988,1055,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">which</emphasis>
specimens actually belong to the original 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FF11FC2AFEFBFBDC" box="[245,293,1016,1040]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
series of this species, is an imbroglio. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FD37FC25FC66FBDC" author="Chanda, S. K. &amp; Das, I &amp; Dubois, A." box="[723,952,1015,1040]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="100 - 128" refId="ref51613" refString="Chanda, S. K., Das, I &amp; Dubois, A. (2000 &quot; 1999 &quot;) Catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad, 25 (2), 100 - 128." type="journal article" year="2000">
Chanda 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FCCBFC2BFCB8FBDC" box="[815,870,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
referred four specimens (ZSIC 9670, ZSIC 9681, ZSIC 10777, ZSIC 10779) as 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FDDEFBCFFDABFBF9" box="[570,629,1053,1077]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FD7AFBCFFC8AFBF9" authority="Jerdon" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[670,852,1052,1077]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FD7AFBCFFD23FBF8" box="[670,765,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
Jerdon
</taxonomicName>
, from “Darjeeling”, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF50219FBDBFBCFFB0CFBF9" box="[1087,1234,1052,1077]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF50219FB04FBCEFAC3FBF9" box="[1248,1309,1052,1077]" name="India" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">India</collectingCountry>
. ZSIC also have an additional two specimens from Darjeeling that they regard to be the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FBF0FB92FB91FB94" box="[1044,1103,1088,1112]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FB9EFB93FB06FB94" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[1146,1240,1089,1112]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FB9EFB93FB06FB94" box="[1146,1240,1089,1112]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ZSIC 9650 and ZSIC 9668) (SM per. obs. during a visit to the ZSIC in 2010). Several problems exist with the recognition of these six ZSIC specimens as the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FE29FB5BFDD6FB6D" box="[461,520,1161,1185]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
for this species: 1) all of these specimens were collected by J. Gammie (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FAA9FB55FD85FB08" author="Sclater, W. L." pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref57663" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 b) List of the Batrachia in the Indian Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, VIII + 43 pp." type="book" year="1892">
Sclater 1892b:33 [as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FED4FB7EFD8DFB09" box="[304,595,1196,1221]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Leptobrachium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FED4FB7EFD8DFB09" box="[304,595,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Leptobrachium monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]
</bibRefCitation>
); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FD90FB7EFCCFFB08" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[628,785,1196,1221]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon (1870)</bibRefCitation>
clearly stated that he “obtained” the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FB56FB7FFB3CFB09" box="[1202,1250,1197,1221]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
specimens from the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FF22FB03FF28FB25" box="[198,246,1233,1257]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
localities—Jerdon acknowledged throughout this paper when specimens were sent to him by other collectors, so it may be interpreted that he (or his party) were the collectors of the specimens; 2) ZSIC 9650 (SVL 
<quantity id="4C879B79FFF50219FF73FAC5FF22FAFC" box="[151,252,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.11" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="51.1">51.1 mm</quantity>
) is a gravid adult female 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FDFCFACBFD73FAFC" box="[536,685,1303,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Leptobrachium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FDFCFACBFD73FAFC" box="[536,685,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">M. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SM per. obs.). ZSIC 9668 was not examined in detail but is either an adult 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FF1EFAEFFE4FFA99" box="[250,401,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Leptobrachium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FF1EFAEFFE4FFA99" box="[250,401,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">M. monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or a juvenile 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FDD4FAEFFD74FA99" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[560,682,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FDD4FAEFFD74FA99" box="[560,682,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
