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<document id="990EACE9F2D2DCD16BA752D563AF2069" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b7d3317-e0a6-4491-a068-bc0378359441" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="289354" ID-ZooBank="4DE5E609-AC90-4AA5-84D1-AA0D86B5C4DB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461224212127" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Braun, Holger" docDate="2015" docId="03A987CF054AA909FF452975FF7E22D6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04012p032.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4012 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Typophyllum erosifolium Walker 1870" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FF90FFB70544A91BFFD22C5EFFA42676" masterDocTitle="Little walking leaves from southeast Ecuador: biology and taxonomy of Typophyllum species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pterochrozinae)" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="15" updateTime="1698604814266" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EAEA7829E739F78125BADAC6EDBE1ED7">Little walking leaves from southeast Ecuador: biology and taxonomy of Typophyllum species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pterochrozinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="A809C14A305CBB1F3F551CECCBCC3EAA">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03A987CF054AA909FF452975FF7E22D6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6103128" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127692959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6103128" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A987CF054AA909FF452975FF7E22D6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987CF054AA909FF452975FF7E22D6" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA915FF452975FDC92333" blockId="14.[151,621,1323,1382]" box="[151,621,1323,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<heading id="D0F781B5054AA915FF452975FDC92333" bold="true" box="[151,621,1323,1349]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FF452975FDC92333" authority="Walker 1870" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,621,1323,1349]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF452975FDC92333" bold="true" box="[151,621,1323,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF452975FE6C2333" bold="true" box="[151,456,1323,1349]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Typophyllum erosifolium</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FE1C2975FDC92333" author="Walker" box="[462,621,1323,1349]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Walker, F. (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, 3, 425 - 604." type="journal article" year="1870">Walker 1870</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA915FF452913FE262310" blockId="14.[151,621,1323,1382]" box="[151,386,1357,1382]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
(
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C054AA915FF4D2913FF582310" box="[159,252,1357,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1860,1882]" captionTargetBox="[165,1410,527,1821]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,517,1839]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 12. Typophyllum erosifolium: male habitus, left fore femur, ear openings of left tibia, and abdomen tip in ventral view (cbt 001 s 06); female habitus and left fore leg (cbt 007 s 01)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289366/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figs. 12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C054AA915FEDA2910FE822310" box="[264,294,1358,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1135,1157]" captionTargetBox="[172,1419,211,1094]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1114]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Typophyllum erosifolium: left tegmina of large females and small males (female cbt 001 s 03, male - s 10, female - s 09, male - s 07)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289367/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C054AA915FEE02910FEF42310" box="[306,336,1358,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1991,2013]" captionTargetBox="[164,1420,1247,1954]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1435,1237,1969]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Typophyllum erosifolium: female, ovipositor is usually concealed between the tegmina (cbt 007 s 03)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289368/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C054AA915FE8F2913FEDD2310" box="[349,377,1357,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1493,1515]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,182,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[150,1437,171,1480]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Typophyllum erosifolium:. A, B, C. female, lateral and dorsal view, and alive (cbt 001 s 03); D, E, F. males with different coloration in lateral view (- s 08, - s 04, - s 07); G. live male with complete antennae (- s 01); photos of pinned specimens to scale, photos of live individuals staged during day." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289369/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">15</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A6552054AA915FF4529CBFBEE2050" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA915FF4529CBFDD123DD" blockId="14.[151,1436,1429,1574]" box="[151,629,1429,1451]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FF4529CBFDB623DD" authority="Pictet 1888" authorityName="Pictet" authorityYear="1888" box="[151,530,1429,1451]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF4529CBFE3C23DD" box="[151,408,1429,1451]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Typophyllum peruvianum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FE4D29CBFDB623DD" author="Pictet" box="[415,530,1429,1451]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Pictet, A. (1888) Locustides nouveaux ou peu connus du Musee de Geneve. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 30 (6), 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1888">Pictet 1888</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FDCA29C8FDD123DD" bold="true" box="[536,629,1430,1451]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24757B0054AA915FDCA29C8FDD123DD" box="[536,629,1430,1451]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">syn. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA915FF4529EAFC0A23BC" blockId="14.[151,1436,1429,1574]" box="[151,942,1460,1482]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FE3529EAFDFF23BC" ID-CoL="8NKFC" box="[487,603,1460,1482]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:5481
