284 lines
40 KiB
XML
284 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="5653F4596B83D00914BD5319C031D9BF" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b7d3317-e0a6-4491-a068-bc0378359441" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="289354" ID-ZooBank="4DE5E609-AC90-4AA5-84D1-AA0D86B5C4DB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461224212127" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Braun, Holger" docDate="2015" docId="03A987CF0546A91FFF452EA2FE2021A6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04012p032.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4012 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Typophyllum egregium Hebard 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FF90FFB70544A91BFFD22C5EFFA42676" masterDocTitle="Little walking leaves from southeast Ecuador: biology and taxonomy of Typophyllum species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pterochrozinae)" masterLastPageNumber="32" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698604814266" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9C98C7BCB1E05503433C820E522E5753">Little walking leaves from southeast Ecuador: biology and taxonomy of Typophyllum species (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pterochrozinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="B33CC1CEED0AA175281A41591A4B7F93" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D29A7716BE91C84DE006ACC5A915E5A8">Braun, Holger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EFF191E10CAB14550E5B682A24A07D4C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8DCC30EDD7DD46A90FFB652FD2CFAC9D">
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<mods:date id="A578DB9E50E4B3C7A0200A30CF12ACFF">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A25348D0A4B9BC827CF16496223891A9">4012</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="670D29AA575A8F1662472C063118C419" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A987CF0546A91FFF452EA2FE2021A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6103114" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127692961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6103114" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A987CF0546A91FFF452EA2FE2021A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A987CF0546A91FFF452EA2FE2021A6" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="C31A65520546A919FF452EA2FCCD25CC" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A919FF452EA2FDFC2560" blockId="2.[151,600,764,823]" box="[151,600,764,790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<heading id="D0F781B50546A919FF452EA2FDFC2560" bold="true" box="[151,600,764,790]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0546A919FF452EA2FDFC2560" authority="Hebard 1924" authorityName="Hebard" authorityYear="1924" box="[151,600,764,790]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egregium">
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<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FF452EA2FDFC2560" bold="true" box="[151,600,764,790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FF452EA2FE142560" bold="true" box="[151,432,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Typophyllum egregium</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FE642EA2FDFC2560" author="Hebard" box="[438,600,764,790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Hebard, M. (1924) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76, 109 - 248." type="journal article" year="1924">Hebard 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A919FF452F40FEED2541" blockId="2.[151,600,764,823]" box="[151,329,798,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FF4D2F40FF482541" box="[159,236,798,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,385,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1439]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Typophyllum egregium: four males with different coloration, photos staged during day (specimens cbt 002 s 13, - s 02, - s 20 and - s 04)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FF282F41FEAE2541" box="[250,266,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1092,1114]" captionTargetBox="[172,1407,205,1055]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Typophyllum egregium: female and male habitus (specimens cbt 002 s 09, light green morph with apically rounded tegmina, and cbt 002 s 01, brown), note difference in size and tegmen venation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289356/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FEC42F41FE812541" box="[278,293,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1250,1272]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,212,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1229]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Typophyllum egregium: left tegmina of females (left column) and males (right), note variation in shape and venation (female specimens: cbt 002 s 10, - s 14, - s 11, males: cbt 002 s 02, - s 15, - s 06)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289357/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FEE02F41FEE52541" box="[306,321,799,823]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1445,1467]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,203,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,193,1423]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Typophyllum egregium: A. green female (specimen cbt 002 s 09), B, C. brown female (- s 10), D, E. brown male (- s 03); in live females ovipositor usually concealed by tegmina; note transparent mirror in right tegmen of male (all photos to same scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289358/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A919FF452F38FC0A250A" blockId="2.[151,1436,870,954]" box="[151,942,870,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0546A919FE352F38FDFF250A" box="[487,603,870,892]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:5513
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A919FF452FDBFCCD25CC" blockId="2.[151,1436,870,954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FF452FDBFEB925ED" author="Hebard" box="[151,285,901,923]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Hebard, M. (1924) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76, 109 - 248." type="journal article" year="1924">Hebard 1924</bibRefCitation>