––both specimens do not fit Jerdon’s original description by being “large”, presumably relative to the considerably smaller 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FCFBFA8DFBCEFAB4" authorityName="&quot; sensu Anderson" authorityYear="1871" box="[799,1040,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FCFBFA8DFBCEFAB4" box="[799,1040,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Xenophrys monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only other 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FB2EFA8DFA9CFAB4" box="[1226,1346,1375,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Xenophrys">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FB2EFA8DFA9CFAB4" box="[1226,1346,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Xenophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species known at that time; 3) ZSIC 10777 and ZSIC 9681 are 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FCC9FA57FC72FA51" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[813,940,1412,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FCC9FA57FC72FA51" box="[813,940,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SM per. obs.); 4) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FB70FA56FAE3FA50" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[1172,1341,1412,1437]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="341 - 348" refId="ref57617" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 a) On some specimens of frogs in the Indian Museum, Calcutta with description of several new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 341 - 348, pl. XXIV." type="journal article" year="1892">Sclater (1892a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FAA9FA56FA4AFA51" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[1357,1428,1412,1437]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref57663" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 b) List of the Batrachia in the Indian Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, VIII + 43 pp." type="book" year="1892">1892b</bibRefCitation>
) provided a list of 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FE88FA7BFE79FA0D" box="[364,423,1449,1473]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
in the Indian Museum that included only one megophryid, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FB83FA7AFB1AFA73" box="[1127,1220,1448,1471]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Scutiger" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FB83FA7AFB1AFA73" box="[1127,1220,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Scutiger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FB1EFA75FA4CFA0C" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1887" box="[1274,1426,1447,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Cophophryne" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FB1EFA75FA4CFA0C" box="[1274,1426,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Cophophryne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FF73FA1EFEC9FA29" box="[151,279,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">sikkimensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FEC1FA1EFE70FA29" author="Blyth, E." box="[293,430,1484,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref50620" refString="Blyth, E. (1855 [&quot; 1854 &quot;]) Notices and descriptions of various reptiles, new or little known. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 23, 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1855">Blyth, 1855</bibRefCitation>
), and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FE15FA1EFD43FA28" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[497,669,1484,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="341 - 348" refId="ref57617" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 a) On some specimens of frogs in the Indian Museum, Calcutta with description of several new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 341 - 348, pl. XXIV." type="journal article" year="1892">Sclater (1892a)</bibRefCitation>
explicitly stated that the collections then contained the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FAEEFA1FFA9BFA29" box="[1290,1349,1485,1509]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">types</typeStatus>
of only one of Jerdon’s species, 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FE4CFA3DFCDAF9C4" authority="(Jerdon, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[424,772,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annectans">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FE4CFA3DFD89F9C4" box="[424,599,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Hyla annectans</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FD81FA3DFD25F9C4" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[613,763,1519,1544]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon, 1870</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF5021EFF23F9C6FE76FEF3" blockId="43.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="44.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
Before leaving 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF50219FE92F9C6FE6CF9E1" box="[374,434,1556,1581]" name="India" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">India</collectingCountry>
, Jerdon visited and collected specimens in and around Darjeeling–Sikkim and the Khasi Hills, but he notoriously did not maintain notes on his collections, relying largely on memory for details of localities (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FEF4F98EFE68F9B9" author="Gunther, A." box="[272,438,1628,1653]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="224 - 234" refId="ref53844" refString="Gunther, A. (1875) Second report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of Zoological Society, 1875 (1), 224 - 234." type="journal article" year="1875">Günther 1875</bibRefCitation>
). Upon his return to 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF50219FD5EF98EFCC4F9B9" box="[698,794,1628,1653]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">England</collectingCountry>
, Jerdon assisted Günther with the accessioning of his collection into the BMNH– –“The work of systematically arranging and naming this collection was carried on jointly by him [Jerdon] and myself, and proceeded as far as the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FC48F976FB9EF971" box="[940,1088,1700,1725]" class="Reptilia" family="Lanthonotidae" genus="Tropidonotus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FC48F976FB9EF971" box="[940,1088,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Tropidonotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, when it was interrupted by an illness from which he never recovered….and I am therefore ignorant of the habitat [collection localities] of a part of the specimens which were still unexamined at the time of his death” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FC16F93EFB48F8C9" author="Gunther, A." box="[1010,1174,1772,1797]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="224 - 234" refId="ref53844" refString="Gunther, A. (1875) Second report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of Zoological Society, 1875 (1), 224 - 234." type="journal article" year="1875">Günther 1875</bibRefCitation>