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA915FF45298DFBEE2050" blockId="14.[151,1436,1429,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB1011F7054AA915FF45298DFBEE2050" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FF45298DFE40239E" authority="Walker 1870: 464" authorityName="Walker" authorityPageNumber="464" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,484,1490,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF45298DFE86239E" box="[151,290,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. erosifolium</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FEFD298CFE40239E" author="Walker" box="[303,484,1490,1512]" page="464" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1870">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FEFD298CFE10239E" author="Walker" box="[303,436,1490,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Walker, F. (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, 3, 425 - 604." type="journal article" year="1870">Walker 1870</bibRefCitation>
: 464
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FE20298DFDCF239E" box="[498,619,1490,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolia">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FE20298DFDCF239E" box="[498,619,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. erosifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FD52298CFC83239E" author="Kirby" box="[640,807,1490,1512]" page="350" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FD52298CFD5C239E" author="Kirby" box="[640,760,1490,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Kirby, W. F. (1906) Orthoptera Saltatoria. Part I. (Achetidae et Phasgonuridae). A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae), 2, i-viii, 1 - 562." type="journal article" year="1906">Kirby 1906</bibRefCitation>
: 350
</treatmentCitation>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FCE4298DFC58239E" box="[822,1020,1490,1512]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Mimetica" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolia">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FCE4298DFC58239E" box="[822,1020,1490,1512]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Mimetica erosifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FBC3298CFB70239E" author="Vignon" box="[1041,1236,1490,1512]" page="275" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FBC3298CFB07239E" author="Vignon" box="[1041,1187,1490,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vignon, P. (1925 a) Essai de classification du genre Typophyllum Serville (Orth. Phasgon.). A propos des quatre especes nouvelles dont les types sont au Musee de Madrid. EOS, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 1, 249 - 281." type="journal article" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">Vignon 1925a</bibRefCitation>
: 275
</treatmentCitation>
,
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FB0D298CFA3C239E" author="Vignon" box="[1247,1432,1490,1512]" page="140" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FB0D298CFAC2239E" author="Vignon" box="[1247,1382,1490,1512]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Vignon, P. (1931) Recherches sur les Sauterelles-Feuilles de l'Amerique tropicale. Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, 57 - 212." type="journal article" year="1931">Vignon 1931</bibRefCitation>
: 140
</treatmentCitation>
,
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FF1529AFFEDD2071" author="Beier" box="[199,377,1521,1543]" page="368" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1960">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FF1529AFFEE52071" author="Beier" box="[199,321,1521,1543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Beier, M. (1960) Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pseudophyllinae II. Das Tierreich, 74, 1 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Beier 1960</bibRefCitation>
: 368
</treatmentCitation>
,
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FE5829ACFD922071" author="Braun" box="[394,566,1521,1543]" page="67" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FE5829ACFDA82071" author="Braun" box="[394,524,1521,1543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Braun, H. (2002) Die Laubheuschrecken (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) eines Bergregenwaldes in Sud-Ecuador - faunistische, bioakustische und okologische Untersuchungen. Doctoral thesis, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 142 pp." type="book" year="2002">Braun 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 67
</treatmentCitation>
,
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FD9A29ACFCA62071" author="Braun" box="[584,770,1521,1543]" page="220" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FD9A29ACFD6C2071" author="Braun" box="[584,712,1521,1543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Braun, H. (2008) Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae - checklist Reserva Biologica San Francisco and Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe and Loja, S Ecuador). Ecotropical Monographs, 4, 215 - 220." type="journal article" year="2008">Braun 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 220
</treatmentCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FCC129ACFBCC2071" authority="Pictet 1888: 29" authorityName="Pictet" authorityPageNumber="29" authorityYear="1888" box="[787,1128,1521,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FCC129ACFC0E2071" box="[787,938,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. peruvianum</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FC6D29AFFBCC2071" author="Pictet" box="[959,1128,1521,1543]" page="29" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="1888">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FC6D29AFFB9F2071" author="Pictet" box="[959,1083,1521,1543]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Pictet, A. (1888) Locustides nouveaux ou peu connus du Musee de Geneve. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 30 (6), 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1888">Pictet 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 29
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and some other references;
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FF152A4EFEED2050" box="[199,329,1552,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF152A4EFEED2050" box="[199,329,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Typophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 1:
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FE5E2A4FFD8E2050" author="Braun" box="[396,554,1552,1574]" page="65" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FE5E2A4FFDAC2050" author="Braun" box="[396,520,1552,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Braun, H. (2002) Die Laubheuschrecken (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) eines Bergregenwaldes in Sud-Ecuador - faunistische, bioakustische und okologische Untersuchungen. Doctoral thesis, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 142 pp." type="book" year="2002">Braun 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 65
</treatmentCitation>
(“Pfeifendes Spaziergehblättlein“),
<treatmentCitation id="0AA110C8054AA915FC4B2A4FFBE22050" author="Braun" box="[921,1094,1552,1574]" page="220" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054AA915FC4B2A4FFBB72050" author="Braun" box="[921,1043,1552,1574]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Braun, H. (2008) Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae - checklist Reserva Biologica San Francisco and Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe and Loja, S Ecuador). Ecotropical Monographs, 4, 215 - 220." type="journal article" year="2008">Braun 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 220
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A6552054AA914FF452A0CFE9427A6" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA915FF452A0CFD982111" blockId="14.[151,1436,1618,2003]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF452A0CFE3E201D" bold="true" box="[151,410,1618,1643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Examined specimens.</emphasis>
Reserva Biológica San Francisco/Río San Francisco valley: male cbt001s01 (with sound recording),
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FECB2A28FECB20F8" box="[281,367,1654,1679]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1850.0">1850 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FEA82A29FDF220F9" box="[378,598,1654,1679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1997-09-30">30 September 1997</date>
; female cbt001s02,
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FCE62A29FC2F20F8" box="[820,907,1655,1679]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1830.0">1830 m</quantity>
, leg. H. Braun
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FBE02A29FB6020F9" box="[1074,1220,1654,1679]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1998-07-14">14 July 1998</date>
; female cbt001s03,
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FF452AC5FF4B20C4" box="[151,239,1691,1715]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.01" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="2010.0">2010 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FF2F2AC4FE3720C5" box="[253,403,1690,1715]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1998-07-26">26 July 1998</date>
; male cbt001s04 found riding on female cbt001s05,
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FC3F2AC5FBE120C4" box="[1005,1093,1691,1715]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1830.0">1830 m</quantity>
, leg. F. Matt
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FB0C2AC5FA3C20C5" box="[1246,1432,1691,1715]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1998-08-12">12 August 1998</date>
; male cbt001s06 (sound recording)
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FDCD2AE1FDD220A0" box="[543,630,1727,1751]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1830.0">1830 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FD502AE1FCAA20A1" box="[642,782,1727,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1999-06-04">4 June 1999</date>
; male cbt001s07 (sound recording),
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FB7B2AE0FAA420A0" box="[1193,1280,1726,1751]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1850.0">1850 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FADE2AE1FA3320A1" box="[1292,1431,1727,1751]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1999-06-08">8 June 1999</date>
; male cbt001s10, leg F. Matt 2002; Río Sabanilla valley
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FCF02ABCFCD9208C" box="[802,893,1762,1787]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1640.0">1640 m</quantity>
: male cbt001s08 (sound recording) and female cbt001s09,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FECB2B58FE4F2169" box="[281,491,1798,1823]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="1999-09-05">5 September 1999</date>
; Bombuscaro
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FD5D2B59FD4D2168" box="[655,745,1799,1823]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
: female cbt007s01, captured as nymph and raised to adult,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FA5C2B59FE922135" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2008-01-08">8 January 2008</date>
; female cbt007s03; Alto Nangaritza,
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FD262B75FCF52134" box="[756,849,1835,1859]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.28" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="1280.0">1280 m</quantity>
,