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: 219,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FE8B2FDBFE7B25ED" author="Vignon" box="[345,479,901,923]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Vignon, P. (1931) Recherches sur les Sauterelles-Feuilles de l'Amerique tropicale. Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 5, 57 - 212." type="journal article" year="1931">Vignon 1931</bibRefCitation>
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: 126,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FDC92FDBFD2925ED" author="Beier" box="[539,653,901,923]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Beier, M. (1960) Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Pseudophyllinae II. Das Tierreich, 74, 1 - 396." type="journal article" year="1960">Beier 1960</bibRefCitation>
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: 359,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FD1B2FD8FCE725ED" author="Braun" box="[713,835,901,923]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Braun, H. (2002) Die Laubheuschrecken (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae) eines Bergregenwaldes in Sud-Ecuador - faunistische, bioakustische und okologische Untersuchungen. Doctoral thesis, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 142 pp." type="book" year="2002">Braun 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 66 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0546A919FCA12FDBFC5125ED" box="[883,1013,901,923]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FCA12FDBFC5125ED" box="[883,1013,901,923]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Typophyllum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. 2, “Berg-Spaziergehblättlein“),
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FA8C2FD8FF5925CC" author="Braun" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Braun, H. (2008) Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae - checklist Reserva Biologica San Francisco and Parque Nacional Podocarpus (Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe and Loja, S Ecuador). Ecotropical Monographs, 4, 215 - 220." type="journal article" year="2008">Braun 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: 216 (
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<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FEE92FFAFEDC25CC" box="[315,376,932,954]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,385,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1439]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Typophyllum egregium: four males with different coloration, photos staged during day (specimens cbt 002 s 13, - s 02, - s 20 and - s 04)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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: male), 220,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FE2F2FFAFC9725CC" author="Chamorro-Rengifo" box="[509,819,932,954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Chamorro-Rengifo, J., Braun, H. & Lopes-Andrade, C. (2014) The secret stridulatory file under the right tegmen in katydids (Orthoptera, Ensifera, Tettigonioidea). Zootaxa, 3821 (5), 590 - 596. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.5.7" type="journal article" year="2014">
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||
Chamorro-Rengifo
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<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FD162FFBFD5325CC" box="[708,759,932,954]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 595.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31A65520546A919FF452FB8FEA12015" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A919FF452FB8FB252335" blockId="2.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
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||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FF452FB8FE3D2589" bold="true" box="[151,409,998,1023]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Examined specimens.</emphasis>
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Female
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<typeStatus id="54BB887B0546A919FE2F2FB8FDC62589" box="[509,610,998,1023]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31776490546A919FDBC2FB8FD692589" box="[622,717,998,1023]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
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, Tungurahua,
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FCA22FB9FC622588" box="[880,966,999,1023]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2130.0">2130 m</quantity>
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[
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FC072FB9FB8B2589" box="[981,1071,998,1023]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1336" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="ft" value="7000.0">7000 ft</quantity>
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], Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (pencil drawings
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<date id="FFBE10190546A919FE212854FD082255" box="[499,684,1034,1059]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2003-12">December 2003</date>
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);
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<specimenCount id="9D06FD500546A919FD102855FC8C2255" box="[706,808,1034,1059]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="male">13 males</specimenCount>
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and
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<specimenCount id="9D06FD500546A919FCB12855FC762255" box="[867,978,1034,1059]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="female">7 females</specimenCount>
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from four localities in Parque Nacional Podocarpus and its periphery, leg. H. Braun between
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<date id="FFBE10190546A919FCC92871FC722231" box="[795,982,1070,1095]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1997-10-04">4 October 1997</date>
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and
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<date id="FFBE10190546A919FBCA2871FB5A2231" box="[1048,1278,1070,1095]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1999-09-17">17 September 1999</date>
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(currently in collection of author): Cordillera del Consuelo: male cbt002s01 (sound recording)
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FBE0280DFB2F221C" box="[1074,1163,1107,1131]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
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; male cbt002s13 (sound recording),