). Jerdon’s original “ 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FA60F93FFF0AF8E4" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FA60F93FFF0AF8E4" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” collection consisted of a series of presumably 
<specimenCount id="9D79FD15FFF50219FD09F8C2FC5BF8E4" box="[749,901,1807,1832]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
(BMNH [18]72.4.17.398–414), and was one of the last taxa from his collection to be accessioned (BMNH Accession Register). The BMNH Accession Register gives the locality “Darjeeling (&amp; Khasia)”, but the locality appeared in subsequent literature as Darjeeling only (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FF3EF8AEFE4CF858" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[218,402,1916,1941]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" refId="ref50893" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Caudata in the Collections of the British Museum. (Natural History). Second Edition. Taylor and Francis, London, XVI + 503 pp., XXX pls." type="book" year="1882">Boulenger 1882</bibRefCitation>
[“h”]). Doubts regarding whether some of Jerdon’s other herpetological specimens were from the Khasi Hills or from Darjeeling have been noted elsewhere (e.g., the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF50219FBD8F873FBB2F875" box="[1084,1132,1953,1977]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FB18F872FEE4F811" authority="Gunther, 1876" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1876" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Ixalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerdoni">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FB18F872FA42F875" box="[1276,1436,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Ixalus jerdoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF50219FF73F816FEE4F811" author="Gunther, A." box="[151,314,1988,2013]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="567 - 577" refId="ref53878" refString="Gunther, A. (1876) Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of Zoological Society, 1875 (4), 567 - 577." type="journal article" year="1876">Günther, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[= 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF50219FEB8F816FDE3F811" box="[348,573,1988,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Frankixalus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jerdoni">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF50219FEB8F816FDE3F811" box="[348,573,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Frankixalus jerdoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] from “Darjeeling” was subsequently found to be widespread in the Khasi Hills [
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFF3AFF45FE43FF7C" author="Biju, S. D. &amp; Senevirathne, G. &amp; Garg, S. &amp; Mahony, S. &amp; Kamei, R. G. &amp; Thomas, A. &amp; Shouche, Y. &amp; Raxworthy, C. J. &amp; Meegaskumbura, M. &amp; van Bocxlaer, I." box="[222,413,151,176]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="0145727" refId="ref50521" refString="Biju, S. D., Senevirathne, G., Garg, S., Mahony, S., Kamei, R. G., Thomas, A., Shouche, Y., Raxworthy, C. J., Meegaskumbura, M. &amp; van Bocxlaer, I. (2016) Frankixalus, a new rhacophorid genus of tree hole breeding frogs with oophagous tadpoles. PLOS ONE, 11 (1), e 0145727. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0145727" type="journal article" year="2016">
Biju 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFEF8FF4BFE86FF7C" box="[284,344,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
] but not reported from Darjeeling or surrounding regions since its original description). Jerdon deposited most (if not all) of his 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFDBBFF6FFD51FF19" box="[607,655,189,213]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
specimens in the British Museum and Indian Museum, but since the Indian Museum did not (according to Sclater [1891a, 1891b]) contain Jerdon’s megophryid 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFB5FFF32FB35FF34" box="[1211,1259,224,248]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
specimens, the BMNH specimen series may have contained some, or all, of the five original specimens based on which 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFAB6FED6FF3FFE8C" author="Jerdon, T. C." pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon (1870)</bibRefCitation>
coined the name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF2021EFF23FE9EFEB3FBDC" blockId="44.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Remarks on 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFEBCFE9EFD35FEA8" authority="Boulenger, 1908" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[344,747,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFEBCFE9EFDFCFEA8" box="[344,546,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megophrys major</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFDC8FE9EFD35FEA8" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[556,747,332,357]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFD1CFE9EFC68FEA8" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[760,950,332,357]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFD1CFE9EFC68FEA8" box="[760,950,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was subsequently transferred to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFF73FEBDFEF5FE44" authorityName="Wagler" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,299,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFF73FEBDFEF5FE44" box="[151,299,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megalophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFEB7FEBDFDC7FE44" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[339,537,367,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger (1908)</bibRefCitation>