<date id="FFBE1019054AA915FCB12B75FBA52135" box="[867,1025,1834,1859]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" value="2009-04-08">8 April 2009</date>
; leg. H. Braun where no collector mentioned, all in collection of author.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054AA914FF152B2CFE9427A6" blockId="14.[151,1436,1618,2003]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,464]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FF152B2CFEB521FD" bold="true" box="[199,273,1906,1931]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Notes.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054AA915FEC82B2AFE1121FD" box="[282,437,1906,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054AA915FEC82B2AFE1121FD" box="[282,437,1906,1931]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">T. erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from a single female from the upper Amazon in northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3177649054AA915FAFF2B2DFAC021FC" box="[1325,1380,1907,1930]" name="Peru" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Peru</collectingCountry>
. The locality, Nauta (“Nanta” in original description, but corrected in Vignon’s and Beier’s revisions), is a small town in the Loreto Department with road and river access, at about
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054AA915FCE82BE5FC2021A4" box="[826,900,1979,2003]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="m" value="100.0">100 m</quantity>
, and might not be the actual collection site. No further records seem to be published. The
<typeStatus id="54BB887B054BA914FD562CC6FD1026C6" box="[644,692,152,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
specimen’s tegmina tips are damaged (photos in OSF), but it is visible that the distal anal margin is undulated or “deeply notched” (
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054BA914FC402CE2FB8C26A2" author="Walker" box="[914,1064,188,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Walker, F. (1870) Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, 3, 425 - 604." type="journal article" year="1870">Walker 1870</bibRefCitation>
), from which the species name is derived.
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FF2B2CBFFE3E268E" box="[249,410,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FF2B2CBFFE3E268E" box="[249,410,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. peruvianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was also described from a unique female from
<collectingCountry id="F3177649054BA914FC7D2CBEFC412681" box="[943,997,224,247]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
, without further locality specifics. This specimen (photos in OSF) shows the same tegmen shape as
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FCE32D5BFC6E276B" box="[817,970,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FCE32D5BFC6E276B" box="[817,970,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only without emarginations, and also the venation is very similar. There is a female specimen from Yarinacocha in the
<collectionCode id="ED11AE1C054BA914FBDB2D76FBC42749" box="[1033,1120,296,319]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">UMMZ</collectionCode>
collection (photos in OSF). This locality is in eastern
<collectingCountry id="F3177649054BA914FE6F2D13FE542712" box="[445,496,333,356]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Peru</collectingCountry>
in the Ucayali Department at about
<specimenCount id="9D06FD50054BA914FC5D2D12FC7A2712" box="[911,990,332,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CF89B3C054BA914FC5D2D12FC7E2712" box="[911,986,332,357]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Apparently there are also records from
<collectingCountry id="F3177649054BA914FF452D31FF5027FE" box="[151,244,367,392]" name="Ecuador" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B28054BA914FED62D31FE2327FE" author="Beier" box="[260,391,367,392]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Beier, M. (1960) Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pseudophyllinae II. Das Tierreich, 74, 1 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Beier 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Since the development of the anal margin is intraspecifically variable in females (found in this species,
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FEF42DCBFE0F27DA" box="[294,427,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egregium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FEF42DCBFE0F27DA" box="[294,427,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. egregium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FE302DCBFDF427DA" box="[482,592,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morrisi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FE302DCBFDF427DA" box="[482,592,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. morrisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FD8A2DCAFD1627DB" bold="true" box="[600,690,404,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24757B0054BA914FD8A2DCAFD1627DB" box="[600,690,404,429]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FD1B2DCBFCC027DB" box="[713,868,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FD1B2DCBFCC027DB" box="[713,868,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FC492DCBFB9827DA" box="[923,1084,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FC492DCBFB9827DA" box="[923,1084,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">T. peruvianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered to represent the same species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF7F6651054BA914FF452B1AFD7B210F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289366/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[165,1410,527,1821]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D9054BA914FF452B1AFD7B210F" blockId="15.