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FECE2829FED322F8" box="[284,375,1143,1167]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2300.0">2300 m</quantity>
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||
; female cbt002s14, 2410 m; female cbt002s15, 2840 m; male cbt002s17 (sound recording),
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FF4528C5FF5622C4" box="[151,242,1179,1203]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.83" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2830.0">2830 m</quantity>
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||
; male cbt002s21 (sound recording),
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||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FD4A28C4FC9022C4" box="[664,820,1178,1203]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2750.0" valueMax="3000.0" valueMin="2500.0">2500-3000 m</quantity>
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||
; El Tiro: male cbt002s19, 2880 m; Cajanuma around
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FF4528E0FF5522A0" box="[151,241,1214,1239]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2750.0">2750 m</quantity>
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||
: male cbt002s02 (sound recording), male cbt002s03 (sound recording), male cbt002s04, male cbt002s05, male cbt002s06, male cbt002s07, female cbt002s08, female cbt002s09, female cbt002s10, female cbt002s11, male cbt002s18 (sound recording); Quebrada Honda
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||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FD6B2959FCB12368" box="[697,789,1287,1311]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2480.0">2480 m</quantity>
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||
: male cbt002s20 (sound recording), [the female nymphs cbt002s12 and cbt002s16 belong to
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0546A919FDF82974FCFE2335" box="[554,858,1322,1347]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="onkiosternum" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FDF82974FCFE2335" box="[554,858,1322,1347]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Typophyllum onkiosternum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FCB32974FC1F2335" bold="true" box="[865,955,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24757B00546A919FCB32974FC1F2335" box="[865,955,1322,1347]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
described below]
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A919FF152910FEA12015" blockId="2.[151,1437,998,2031]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FF152910FEB52311" bold="true" box="[199,273,1358,1383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Notes.</emphasis>
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||
“The
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||
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0546A919FE882911FE2E2311" box="[346,394,1359,1383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
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of this striking species is unique” wrote
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FCB22910FBA12311" author="Hebard" box="[864,1029,1358,1383]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Hebard, M. (1924) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Ecuador. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76, 109 - 248." type="journal article" year="1924">Hebard (1924)</bibRefCitation>
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in the original description, and this seems to have remained so up to the present. The new-found females are very similar to this specimen, and taking into consideration the intraspecific morphological variation of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0546A919FC3E29C8FBD823D9" box="[1004,1148,1430,1455]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FC3E29C8FBD823D9" box="[1004,1148,1430,1455]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Typophyllum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, they most probably are conspecific. The volcano Tungurahua (
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<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FD9B29E4FD0623A5" box="[585,674,1466,1491]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.023" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="5023.0">5023 m</quantity>
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||
), where the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0546A919FCFB29E5FCFD23A5" box="[809,857,1467,1491]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was found at around
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FB9A29E5FB3A23A4" box="[1096,1182,1467,1491]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="m" value="2100.0">2100 m</quantity>
|
||
, is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0546A919FAD529E5FAFF23A5" box="[1287,1371,1466,1491]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
|
||
north of the investigation area and also part of the eastern Andean cordillera. Hopefully this population has survived the recent volcanic activity starting in
|
||
<date id="FFBE10190546A919FDFB2A5CFD6C206D" box="[553,712,1538,1563]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="1999-10">October 1999</date>
|
||
, with several subsequent eruptions, and still high activity with emission of ash in
|
||
<date id="FFBE10190546A919FEA92A78FD922049" box="[379,566,1574,1599]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" value="2014-09">September 2014</date>
|
||
(according to online newspaper articles in El Comercio and El Universo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31776490546A919FF452A14FF5E2015" box="[151,250,1610,1635]" name="Ecuador" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A65520546A91FFF152A30FB0620FB" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90546A918FF152A30FDC326A3" blockId="2.