rendering 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFD75FEBDFBCEFE44" authority="(Jerdon, 1870)" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[657,1040,367,392]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFD75FEBDFCB6FE44" box="[657,872,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megalophrys gigas</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFC91FEBDFBD6FE44" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[885,1032,367,392]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon, 1870</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
a junior homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFAECFEBDFEB0FE61" authority="Blyth, 1855" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFAECFEBDFF0AFE60" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megalophrys gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFF06FE46FEB0FE61" author="Blyth, E." box="[226,366,404,429]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="287 - 302" refId="ref50620" refString="Blyth, E. (1855 [&quot; 1854 &quot;]) Notices and descriptions of various reptiles, new or little known. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 23, 287 - 302." type="journal article" year="1855">Blyth, 1855</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
[now 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE21FE47FCBAFE61" authority="(Gunther, 1860)" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[453,868,404,429]" class="Amphibia" family="Ranidae" genus="Nanorana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liebigii">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE21FE47FD4AFE61" box="[453,660,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Nanorana liebigii</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFD4FFE46FC85FE61" author="Gunther, A." box="[683,859,404,429]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="148 - 175" refId="ref53720" refString="Gunther, A. (1860) Contributions to a knowledge of the reptiles of the Himalaya mountains. I. Descriptions of the new species. II. List of Himalayan reptiles, with remarks on their horizontal distribution. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1860, 148 - 175." type="journal article" year="1860">Günther, 1860</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
]. To correct this, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFBA0FE46FACFFE60" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1092,1297,404,429]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger (1908)</bibRefCitation>
coined the replacement name 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE8AFE65FD93FE1C" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[366,589,439,464]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE8AFE65FD93FE1C" box="[366,589,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megalophrys major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and provided a morphological description of the species with a note that 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFF73FE0EFEE8FE38" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[151,310,476,501]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon (1870)</bibRefCitation>
named 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE72FE0FFE2BFE38" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[406,501,477,500]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE72FE0FFE2BFE38" box="[406,501,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens from Darjeeling and the Khasi Hills “now preserved in the British Museum [now NHMUK] and Indian Museum [now ZSIC]”. Considering 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFBDAFE2DFB3BFDD4" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[1086,1253,511,536]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="341 - 348" refId="ref57617" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 a) On some specimens of frogs in the Indian Museum, Calcutta with description of several new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1892, 341 - 348, pl. XXIV." type="journal article" year="1892">Sclater (1892a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFB17FE2DFAE4FDD4" author="Sclater, W. L." box="[1267,1338,511,536]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref57663" refString="Sclater, W. L. (1892 b) List of the Batrachia in the Indian Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, VIII + 43 pp." type="book" year="1892">1892b</bibRefCitation>
) did not recognise types for this species in the Indian Museum, and up until 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFC7DFDF6FBBCFDF0" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[921,1122,548,573]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger (1908)</bibRefCitation>
, none of Jerdon’s NHMUK 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFF73FD95FECBFDAC" box="[151,277,583,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFF73FD95FECBFDAC" box="[151,277,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens were recognised as “types” of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFCEBFD9BFCB1FDAC" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[783,879,585,608]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFCEBFD9BFCB1FDAC" box="[783,879,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFC24FD95FBBDFDAC" author="Gunther, A." box="[960,1123,583,608]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="567 - 577" refId="ref53878" refString="Gunther, A. (1876) Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of Zoological Society, 1875 (4), 567 - 577." type="journal article" year="1876">Günther 1876</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFB97FD95FAF1FDAC" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[1139,1327,583,608]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" refId="ref50893" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1882) Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia s. Caudata in the Collections of the British Museum. (Natural History). Second Edition. Taylor and Francis, London, XVI + 503 pp., XXX pls." type="book" year="1882">Boulenger 1882</bibRefCitation>