[151,1435,1860,1913]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FF452B1AFEBB212F" bold="true" box="[151,287,1860,1882]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A054BA914FEF62B1AFDBB212C" box="[292,543,1860,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB054BA914FEF62B1AFDBB212C" box="[292,543,1860,1882]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Typophyllum erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: male habitus, left fore femur, ear openings of left tibia, and abdomen tip in ventral view (cbt001s06); female habitus and left fore leg (cbt007s01).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66510554A90BFF452831FE9D22D2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289367/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[172,1419,211,1094]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90554A90BFF452831FE9D22D2" blockId="16.[151,1435,1135,1188]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0554A90BFF452831FE8422F2" bold="true" box="[151,288,1135,1157]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0554A90BFEF52831FD8722F3" box="[295,547,1135,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0554A90BFEF52831FD8722F3" box="[295,547,1135,1157]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Typophyllum erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: left tegmina of large females and small males (female cbt001s03, male -s10, female - s09, male -s07).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66510554A90BFF452B99FAB221AB" box="[151,1302,1991,2013]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289368/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" targetBox="[164,1420,1247,1954]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90554A90BFF452B99FAB221AB" blockId="16.[151,1302,1991,2013]" box="[151,1302,1991,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0554A90BFF452B99FEBB21AA" bold="true" box="[151,287,1991,2013]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">FIGURE 14.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0554A90BFEF72B99FD8421AB" box="[293,544,1991,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0554A90BFEF72B99FD8421AB" box="[293,544,1991,2013]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Typophyllum erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: female, ovipositor is usually concealed between the tegmina (cbt007s03).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7F66510555A90AFF45298BFD3C205F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289369/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[162,1423,182,1469]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90555A90AFF45298BFD3C205F" blockId="17.[151,1436,1493,1577]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFF45298BFE80239D" bold="true" box="[151,292,1493,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">FIGURE 15.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0555A90AFEFC298BFD89239D" box="[302,557,1493,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erosifolium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFEFC298BFD89239D" box="[302,557,1493,1515]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Typophyllum erosifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:.
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFDE92988FDE9239D" bold="true" box="[571,589,1494,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFD812988FDC0239D" bold="true" box="[595,612,1494,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFDB9298BFD27239D" bold="true" box="[619,643,1493,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C.</emphasis>
female, lateral and dorsal view, and alive (cbt001s03);
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFB092988FB49239D" bold="true" box="[1243,1261,1494,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">D</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFB262988FAA1239D" bold="true" box="[1268,1285,1494,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFAD92988FAB9239D" bold="true" box="[1291,1309,1494,1515]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">F.</emphasis>
males with different coloration in lateral view (-s08, -s04, -s07);
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFD7F29AAFD65207C" bold="true" box="[685,705,1524,1546]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">G.</emphasis>
live male with complete antennae (-s01); photos of pinned specimens to scale, photos of live individuals staged during day.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C31A65520555A909FF152A0EFEA2259A" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90555A90AFF152A0EFC542183" blockId="17.[151,1437,1616,2037]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFF152A0EFEFD201F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1616,1641]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Description.</emphasis>
The internal tympanal chamber walls are expanded, extending well beyond the dorsal surface of the fore tibia, placing this species in the third group according to
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280555A90AFCA42A2AFB8D20FB" author="Vignon" box="[886,1065,1652,1677]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" refString="Vignon, P. (1925 a) Essai de classification du genre Typophyllum Serville (Orth. Phasgon.). A propos des quatre especes nouvelles dont les types sont au Musee de Madrid. EOS, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 1, 249 - 281." type="journal article" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">Vignon (1925a)</bibRefCitation>
. Apart from the general shape of the sexually dimorphic tegmina (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0555A90AFDDA2AC6FDFC20C7" box="[520,600,1688,1713]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1135,1157]" captionTargetBox="[172,1419,211,1094]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1114]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 13. Typophyllum erosifolium: left tegmina of large females and small males (female cbt 001 s 03, male - s 10, female - s 09, male - s 07)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289367/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
) there are no really disctinctive characters. Of the six females found in the area, five have tegmina with uniform anal margin, whereas in one the distal portion is undulated. In males the anal margin is undulated to varying degrees, and there is a deep distal emargination of the costal margin which almost reaches the radial vein. In the male
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0555A90AFDF12B5AFD34216B" box="[547,656,1796,1821]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="holotype">holotypes</typeStatus>
of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0555A90AFD672B58FCBB216B" box="[693,799,1798,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFD672B58FCBB216B" box="[693,799,1798,1821]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. curtum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0555A90AFC872B58FC47216B" box="[853,995,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilatum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0555A90AFC872B58FC47216B" box="[853,995,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">T. mutilatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the only remaining species in the third group, this emargination is fairly far separated from the radial vein (photos in OSF). In females the pronotum has two elongated tubercles at the anterior margin, each located about one forth of pronotum diameter from the lateral edge, and in the middle of the posterior margin there is sometimes a small, basally fused two-tipped process. The speculum of the right tegmen in males is fairly stiff, whitish, and barely translucent. The prosternum has no spines, the lateral tips of the mesosternm are developed as delicate spines (almost twice as long as distal width of maxillary palp), and the metasternum has more robust spines of about the same length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90556A909FF152CC9FC022712" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FF152CC9FEEB26C6" bold="true" box="[199,335,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Coloration.</emphasis>
Variable, light of dark brown, sometimes greenish or almost completely green (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0556A909FAD22CC9FAFC26C6" box="[1280,1368,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1493,1515]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,182,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[150,1437,171,1480]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Typophyllum erosifolium:. A, B, C. female, lateral and dorsal view, and alive (cbt 001 s 03); D, E, F. males with different coloration in lateral view (- s 08, - s 04, - s 07); G. live male with complete antennae (- s 01); photos of pinned specimens to scale, photos of live individuals staged during day." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289369/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
). The dorsal surface of the middle tibiae can be white in the lower half. One female had small white tubercles on the tegmina (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0556A909FED52C81FEFA268E" box="[263,350,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1493,1515]" captionTargetBox="[162,1423,182,1469]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[150,1437,171,1480]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Typophyllum erosifolium:. A, B, C. female, lateral and dorsal view, and alive (cbt 001 s 03); D, E, F. males with different coloration in lateral view (- s 08, - s 04, - s 07); G. live male with complete antennae (- s 01); photos of pinned specimens to scale, photos of live individuals staged during day." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289369/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
C), which became dark after death. Another female had extensive whitish spots (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0556A909FAE72C81FA2B268E" box="[1333,1423,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1991,2013]" captionTargetBox="[164,1420,1247,1954]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1435,1237,1969]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 14. Typophyllum erosifolium: female, ovipositor is usually concealed between the tegmina (cbt 007 s 03)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289368/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
). Especially the tegmina are distinguished by numerous tiny accessories that perfect the resemblance to a real decaying leaf, like transparent parts imitating holes, microscopic dark and whitish tubercles resembling small fungi, bright lichenous marks, or greenish parts as if there grew moss.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90556A909FF152D31FEFC27A6" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FF152D31FED927FE" bold="true" box="[199,381,367,392]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Measurements.</emphasis>
Tegmen length in males
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FD4D2D31FCBE27F1" box="[671,794,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="19.0" valueMin="15.0">15–19 mm</quantity>
and in females
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FC032D31FBEA27F1" box="[977,1102,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="32.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="28.0">28–36 mm</quantity>
, hind femora in males
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FA842D2EFF6727DA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="12.0">12–13 mm</quantity>
and in females
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FEA42DCAFE4B27DA" box="[374,495,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">15–17 mm</quantity>
(in
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0556A909FDCF2DCBFD1B27DA" box="[541,703,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peruvianum">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FDCF2DCBFD1B27DA" box="[541,703,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. peruvianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FD142DCAFCB227DA" box="[710,790,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
according to the description and missing in the
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0556A909FAE12DCAFA3C27DB" box="[1331,1432,404,429]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, tegmina
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FF2A2DE6FEE827A6" box="[248,332,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90556A909FF152D82FB34252B" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FF152D82FE112783" bold="true" box="[199,437,476,501]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Acoustic behaviour.</emphasis>
This species calls unwearily, sometimes many minutes without interruption. The pulse length usually is about 55 ms (ranging from 50 to 70 ms depending on the individual) and the intervals between the pulses last alternately 160 and 400 ms at 19°C, or 230 and 670 ms at 16°C in the natural habitat. The frequency spectrogram shows a very narrow peak at 18–19 kHz and very small peaks of the harmonics at 37 kHz and 55–56 kHz (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0556A909FF052E32FE8E24F2" box="[215,298,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,294,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1435,265,1499]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19. Oscillograms and linear spectrograms of calling songs of four Typophyllum species: A. T. egregium, complete call (field recording, 9.5 ºC, specimen cbt 002 s 21); B. T. onkiosternum sp. nov., one double pulse of longer sequence (cage, 18 ºC, cbt 004 s 01); C. T. morrisi sp. nov., one pulse and below complete call, here consisting of three pulse groups (cage, 23 ºC, cbt 003 s 01); D. T. erosifolium one pulse and below seven double pulses from continuous calling (cage, 20 ºC, cbt 001 s 01); all recordings made at night." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289373/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
D). While individuals can be heard over fairly long distances using a bat detector, with the unaided human ear the song is perceivable over only
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FD5A2ECEFD6B24D1" box="[648,719,656,680]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</quantity>
in the forest to a few meters in a quiet room, reminding of some very tiny machine in need of lubrication. Calling begins with the short equatorial dusk and the males mostly sit rather low in the vegetation, apparently up to
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0556A909FD662E86FCA52499" box="[692,769,728,752]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">
3–
<specimenCount id="9D06FD500556A909FD1D2E86FCA52499" box="[719,769,728,752]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="generic">4 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Within the range of this species in the well-investigated Reserva Biológica San Francisco, listening at night with a bat detector, very rarely more than one calling male was heard from a particular spot, and mostly none. This indicates a very low population density. At the sites Bombuscaro and Alto Nangaritza this species was never heard, despite extensive listening.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90556A909FF152F39FEA2259A" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FF152F39FE0D25F6" bold="true" box="[199,425,871,896]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mating behaviour.</emphasis>
One male (cbt001s05) was found at night riding laterally on the wings of a female (cbt001s04), the whole ensemble sitting on the flower of a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0556A909FC1A2FD2FBEE25D3" box="[968,1098,908,933]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Solanales" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Solanaceae</taxonomicName>
. This indicates that this little walking leaf shares the curious piggyback-behaviour typical of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0556A909FC242FF1FB2225BE" box="[1014,1158,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FC242FF1FB2225BE" box="[1014,1158,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Typophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described above for
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0556A909FA552FEFFEA4259A" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egregium">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FA552FEFFEA4259A" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">T. egregium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31A65520556A909FF152FA9FF7E22D6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90556A909FF152FA9FF7E22D6" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<emphasis id="B974EACB0556A909FF152FA9FEC42266" bold="true" box="[199,352,1015,1040]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution.</emphasis>
Eastern slope and foothills of Andes in southern
<collectingCountry id="F31776490556A909FC422FA9FC492266" box="[912,1005,1015,1040]" name="Ecuador" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and Amazon region of northern
<collectingCountry id="F31776490556A909FAB02FA6FA3D2279" box="[1378,1433,1016,1039]" name="Peru" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Peru</collectingCountry>
. The conspicuous calling song of this little walking leaf allowed an assessment of its altitudinal distribution range in the San Francisco and Sabanilla river valleys (
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0556A909FD732861FD52222E" box="[673,758,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[166,1423,495,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[150,1436,481,1370]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 20. Altitudinal distribution of A. Typophyllum egregium and B. T. erosifolium; investigated gradient from 1000 – 3400 m divided in 100 - m intervals, acoustic records based on one survey per locality, the two individuals of T. erosifolium between 1200 m and 1300 m were found at sites where no calling could be detected (Bombuscaro and Alto Nangaritza)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289374/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
B). There it occurs up to
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inside the forest, especially in vales and ravines, although never close to flowing water that would drown its song in broad-band ultrasound noise.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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