[151,1437,998,2031]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FF152A30FEFD20F1" bold="true" box="[199,345,1646,1671]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The internal and external tympanal chamber walls of the foretibia are equally developed and not expanded, and also the bases of the hind tibia are not expanded, placing this species in the first of the four groups of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF914B280546A919FF452AE8FEEF20B9" author="Vignon" box="[151,331,1718,1743]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Vignon, P. (1925 a) Essai de classification du genre Typophyllum Serville (Orth. Phasgon.). A propos des quatre especes nouvelles dont les types sont au Musee de Madrid. EOS, Revista Espanola de Entomologia, 1, 249 - 281." type="journal article" year="1925" yearSuffix="a">Vignon (1925a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FE852AE8FE6620B9" box="[343,450,1718,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,385,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1439]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Typophyllum egregium: four males with different coloration, photos staged during day (specimens cbt 002 s 13, - s 02, - s 20 and - s 04)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289355/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FE032AE9FE7B20B9" box="[465,479,1719,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1092,1114]" captionTargetBox="[172,1407,205,1055]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,193,1070]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Typophyllum egregium: female and male habitus (specimens cbt 002 s 09, light green morph with apically rounded tegmina, and cbt 002 s 01, brown), note difference in size and tegmen venation." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289356/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FDC52AE9FD8120B9" box="[535,549,1719,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1445,1467]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,203,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,193,1423]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Typophyllum egregium: A. green female (specimen cbt 002 s 09), B, C. brown female (- s 10), D, E. brown male (- s 03); in live females ovipositor usually concealed by tegmina; note transparent mirror in right tegmen of male (all photos to same scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289358/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</figureCitation>
|
||
show the small males and large females, which do not show really distinctive characters, apart from the shape of the sexually dimorphic tegmina. However, there is considerable variation, especially in females, where the distal half of the anal margin can be undulated or uniform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FB4F2AA0FB452161" box="[1181,1249,1790,1815]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1250,1272]" captionTargetBox="[168,1417,212,1204]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,195,1229]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Typophyllum egregium: left tegmina of females (left column) and males (right), note variation in shape and venation (female specimens: cbt 002 s 10, - s 14, - s 11, males: cbt 002 s 02, - s 15, - s 06)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289357/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the tip can be elongated or not (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FEAE2B7CFE64214D" box="[380,448,1826,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1445,1467]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,203,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,193,1423]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Typophyllum egregium: A. green female (specimen cbt 002 s 09), B, C. brown female (- s 10), D, E. brown male (- s 03); in live females ovipositor usually concealed by tegmina; note transparent mirror in right tegmen of male (all photos to same scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289358/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The male’s right tegmen has a transparent speculum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0546A919FBF52B7CFBCD214D" box="[1063,1129,1826,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1445,1467]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,203,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,193,1423]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Typophyllum egregium: A. green female (specimen cbt 002 s 09), B, C. brown female (- s 10), D, E. brown male (- s 03); in live females ovipositor usually concealed by tegmina; note transparent mirror in right tegmen of male (all photos to same scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289358/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Hindwings are small, of about two-thirds the length of the tegmina. As in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0546A919FCDC2B18FC3A2129" box="[782,926,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0546A919FCDC2B18FC3A2129" box="[782,926,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Typophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species nearly all body parts can have small tubercles and tiny granules or are wrinkled to individually varying degree. Hairs are fairly sparse and mostly very short. Some females have a tiny knob at the tip of the maxillary palp. The pronotal disc is widened posteriorly, more pronouncedly in males, with a tiny notch in the hind margin. The prosternum has short delicate spines (slightly shorter than diameter of tip of maxillary palp); the mesosternal and the metasternal spines are slightly longer and less delicate. Often there are small medial lappets on second and third abdominal tergites (probably vestiges of moss camouflage in nymphs).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90547A918FF152C81FB982749" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0547A918FF152C81FEEB268E" bold="true" box="[199,335,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Highly variable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0547A918FDC62C81FDF1268E" box="[532,597,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1461,1483]" captionTargetBox="[161,1427,385,1428]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,373,1439]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Typophyllum egregium: four males with different coloration, photos staged during day (specimens cbt 002 s 13, - s 02, - s 20 and - s 04)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289355/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most frequently uniformly medium or dark brown, sometimes uniformly light green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0547A918FEF02D5AFEC2276A" box="[290,358,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1445,1467]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,203,1410]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[150,1436,193,1423]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Typophyllum egregium: A. green female (specimen cbt 002 s 09), B, C. brown female (- s 10), D, E. brown male (- s 03); in live females ovipositor usually concealed by tegmina; note transparent mirror in right tegmen of male (all photos to same scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289358/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A), and sometimes two colours mixed: green with dark brown or reddish brown portions, light brown with dark brown markings, or dark brown with very light legs and antennae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7F66510547A918FF4529EBFEFA239F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289355/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[161,1427,385,1428]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90547A918FF4529EBFEFA239F" blockId="3.