:442), the provenance of Boulenger’s statement is unclear. In 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFD10FDBEFC0CFD48" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[756,978,620,645]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger’s (1908)</bibRefCitation>
account of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFB86FDBFFB1CFD48" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[1122,1218,621,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFB86FDBFFB1CFD48" box="[1122,1218,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFB1DFDBFFAB8FD48" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[1273,1382,621,644]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFB1DFDBFFAB8FD48" box="[1273,1382,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), he identified two specimens (an adult male and an adult female– –accession numbers not given) as “type” for which he provided measurements, but parts of his morphological description clearly indicated that he included many other specimens. It is unclear whether Boulenger regarded the entire specimen series to be types, or only the two specimens mentioned, however, in the absence of stringent and universally accepted nomenclatural rules governing typification at that time, Boulenger may have designated specimens collected by Jerdon as types as an attempt to remove further ambiguity. The BMNH Specimen Catalogue currently lists all 17 of Jerdon’s original specimen series as “ 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFEE2FCBAFEB2FC4C" box="[262,364,872,896]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
” of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE7FFCBBFDDDFC4C" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[411,515,873,896]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE7FFCBBFDDDFC4C" box="[411,515,873,896]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but there is no indication in the BMNH Accessions Register that these specimens were originally considered to be the types of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFD6BFC5FFD34FC68" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[655,746,909,932]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFD6BFC5FFD34FC68" box="[655,746,909,932]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. According to the 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFC5FFC5EFC28FC69" box="[955,1014,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Code</emphasis>
(Article 72.7), a replacement name is an objective synonym, and must have the same type series as the original name, therefore, in the absence of evidence that Boulenger’s “type[s]” represent two of the five 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFC94FC07FC0CFC21" box="[880,978,981,1005]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFBE4FC07FBBFFC20" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[1024,1121,981,1004]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFBE4FC07FBBFFC20" box="[1024,1121,981,1004]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, his typification should be considered invalid.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF2021EFF23FBCEFB48F9B8" blockId="44.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Currently, half of the NHMUK “ 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFDA4FBCEFD45FBF8" box="[576,667,1052,1076]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
” series (BMNH [18]72.4.17.407–414) are no longer present in the collection and must be assumed to have been exchanged with other museum collections prior to the 1947 replacement numbers (e.g., MCZ A-6814, received on exchange from the “British Museum” in 1920 [MCZbase, online catalogue, accessed 
<date id="FFC1105CFFF2021EFE33FB5AFD7CFB6C" box="[471,674,1160,1184]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" value="2018-01-20">20 January 2018</date>
]). The remaining adult specimens in the “ 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFB7DFB5AFB2AFB6C" box="[1177,1268,1160,1184]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
” series in the NHMUK appear to be homogeneous, however, the specific status of the subadult female and juvenile specimens cannot be confirmed based on morphological characters alone. Aside from Jerdon’s NHMUK specimen series, all of which were regarded by Günther (1872) to have been collected from Darjeeling, we are aware of no subsequent collections of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFEA0FACBFE6AFAFC" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[324,436,1305,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFEA0FACBFE6AFAFC" box="[324,436,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF2021EFE26FACBFE38FAFC" box="[450,486,1305,1328]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
from north of the Brahmaputra river– – 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFC2FFAC5FBB0FAFC" author="Daniel, J. C." box="[971,1134,1303,1328]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="666 - 668" refId="ref51986" refString="Daniel, J. C. (1962) Notes on some amphibians of the Darjeeling area, West Bengal. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 59 (2), 666 - 668." type="journal article" year="1962">Daniel (1962)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFB03FACBFA89FAFC" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[1255,1367,1305,1328]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFB03FACBFA89FAFC" box="[1255,1367,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Darjeeling based on two specimens but the figured animal clearly portrayed a 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFC1EFAEFFBAAFA99" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[1018,1140,1340,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFC1EFAEFFBAAFA99" box="[1018,1140,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFB54FAEEFAAFFA99" author="Subba, B. &amp; Aravind, N. A. &amp; Ravikanth, G." box="[1200,1393,1340,1365]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 14" refId="ref58459" refString="Subba, B., Aravind, N. A. &amp; Ravikanth, G. (2016) Amphibians of the Sikkim Himalaya, India: an annotated checklist. Check List, 13 (1), 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="2016">
Subba 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFB18FAEFFAEAFA99" box="[1276,1332,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
did not observe this species in 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF2021EFE2AFA8DFDFDFAB4" box="[462,547,1375,1400]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
. However, we demonstrate that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFC76FAB3FC22FAB4" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[914,1020,1377,1400]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFC76FAB3FC22FAB4" box="[914,1020,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF2021EFBE1FAB3FBF7FAB4" box="[1029,1065,1377,1400]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is present in the southern Khasi Hills and adjacent areas, thus it more likely that Jerdon’s NHMUK specimen series came from there. Until the time specimens referable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE7AFA7BFDD9FA0C" authority="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling, 2018" authorityName="Mahony &amp; Kamei &amp; Teeling" authorityYear="2018" box="[414,519,1449,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE7AFA7BFDD9FA0C" box="[414,519,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23857F5FFF2021EFDEBFA7BFDEDFA0C" box="[527,563,1449,1472]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are collected from Darjeeling/ 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF2021EFC75FA75FC3FFA0C" box="[913,993,1447,1472]" country="India" name="Sikkim" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Sikkim</collectingRegion>
area (which we consider unlikely), we regard Jerdon’s NHMUK specimen series to have been collected from the Khasi Hills, 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF2021EFB8EFA1EFB39FA29" box="[1130,1255,1484,1509]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
state, Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF2021EFF73FA3DFF0AF9C4" box="[151,212,1519,1544]" name="India" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">India</collectingCountry>
. Likewise, we confirm that 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFDEEFA23FD5AF9C4" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[522,644,1519,1544]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFDEEFA23FD5AF9C4" box="[522,644,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only found west of the Brahmaputra (including the Darjeeling area). Therefore, the name 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE9BF9C7FE05F9E0" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[383,475,1557,1580]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE9BF9C7FE05F9E0" box="[383,475,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was coined based on more than one species (
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFC32F9C7FB8EF9E1" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[982,1104,1556,1581]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFC32F9C7FB8EF9E1" box="[982,1104,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and one or more of the Khasi Hills-endemic MMC species). Since Jerdon deposited no specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFC57F9EBFBF2F99C" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[947,1068,1591,1616]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFC57F9EBFBF2F99C" box="[947,1068,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the NHMUK, it is certain that the NHMUK “ 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFEDFF98EFE48F9B8" box="[315,406,1628,1652]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
” series cannot contain all of the original type specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFBD7F98FFB51F9B8" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[1075,1167,1629,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFBD7F98FFB51F9B8" box="[1075,1167,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC0369CFFF2021FFF23F9ADFBF2FEA8" blockId="44.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="45.[151,1437,151,357]" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Proposed Nomenclatural Resolutions: Although the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFCF7F952FCB4F954" box="[787,874,1664,1688]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFBE8F9ADFB19F954" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[1036,1223,1663,1688]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFBE8F9ADFB19F954" box="[1036,1223,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might not actually be lost or destroyed, the knowledge as to which (if any) of Jerdon’s specimens represent this series is effectively “lost” so that they are no longer unambiguously identifiable. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFCBBF915FBCFF92C" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[863,1041,1735,1760]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon’s (1870)</bibRefCitation>
original description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFAC0F915FF0AF8C8" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFAC0F915FF0AF8C8" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
provided no diagnostic characters that can permit either the identification of an existing specimen as one of the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFF22F8C2FEF5F8E4" box="[198,299,1808,1832]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
, or the application of the name to a single biological species, so 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFBADF8DDFAD5F8E4" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[1097,1291,1807,1832]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFBADF8DDFAD5F8E4" box="[1097,1291,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore considered a 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFED6F8E7FE05F881" box="[306,475,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">nomen dubium</emphasis>
. To resolve the nomenclatural conundrum and bring nomenclatural stability to the species name by restricting its use to a single biological species, we propose that one of the NHMUK specimens (BMNH 1947.2.24.93 [rr. BMNH [18]72.4.17.399]––described above) collected by Jerdon is designated as the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF2021EFF73F873FF2EF875" box="[151,240,1953,1977]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFEFAF872FE00F874" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[286,478,1952,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFEFAF872FE00F874" box="[286,478,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This action will reinstate the recognition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFC1BF872FABEF874" authority="Jerdon, 1870" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[1023,1376,1952,1977]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFC1BF872FB61F874" box="[1023,1215,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Xenophrys gigas</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFB2FF872FABEF874" author="Jerdon, T. C." box="[1227,1376,1952,1977]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="66 - 85" refId="ref54604" refString="Jerdon, T. C. (1870) Notes on Indian herpetology. part 2. Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, March 1870, 66 - 85." type="journal article" year="1870">Jerdon, 1870</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a primary objective synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFE10F816FC46F810" authority="Boulenger, 1908" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[500,920,1988,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFE10F816FD0CF810" box="[500,722,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Megalophrys major</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF2021EFD3EF816FC46F810" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[730,920,1988,2013]" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="407 - 430" refId="ref51343" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1908) A revision of the oriental pelobatid batrachians (genus Megalophrys). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908, 407 - 430, pls. XXII-XXV, fig. 71. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1908. tb 01852. x" type="journal article" year="1908">Boulenger, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and will also preserve the nomen 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF2021EFAC5F817FA45F811" authorityName=", Sen and Mathew" authorityYear="2008" box="[1313,1435,1988,2013]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF2021EFAC5F817FA45F811" box="[1313,1435,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">M. robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the large species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF3021FFE79FF45FDC5FF7C" box="[413,539,151,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF3021FFE79FF45FDC5FF7C" box="[413,539,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Megophrys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Darjeeling. The neotypification of this specimen will also restrict the type locality of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF3021FFEF5FF6FFEB3FF18" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" box="[273,365,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF3021FFEF5FF6FFEB3FF18" box="[273,365,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and by implication that of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF3021FFD41FF6FFCD3FF18" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1908" box="[677,781,189,212]" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Megalophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF3021FFD41FF6FFCD3FF18" box="[677,781,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">M. major</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, to “Darjeeling”, corrected herein to “Khasi Hills” (which currently encompasses the East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills districts), 
<collectingRegion id="49BBF87EFFF3021FFC12FF0DFBADFF34" box="[1014,1139,223,248]" country="India" name="Meghalaya" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Meghalaya</collectingRegion>
state, Northeast 
<collectingCountry id="F368760CFFF3021FFAD7FF0DFAAEFF34" box="[1331,1392,223,248]" name="India" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">India</collectingCountry>
. By this action, the remaining NHMUK specimens in the series (BMNH 1947.2.24.92, BMNH 1947.2.24.94–99, BMNH 1947.2.25.1) and those in the ZSIC regarded by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B6DFFF3021FFCF3FEF5FBDEFE8C" author="Chanda, S. K. &amp; Das, I &amp; Dubois, A." box="[791,1024,295,320]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="100 - 128" refId="ref51613" refString="Chanda, S. K., Das, I &amp; Dubois, A. (2000 &quot; 1999 &quot;) Catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of Zoological Survey of India. Hamadryad, 25 (2), 100 - 128." type="journal article" year="2000">
Chanda 
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF3021FFC90FEFBFC73FE8C" box="[884,941,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">et al.</emphasis>
(2000)
</bibRefCitation>
to represent the 
<typeStatus id="54C4883EFFF3021FFB5AFEFAFACBFE8C" box="[1214,1301,296,320]" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
series of 
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D1FFFF3021FFA60FEFBFF0AFEA8" authorityName="Jerdon" authorityYear="1870" class="Amphibia" family="Megophryidae" genus="Xenophrys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="B90BEA8EFFF3021FFA60FEFBFF0AFEA8" italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">X. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
will no longer be referred to as name-bearing type specimens for this taxon.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>