[151,1435,1460,1513]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0547A918FF4529EBFEB123BC" bold="true" box="[151,277,1461,1483]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0547A918FECF29EAFDA323BD" box="[285,519,1460,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egregium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0547A918FECF29EAFDA323BD" box="[285,519,1460,1483]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Typophyllum egregium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: four males with different coloration, photos staged during day (specimens cbt002s13, - s02, -s20 and -s04).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90547A918FF152A4EFE3A2007" blockId="3.[151,1437,1552,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0547A918FF152A4EFED9205F" bold="true" box="[199,381,1552,1577]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
Tegmen length in males
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FD482A4EFCB0205E" box="[666,788,1552,1577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="13.0">13–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
and in females
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FC152A4EFBCF205E" box="[967,1131,1552,1577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.45" metricValueMin="2.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="24.5" valueMin="22.5">22.5–24.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0547A918FB4B2A4EFB5F205F" box="[1177,1275,1552,1577]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FAD12A4FFAF2205F" box="[1283,1366,1553,1577]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
|
||
), hind femora in males
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FE872A6BFE6B203B" box="[341,463,1589,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12–14 mm</quantity>
|
||
and in females
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FD562A6AFCB7203B" box="[644,787,1588,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.675" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="16.75" valueMax="17.5" valueMin="16.0">16–17.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(in
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0547A918FC902A6AFC00203B" box="[834,932,1588,1613]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FC7E2A6BFBA4203B" box="[940,1024,1589,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
), antennae in males up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FAFA2A6AFADE203B" box="[1320,1402,1588,1613]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
, in females slightly longer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90547A918FF152A23FC1121AF" blockId="3.[151,1437,1552,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0547A918FF152A23FE1620E0" bold="true" box="[199,434,1661,1686]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Acoustic behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
The males’ calling song (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0547A918FD042A23FC8120E3" box="[726,805,1661,1686]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1520,1542]" captionTargetBox="[176,1415,294,1472]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1435,265,1499]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 19. Oscillograms and linear spectrograms of calling songs of four Typophyllum species: A. T. egregium, complete call (field recording, 9.5 ºC, specimen cbt 002 s 21); B. T. onkiosternum sp. nov., one double pulse of longer sequence (cage, 18 ºC, cbt 004 s 01); C. T. morrisi sp. nov., one pulse and below complete call, here consisting of three pulse groups (cage, 23 ºC, cbt 003 s 01); D. T. erosifolium one pulse and below seven double pulses from continuous calling (cage, 20 ºC, cbt 001 s 01); all recordings made at night." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289373/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
A) consists of isolated “double zips”, partly in the audio range and fairly loud (in contrast to pure-tone low ultrasound songs of most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0547A918FB902AFEFB7620CF" box="[1090,1234,1696,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0547A918FB902AFEFB7620CF" box="[1090,1234,1696,1721]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Typophyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species). Each of the two syllables is preceded by a very low pulse which corresponds probably the opening stroke of the tegmina. These syllables are each resolved into about 30 (20–35 depending on the individual) initially crescending transient impulses corresponding to the individual tooth-scraper impacts. These rapidly decaying impulses result in a still moderately narrow spectrum with a peak at 18 kHz. While in the natural habitat calls are separated by pauses of several minutes, after seven days in confinement one male was calling like a lunatic in his cage with up to six calls within 45 seconds at 23°C (at the upper limit of the distribution range at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0547A918FC2D2B27FBFC21E6" box="[1023,1112,1913,1937]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
the medium temperature at midnight is 8°C and lowest temperatures measured with field recordings were 9.5–11.5°C). Calling is restricted to night, with very sporadic calls on gloomy afternoons within the clouds.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7F66510540A91FFF45281AFC0E220F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289356/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[172,1407,205,1055]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90540A91FFF45281AFC0E220F" blockId="4.[151,1436,1092,1145]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0540A91FFF45281AFEB7222F" bold="true" box="[151,275,1092,1114]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0540A91FFEC9281AFDA7222C" box="[283,515,1092,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egregium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0540A91FFEC9281AFDA7222C" box="[283,515,1092,1114]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Typophyllum egregium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: female and male habitus (specimens cbt002s09, light green morph with apically rounded tegmina, and cbt002s01, brown), note difference in size and tegmen venation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90540A91FFF1528FEFB0620FB" blockId="4.[151,1437,1184,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0540A91FFF1528FEFE0722CF" bold="true" box="[199,419,1184,1209]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mating behaviour.</emphasis>
|
||
Males and females kept together in cages showed a number of instances of the piggyback behaviour where the male spends one to mostly several days riding on one side of the female’s tegmina before copulation. The small male usually sits perpendicular on the tegmen surface with his body axis more or less parallel to the main veins (Sc/R) and the head directed to the wing tip. Once a male rode for one day on the female, the subsequent copula lasted five hours, then the individuals separated. Another time a different male spent five days riding on the same female before they separated without copula. Some other time three males climbed within two hours onto a female (one on each side of the wings and the third on top—surely an artefact of crowded conditions); after three days the last mounted male mated and stayed in contact with the female via the spermatophore for at least 10 hours, then the forth night the second male mated, and in the subsequent night the third (and first to have mounted), where the copula lasted at least 3.5 hours. In yet another instance copula occurred after the male rode for two days on the female. Females often walked around with their riders and unlike the males they ingested food. The observed copulations occurred mostly late at night and lasted sometimes to noon the following day. Size of the spermatophores was approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFC822A0FFC35201E" box="[848,913,1617,1640]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
<date id="FFBE10190540A91FFC4A2A0FFC1E201E" box="[920,954,1616,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFC7E2A0EFC1E201E" box="[940,954,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.0">3</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
mm
|
||
<date id="FFBE10190540A91FFC212A0FFBB2201E" box="[1011,1046,1616,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFBDA2A0EFBB2201E" box="[1032,1046,1616,1640]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mm" value="3.0">3</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
mm and the females began to feed on them immediately after copula. After successful mating the individuals always separated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31A65520540A91FFF152AC6FE2021A6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBF36D90540A91FFF152AC6FE2021A6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1184,2001]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0540A91FFF152AC6FEC420C7" bold="true" box="[199,352,1688,1713]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
In this species the numerous acoustic records allowed a complete assessment of its altitudinal distribution range in the investigated area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133B2A5C0540A91FFDAA2AE2FD6F20A2" box="[632,715,1724,1749]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1392,1414]" captionTargetBox="[166,1423,495,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[150,1436,481,1370]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 20. Altitudinal distribution of A. Typophyllum egregium and B. T. erosifolium; investigated gradient from 1000 – 3400 m divided in 100 - m intervals, acoustic records based on one survey per locality, the two individuals of T. erosifolium between 1200 m and 1300 m were found at sites where no calling could be detected (Bombuscaro and Alto Nangaritza)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/289374/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
|
||
A). It occurs in a wide range from apparently
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFB1F2AE2FA8620A2" box="[1229,1314,1724,1749]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFA952AE2FA3820A2" box="[1351,1436,1724,1748]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
on both slopes of the cordillera, with the lowest observation at the interandean western side at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFB1F2ABEFA87208E" box="[1229,1315,1760,1785]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="2750.0">2750 m</quantity>
|
||
due to the lower limit of survey there. It cannot be completely excluded that the song was not confused with some other species with a double-zip audio call at lower elevations; the lowest record of an insect was at
|
||
<quantity id="4CF89B3C0540A91FFB662B76FAA82136" box="[1204,1292,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.12" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="2120.0">2120 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C004D5A0540A91FFAC52B77FA382136" box="[1303,1436,1833,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Phaneropteridae" genus="Typophyllum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="egregium">
|
||
<emphasis id="B974EACB0540A91FFAC52B77FA382136" box="[1303,1436,1833,1856]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">T. egregium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in the valleys of Río San Francisco and Río Sabanilla, at El Tiro, Cajanuma and in Quebrada Honda. The uppermost living individuals inhabit small fragments of elfin forest in wind-protected vales. Along with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54BB887B0540A91FFF452BCBFF6321DB" box="[151,199,1941,1965]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality the geographical distribution comprises the eastern Andean cordillera at least from central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31776490540A91FFAF02BCAFADB21DB" box="[1314,1407,1940,1965]" name="Ecuador" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the border with
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31776490540A91FFE9B2BE7FE2421A6" box="[329,384,1977,2000]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |