1893 lines
200 KiB
XML
1893 lines
200 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B0D37D05FAE24C02E11436A518CA4B93">Occurrence and chemotaxonomical analysis of amatoxins in Lepiota spp. (Agaricales)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6D7D791587BDA77F03E803C5852B9656">Sarawi, Sepas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC9CBA668194B52CB2246BD441B89836">* & Mycology Working Group, Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6C28C5F71CAF9147C9FEE610334DFF42">Shi, Yan-Ni</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8FBA2A2AB808A117F725695ECF90DB81">Lotz-Winter, Hermine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DCF5934624C68FEDD477FED5B96DAB71">Reschke, Kai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4A78B619397024FD78858EBCC20AD09C">Bode, Helge B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4DB881C2B457E683770C1D7A47CF02D8">Piepenbring, Meike</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0DDDA28A9B04F5E2276F698BE26F8C8A">Phytochemistry</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5030E6EF22746778F71A85CAF76AA5FF">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:title id="0B97D5B0969BA4CAB0306A6EDBF5CFEA">113069</mods:title>
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2.2. Distribution and identification of amatoxins in
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<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC00FFD2FACD48D8FAE6D5E7" authority="(Pers.) Gray" authorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityName="Pers." box="[1288,1389,147,167]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species">Lepiota spp</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC00FFD2FC944887FB12D709" blockId="1.[818,1488,202,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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HPLC profiles obtained from extractions of the benchmark
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC00FFD2FA434881FCEFD5BA" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Amanitaceae" genus="Amanita" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="phalloides">
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<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA434881FA1FD59E" bold="true" box="[1414,1428,202,222]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">A</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA674881FCEFD5BA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">phalloides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with methanol or with MeOH:H
|
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<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FB6048A4FB25D5BD" attach="both" box="[1189,1198,239,253]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</subScript>
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O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1) showed significant differences concerning the extraction efficiency (
|
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<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC00FFD2FAA64948FA13D456" box="[1379,1432,259,278]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1009,149,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-167@4.[100,1010,148,1665]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Results of UHPLC analyses of fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. Lepiota boudieri (S 4), L. cf. boudieri (SeSa 13), L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), L. elaiophylla (S 23), and L. subincarnata (SeSa 28) extracted in (B) MeOH:H2O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1). Results of UHPLC analyses of fruiting bodies of the benchmark species Amanita phalloides (S105), (A) extracted in methanol, (B) extracted in MeOH:H2O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1). Results obtained by absorption of UV light of diverse wavelengths are indicated by different colours. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235411/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC00FFD2FAA64948FA13D456" box="[1379,1432,259,278]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,150,1230,1246]" captionTargetBox="[116,1471,1288,1800]" captionText="Table 1 Structures of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Numbers after compound names refer to peak numbers in the UHPLC spectra (Fig. 3)." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 3</tableCitation>
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</figureCitation>
|
||
). The solvent mixture was more efficient in extracting amatoxins and phallotoxins than methanol alone, and mostly avoids extracting unrelated components with low polarity (peaks with retention times between 11 and 14 min). The amatoxins and phallotoxins had similar maximal UV absorption wavelengths of around
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B1CFC00FFD2FB5449C4FB6AD4E2" box="[1169,1249,399,418]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="nm" value="250.0">250 nm</quantity>
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,
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<quantity id="4CCF9B1CFC00FFD2FB3449C4FACAD4E2" box="[1265,1345,399,418]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.95" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="nm" value="295.0">295 nm</quantity>
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, and
|
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<quantity id="4CCF9B1CFC00FFD2FA4449C4FA44D4E2" box="[1409,1487,399,418]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="nm" value="305.0">305 nm</quantity>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC00FFD2FCFF49E0FBACD4FE" author="Sgambelluri, R. M. & Epis, S. & Sassera, D. & Luo, H. & Angelos, E. R. & Walton, J. D." box="[826,1063,427,446]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="2336 - 2347" refId="ref9083" refString="Sgambelluri, R. M., Epis, S., Sassera, D., Luo, H., Angelos, E. R., Walton, J. D., 2014. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins 6, 2336 - 2347. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / toxins 6082336." type="journal article" year="2014">Sgambelluri et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By comparing the UV absorption values, HRESIMS signals in the positive mode, and molecular formula with published data, β- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FB9B49A9FBE1D4B5" bold="true" box="[1118,1130,482,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</emphasis>
|
||
), α- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FACF49A9FA9DD4B5" bold="true" box="[1290,1302,482,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</emphasis>
|
||
), γ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA7049A9FA4AD4B5" bold="true" box="[1461,1473,482,501]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3</emphasis>
|
||
), Ɛ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC6649B5FC24D751" bold="true" box="[931,943,510,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">4</emphasis>
|
||
), phallisin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FBE449B5FBA6D751" bold="true" box="[1057,1069,510,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">5</emphasis>
|
||
), amanin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FB5049B5FB2AD751" bold="true" box="[1173,1185,510,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">6</emphasis>
|
||
), phalloidin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FAE749B5FAA5D751" bold="true" box="[1314,1326,510,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">7</emphasis>
|
||
), phallisacin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA7049B5FA4AD751" bold="true" box="[1461,1473,510,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">8</emphasis>
|
||
), phallacidin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC694A51FC33D76D" bold="true" box="[940,952,538,557]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">9</emphasis>
|
||
), and phalloin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FB9C4A51FBF9D76D" bold="true" box="[1113,1138,538,557]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">10</emphasis>
|
||
) were identified (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC00FFD2FAE14A51FAE6D76D" box="[1316,1389,538,557]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[100,150,150,166]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Masses and sum formulas of amatoxins and phallotoxins observed in extracts of the benchmark fungus Amanita phalloides (1–11), Lepiota brunneoincarnata (2, 12), L. subincarnata (2, 3), L. boudieri (13), L. elaiophylla (1, 2, 14), and L. cf. boudieri (13, 15)." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC00FFD2FA404A50FC16D709" author="Jansson, D. & Fredriksson, S. A. & Herrmann, A. & Nilsson, C." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="44 - 49" refId="ref8158" refString="Jansson, D., Fredriksson, S. A., Herrmann, A., Nilsson, C., 2012. A concept study on identification and attribution profiling of chemical threat agents using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry applied to Amanita toxins in food. Forensic Sci. Int. 221, 44 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. forsciint. 2012.03.023." type="journal article" year="2012">Jansson et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC00FFD2FC6C4A7DFB07D709" author="Sgambelluri, R. M. & Epis, S. & Sassera, D. & Luo, H. & Angelos, E. R. & Walton, J. D." box="[937,1164,566,586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="2336 - 2347" refId="ref9083" refString="Sgambelluri, R. M., Epis, S., Sassera, D., Luo, H., Angelos, E. R., Walton, J. D., 2014. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins 6, 2336 - 2347. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / toxins 6082336." type="journal article" year="2014">Sgambelluri et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC00FFD2FC944A19FCF3D690" blockId="1.[818,1488,202,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Peak 1 had an accurate mass of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FB674A1AFB4DD725" bold="true" box="[1186,1222,593,613]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
920.3387 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FABE4A05FA0CD71A" attach="none" box="[1403,1415,590,602]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
, corresponding to the molecular formula C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FB5D4A3EFB21D7C3" attach="both" box="[1176,1194,629,643]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FB7F4A3EFB47D7C3" attach="both" box="[1210,1228,629,643]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">53</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FB1E4A3EFB6FD7C3" attach="both" box="[1243,1252,629,643]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">9</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FB364A3EFA8ED7C3" attach="both" box="[1267,1285,629,643]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">15</subScript>
|
||
S of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FAF14A25FACBD7C1" bold="true" box="[1332,1344,622,641]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</emphasis>
|
||
. In its MS/MS spectrum, it contained the major and diagnostic fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA6E4AC2FA44D7DD" bold="true" box="[1451,1487,649,669]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
902.3285, 884.3166, 750.2324, 374.1558, 259.1287, 228.1336, 171.1126, 146.0588, and 143.1171 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FB114AF5FB68D78A" attach="left" box="[1236,1251,702,714]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
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(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC00FFD2FB344A8AFAB8D795" box="[1265,1331,705,725]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC00FFD2FA874A8AFA1ED795" box="[1346,1429,705,725]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,150,1230,1246]" captionTargetBox="[116,1471,1288,1800]" captionText="Table 1 Structures of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Numbers after compound names refer to peak numbers in the UHPLC spectra (Fig. 3)." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table S1</tableCitation>
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||
). The fragment ion at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC114A96FC73D7B1" bold="true" box="[980,1016,733,753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
902.3285 was formed by the loss of H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FA454AAEFA02D7B3" attach="both" box="[1408,1417,741,755]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</subScript>
|
||
O from [β- amanitin +H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FC164ABEFC69D641" attach="right" box="[979,994,757,769]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
and is the precursor of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FB7D4AB3FB57D64C" bold="true" box="[1208,1244,760,780]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
884.3166 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FA414ABEFA18D641" attach="left" box="[1412,1427,757,769]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
which results by the loss of a further molecule of H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FB184B57FB6DD66A" attach="both" box="[1245,1254,796,810]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</subScript>
|
||
O. Fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA6E4B5FFA44D668" bold="true" box="[1451,1487,788,808]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
750.2334, 374.1158, 171.1126, and 228.1336 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FAE84B66FAB7D679" attach="left" box="[1325,1340,813,825]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
were generated by the cleavages of amino bonds. The fragment ion at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA8D4B07FAE6D620" bold="true" box="[1352,1389,844,864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
143.1171 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FCB34B2EFC0ED631" attach="left" box="[886,901,869,881]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
was produced by the neutral loss of CO from the ion at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA6E4B23FA44D63C" bold="true" box="[1451,1487,872,892]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
171.1126 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FC1B4BCAFC61D6CD" attach="none" box="[990,1002,897,909]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
. Structures of fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA864BCFFAECD6D8" bold="true" box="[1347,1383,900,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
259.1287 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FCB34BD6FC0ED6E9" attach="left" box="[886,901,925,937]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC734BEBFC51D6F4" bold="true" box="[950,986,928,948]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
146.0588 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FB4C4BD6FB13D6E9" attach="left" box="[1161,1176,925,937]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
are proposed to be as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC00FFD2FCF74BF6FCF9D690" box="[818,882,957,976]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[100,1010,148,1671]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum like- lihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold. The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin de- rivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy (MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars. : α-amanitin,: β-amanitin,: γ-amanitin,: ama- ninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no ama- toxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC00FFD1FC944B92FE49D134" blockId="1.[818,1488,202,1171]" lastBlockId="2.[100,771,1061,1977]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Peak 2 showed mass data similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FB054B93FB47D6AB" bold="true" box="[1216,1228,984,1003]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</emphasis>
|
||
, but by the signal at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FA6E4B93FA44D6AC" bold="true" box="[1451,1487,984,1004]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
919.3530 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FC294BBAFC70D6BD" attach="left" box="[1004,1019,1009,1021]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
corresponds to the molecular formula C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FCFA4C53FCDAD166" attach="both" box="[831,849,1048,1062]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FCA44C5CFCF8D165" attach="both" box="[865,883,1047,1061]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">54</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FC474C53FC1FD166" attach="both" box="[898,916,1048,1062]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">10</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC00FFD2FC664C53FC3ED166" attach="both" box="[931,949,1048,1062]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">14</subScript>
|
||
S of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC1B4C5BFC61D163" bold="true" box="[990,1002,1040,1059]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</emphasis>
|
||
. In its MS/MS spectrum, it showed fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FCF74C60FCDDD17F" bold="true" box="[818,854,1067,1087]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
901.3439, 883.3364, 749.2533, and 373.1729 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FAA54C63FAE4D174" attach="left" box="[1376,1391,1064,1076]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
as well as fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC1E4C0CFC74D11B" bold="true" box="[987,1023,1095,1115]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
259.1289, 228.1346, 171.1130, 146.0596, and 143.1172 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC00FFD2FC1D4C2BFC6CD12C" attach="left" box="[984,999,1120,1132]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">+</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC00FFD2FC314C2FFBCCD137" box="[1012,1095,1124,1143]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,150,1230,1246]" captionTargetBox="[116,1471,1288,1800]" captionText="Table 1 Structures of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Numbers after compound names refer to peak numbers in the UHPLC spectra (Fig. 3)." pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
) similar to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FACA4C2FFA90D137" bold="true" box="[1295,1307,1124,1143]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC00FFD2FAE94C2FFAE6D137" box="[1324,1389,1124,1143]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[100,1010,148,1671]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum like- lihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold. The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin de- rivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy (MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars. : α-amanitin,: β-amanitin,: γ-amanitin,: ama- ninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no ama- toxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The differences of ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FC2C4C34FB86D1D3" bold="true" box="[1001,1037,1151,1171]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
901.3439, 883.3364, 749.2533, and 373.1729 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF6C4C6EFF33D171" attach="left" box="[169,184,1061,1073]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
in comparison to those at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE6B4C63FE59D17C" bold="true" box="[430,466,1064,1084]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
902.3285, 884.3166, 750.2324, and 374.1158 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEF14C0AFEC8D10D" attach="left" box="[308,323,1089,1101]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FEA44C0EFEE6D118" bold="true" box="[353,365,1093,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</emphasis>
|
||
can be attributed to different R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD5A4C74FD23D10D" attach="left" box="[671,680,1087,1101]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
|
||
residues, which are –OH for
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FEDF4C2AFEADD134" bold="true" box="[282,294,1121,1140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</emphasis>
|
||
and –NH
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FEBA4C23FE03D136" attach="left" box="[383,392,1128,1142]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</subScript>
|
||
for
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE754C2AFE37D134" bold="true" box="[432,444,1121,1140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF486671FC00FFD2FFA14C85FB2ED1B9" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[100,150,1230,1246]" subCaptionStartIDs="1.[1128,1157,1256,1273]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 3" targetBox="[116,1471,1288,1800]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC00FFD2FFA14C85FB2ED1B9" blockId="1.[100,1189,1230,1273]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FFA14C85FF2CD19F" bold="true" box="[100,167,1230,1247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
Structures of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Numbers after compound names refer to peak numbers in the UHPLC spectra (Fig. 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC00FFD2FFB14D47FA38D246" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<table id="F937C459FC00002CFFB14D43FA34D248" box="[116,1471,1288,1800]" gridcols="8" gridrows="5" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC00002CFFB14D43FA34D05B" box="[116,1471,1288,1307]" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFFB14D43FE8BD05B" box="[116,256,1288,1307]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Compounds</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFE9D4D43FE16D05B" box="[344,413,1288,1307]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Structure</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFCE84D43FCFCD05B" box="[813,887,1288,1307]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R1</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFC0B4D43FC75D05B" box="[974,1022,1288,1307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R2</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB934D43FBE4D05B" box="[1110,1135,1288,1307]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R3</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB034D43FB54D05B" box="[1222,1247,1288,1307]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R4</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFAF34D43FAC4D05B" box="[1334,1359,1288,1307]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R 5</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFA634D43FA34D05B" box="[1446,1471,1288,1307]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">R 6</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC00002CFFB14D64FA34D0B7" box="[116,1471,1327,1527]" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFFB14D64FE8BD0B7" box="[116,256,1327,1527]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
β- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF144D64FF50D07D" bold="true" box="[209,219,1327,1341]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</emphasis>
|
||
) α- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF174D0DFF57D014" bold="true" box="[210,220,1350,1364]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">2</emphasis>
|
||
) γ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF154D16FF51D02B" bold="true" box="[208,218,1373,1387]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3</emphasis>
|
||
) Ɛ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF154D3FFF51D0C2" bold="true" box="[208,218,1396,1410]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">4</emphasis>
|
||
) amanin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF7D4DC0FF49D0D9" bold="true" box="[184,194,1419,1433]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">6</emphasis>
|
||
) amaninamide (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF234DE9FF71D0F0" bold="true" box="[230,250,1442,1456]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">12</emphasis>
|
||
) amanullin amanullinic acid proamanullin
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFCE84D64FCFCD0B7" box="[813,887,1327,1527]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH NH2 NH2 OH OH NH2 NH2 OH NH2</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFC0B4D64FC75D0B7" box="[974,1022,1327,1527]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB934D64FBE4D0B7" box="[1110,1135,1327,1527]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH OH OH OH OH H H H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB034D64FB54D0B7" box="[1222,1247,1327,1527]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH H H OH OH H H H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFAF34D64FAC4D0B7" box="[1334,1359,1327,1527]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH OH OH H H OH OH OH</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC00002CFFB14E25FA34D3D6" box="[116,1471,1646,1686]" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFFB14E25FE8BD3D6" box="[116,256,1646,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
phallisin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF044E25FF40D33C" bold="true" box="[193,203,1646,1660]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">5</emphasis>
|
||
) phalloidin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF084ECEFF5CD3D3" bold="true" box="[205,215,1669,1683]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">7</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFCE84E25FCFCD3D6" box="[813,887,1646,1686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">CH3 CH3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFC0B4E25FC75D3D6" box="[974,1022,1646,1686]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">CH3 CH3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB934E25FBE4D3D6" box="[1110,1135,1646,1686]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB034E25FB54D3D6" box="[1222,1247,1646,1686]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFAF34E25FAC4D3D6" box="[1334,1359,1646,1686]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFA634E25FA34D3D6" box="[1446,1471,1646,1686]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC00002CFFB14ED7FA34D3B1" box="[116,1471,1692,1777]" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFFB14ED7FE8BD3B1" box="[116,256,1692,1777]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
phallisacin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF144ED7FF50D3EA" bold="true" box="[209,219,1692,1706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">8</emphasis>
|
||
) phallacidin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF114EF8FF55D381" bold="true" box="[212,222,1715,1729]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">9</emphasis>
|
||
) phalloin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC00FFD2FF7B4E81FF59D398" bold="true" box="[190,210,1738,1752]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">10</emphasis>
|
||
) prophalloin
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFCE84ED7FCFCD3B1" box="[813,887,1692,1777]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">CH(CH3)2 CH(CH3)2 CH3 CH3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFC0B4ED7FC75D3B1" box="[974,1022,1692,1777]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">COOH COOH CH3 CH3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB934ED7FBE4D3B1" box="[1110,1135,1692,1777]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH OH H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB034ED7FB54D3B1" box="[1222,1247,1692,1777]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH H H H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFAF34ED7FAC4D3B1" box="[1334,1359,1692,1777]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH OH OH</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFA634ED7FA34D3B1" box="[1446,1471,1692,1777]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH OH H H</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC00002CFFB14EBCFA34D248" box="[116,1471,1783,1800]" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC00002CFFB14EBCFE8BD248" box="[116,256,1783,1800]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">phallacin</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFCE84EBCFCFCD248" box="[813,887,1783,1800]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">CH(CH3)2</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFC0B4EBCFC75D248" box="[974,1022,1783,1800]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">COOH</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB934EBCFBE4D248" box="[1110,1135,1783,1800]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFB034EBCFB54D248" box="[1222,1247,1783,1800]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">H</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFAF34EBCFAC4D248" box="[1334,1359,1783,1800]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">OH</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC00002CFA634EBCFA34D248" box="[1446,1471,1783,1800]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">H</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF486671FC03FFD1FFA14BF7FCF0D6BF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[100,130,956,973]" targetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC03FFD1FFA14BF7FCF0D6BF" blockId="2.[100,1487,955,1024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FFA14BF7FF17D68D" bold="true" box="[100,156,956,973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Fruiting bodies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FE844BF0FE2AD68D" box="[321,417,955,973]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE844BF0FEF0D68D" bold="true" box="[321,379,955,973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
spp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FE6B4BF7FD82D68D" authorityName="Underwood" authorityYear="1899" box="[430,521,956,973]" class="Agaricomycetes" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="order">Agaricales</taxonomicName>
|
||
) used for the present analysis of amatoxins.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC454BF7FC75D68D" bold="true" box="[896,1022,955,973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
A
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FC564BF0FC75D68D" box="[915,1022,955,973]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC564BF0FC75D68D" bold="true" box="[915,1022,955,973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB2D4BF7FA10D68D" bold="true" box="[1256,1435,955,973]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
B
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FB3F4BF0FA10D68D" box="[1274,1435,955,973]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB3F4BF0FA10D68D" bold="true" box="[1274,1435,955,973]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FECF4B9DFED5D6A7" bold="true" box="[266,350,981,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
C
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FED94B9EFED5D6A7" box="[284,350,981,999]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="felina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FED94B9EFED5D6A7" bold="true" box="[284,350,981,999]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. felina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FD884B9DFD23D6A7" bold="true" box="[589,680,981,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
D
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FDA54B9EFD23D6A7" box="[608,680,981,999]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDA54B9EFD23D6A7" bold="true" box="[608,680,981,999]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC574B9DFB9FD6A7" bold="true" box="[914,1044,981,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
E
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FC664B9EFB9FD6A7" box="[931,1044,981,999]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnispora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC664B9EFB9FD6A7" bold="true" box="[931,1044,981,999]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. magnispora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB354B9DFADBD6A7" bold="true" box="[1264,1360,981,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
F
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FAC54B9EFADBD6A7" box="[1280,1360,981,999]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FAC54B9EFADBD6A7" bold="true" box="[1280,1360,981,999]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FF174BA4FEEBD140" bold="true" box="[210,352,1006,1024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
G
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FF234BA5FEEBD140" box="[230,352,1006,1024]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="oreadiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FF234BA5FEEBD140" bold="true" box="[230,352,1006,1024]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. oreadiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, scale bar: 4 cm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE3C4BA4FD01D140" bold="true" box="[505,650,1006,1024]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
H
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FDCB4BA5FD01D140" box="[526,650,1006,1024]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="fuscovinacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDCB4BA5FD01D140" bold="true" box="[526,650,1006,1024]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. fuscovinacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC03FFD1FF414C36FDA8D2C1" blockId="2.[100,771,1061,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Based on the MS/MS spectra of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE734C36FE49D1D0" bold="true" box="[438,450,1149,1168]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE364C36FE74D1D0" bold="true" box="[499,511,1149,1168]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</emphasis>
|
||
, the fragmentation mechanism was tentatively proposed as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FE384CD2FDB7D1EC" box="[509,572,1177,1196]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[100,1010,148,1671]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum like- lihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold. The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin de- rivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy (MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars. : α-amanitin,: β-amanitin,: γ-amanitin,: ama- ninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no ama- toxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. S2</figureCitation>
|
||
and verified by
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FD124CD2FD68D1EC" bold="true" box="[727,739,1177,1196]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FD2A4CD2FD70D1EC" bold="true" box="[751,763,1177,1196]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FF554CFEFF17D188" bold="true" box="[144,156,1205,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</emphasis>
|
||
. The fragment structures of amatoxins (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDE34CFEFDDED188" bold="true" box="[550,597,1205,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3, 4,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FD4C4CFEFD1ED188" bold="true" box="[649,661,1205,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</emphasis>
|
||
) were predicted, and their corresponding ion fragments were found in their MS/ MS spectra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FF184CA7FE94D040" box="[221,287,1260,1280]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
and S
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FE984CA6FEE3D040" box="[349,360,1261,1280]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[100,1010,148,1671]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum like- lihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold. The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin de- rivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy (MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars. : α-amanitin,: β-amanitin,: γ-amanitin,: ama- ninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no ama- toxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In the fragment pathway, there are
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D31FD70FC03FFD1FD1C4CA7FF1ED05C" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic" typeStatus="types">nine types</specimenCount>
|
||
of ion fragments [A]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEA74D4EFEE5D051" attach="none" box="[354,366,1285,1297]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
–[I]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE574D4EFE15D051" attach="none" box="[402,414,1285,1297]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C885BFC03FFD1FE694D42FE51D05C" box="[428,474,1289,1308]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
[A]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FDC74D4EFD9AD051" attach="left" box="[514,529,1285,1297]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
and [B]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD9A4D4EFDE5D051" attach="left" box="[607,622,1285,1297]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
were gradually formed by the loss of H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FEFA4D60FEC3D079" attach="both" box="[319,328,1323,1337]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</subScript>
|
||
O.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C885BFC03FFD1FEA14D6EFE19D078" box="[356,402,1317,1336]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
[C]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE724D6BFE48D06C" attach="none" box="[439,451,1312,1324]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, [D]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE354D6BFE77D06C" attach="none" box="[496,508,1312,1324]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, [F]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FDE34D6BFDB9D06C" attach="none" box="[550,562,1312,1324]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, [G]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD9A4D6BFDE0D06C" attach="none" box="[607,619,1312,1324]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, and [H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD074D6BFD5AD06C" attach="right" box="[706,721,1312,1324]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
were formed by cleavages of amino bonds.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C885BFC03FFD1FE174D0AFD8BD014" box="[466,512,1345,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
[I]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FDE44D77FDBBD008" attach="left" box="[545,560,1340,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
was generated by the loss of CO from
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C885BFC03FFD1FF3A4D16FEA3D030" box="[255,296,1373,1392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
|
||
[D]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE8A4D13FED0D024" attach="right" box="[335,347,1368,1380]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
. The difference of ion fragments [A]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD7C4D13FD4ED024" attach="none" box="[697,709,1368,1380]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
–[C]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD354D13FD77D024" attach="right" box="[752,764,1368,1380]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, [E]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF464D3FFF04D0C0" attach="right" box="[131,143,1396,1408]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, [G]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF7B4D3FFF41D0C0" attach="none" box="[190,202,1396,1408]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, and [H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEE24D3FFEBDD0C0" attach="left" box="[295,310,1396,1408]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
of amatoxins (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE0D4D33FE78D0CB" bold="true" box="[456,499,1400,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1–4,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDE24D33FDB8D0CB" bold="true" box="[551,563,1400,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</emphasis>
|
||
) are due to different residues
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FF734DDFFF47D0DC" box="[182,204,1422,1447]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF064DC5FF47D0DC" attach="left" box="[195,204,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FF124DDFFF65D0DC" box="[215,238,1422,1447]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF204DC5FF65D0DC" attach="left" box="[229,238,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FEE54DDFFEBCD0DC" box="[288,311,1422,1447]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEEB4DC5FEBCD0DC" attach="left" box="[302,311,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FE874DDFFEEED0E7" box="[322,357,1428,1447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The</collectorName>
|
||
signal of [E]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE1E4DDBFE61D0DC" attach="right" box="[475,490,1424,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
is the strongest of the nine ion
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C885BFC03FFD1FFA14DFBFF1ED083" box="[100,149,1456,1475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">types</typeStatus>
|
||
and can be used for diagnosing the residue
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FDE04DFBFDB7D0F8" box="[549,572,1450,1475]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FDF64DE1FDB7D0F8" attach="left" box="[563,572,1450,1464]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FD834DFBFDF7D083" box="[582,636,1456,1475]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">When</collectorName>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FD444DFBFD13D0F8" box="[641,664,1450,1475]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD4A4DE1FD13D0F8" attach="left" box="[655,664,1450,1464]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
is –OH, the mass of [E]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF084D83FF57D094" attach="left" box="[205,220,1480,1492]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
is about
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FEEB4D80FED9D09F" bold="true" box="[302,338,1483,1503]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
259.1287 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE3E4D83FD8CD094" attach="none" box="[507,519,1480,1492]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FDD64D87FDC2D09F" box="[531,585,1484,1503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">When</collectorName>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FD8A4D87FDEED094" box="[591,613,1478,1503]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD994D8DFDEED094" attach="left" box="[604,613,1478,1492]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
is –H, its mass is about
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FF654DADFF4ED0BA" bold="true" box="[160,197,1510,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
243.1339 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEB54DAFFEF7D0B0" attach="none" box="[368,380,1508,1520]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FE4C4DACFE27D0BA" box="[393,428,1511,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">The</collectorName>
|
||
signal of ion
|
||
<typeStatus id="548C885BFC03FFD1FDEA4DA3FDD3D0BB" box="[559,600,1512,1531]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">type</typeStatus>
|
||
[H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD454DAFFD04D0B0" attach="left" box="[640,655,1508,1520]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
can be used for identifying
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FF3D4E4FFE84D34B" box="[248,271,1533,1559]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEC34DB6FE84D34B" attach="left" box="[262,271,1533,1547]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FEDB4E48FEDFD356" box="[286,340,1539,1558]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">When</collectorName>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FE984E4FFEFFD34B" box="[349,372,1533,1559]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEAE4DB6FEFFD34B" attach="left" box="[363,372,1533,1547]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
is –OH, its mass is about
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDBE4E49FD14D356" bold="true" box="[635,671,1538,1558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
146.0594 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF6C4E50FF33D367" attach="left" box="[169,184,1563,1575]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
while when it is –H, its mass is about
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDE54E55FDCED372" bold="true" box="[544,581,1566,1586]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
130.0642 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD354E50FD77D367" attach="none" box="[752,764,1563,1575]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FFA14E70FF11D30E" box="[100,154,1595,1614]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">When</collectorName>
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FF664E77FF31D303" box="[163,186,1589,1615]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF744E7EFF31D303" attach="left" box="[177,186,1589,1603]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
is similar in two molecules, signals of [G]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD9D4E7CFDECD303" attach="left" box="[600,615,1591,1603]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
can be used for diagnosing
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FF114E1CFF60D31F" box="[212,235,1617,1642]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF274E1AFF60D31F" attach="left" box="[226,235,1617,1631]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FF3F4E1CFE86D32A" box="[250,269,1623,1642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">In</collectorName>
|
||
those five amatoxins,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE2A4E1CFE70D32A" bold="true" box="[495,507,1623,1642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDF44E1CFDB6D32A" bold="true" box="[561,573,1623,1642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</emphasis>
|
||
possessed the same molecular formula.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FEDE4E38FEC2D3C6" box="[283,329,1651,1670]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Even</collectorName>
|
||
without pure standard compounds, they can be easily distinguished by comparing MS/MS spectra.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FD814EC4FDF1D3E2" box="[580,634,1679,1698]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">When</collectorName>
|
||
fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FFB84EE1FF2AD3FE" bold="true" box="[125,161,1706,1726]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
886.3358 [A]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEE24EECFEB8D3F3" attach="none" box="[295,307,1703,1715]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, 868.3274 [B]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE7A4EECFE40D3F3" attach="none" box="[447,459,1703,1715]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, 734.2515 [C]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD934EECFDE9D3F3" attach="none" box="[598,610,1703,1715]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, 171.1125 [D]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD354EECFD77D3F3" attach="right" box="[752,764,1703,1715]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, 228.1338 [F]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF2C4E88FF7ED38F" attach="none" box="[233,245,1731,1743]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, and 143.1169 [I]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE7C4E88FE43D38F" attach="left" box="[441,456,1731,1743]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
(data from Ɛ- amanitin MS/MS spectra) are similar, the different fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FD834EA9FDE1D3B6" bold="true" box="[582,618,1762,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
243.1338 [E]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD354E94FD77D3AB" attach="right" box="[752,764,1759,1771]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, 357.1774 [G]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF2C4EB0FF7ED247" attach="none" box="[233,245,1787,1799]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, and 146.0592 [H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE7C4EB0FE43D247" attach="left" box="[441,456,1787,1799]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FE284EB5FE72D251" bold="true" box="[493,505,1790,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</emphasis>
|
||
and fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FD184EB6FC89D251" bold="true" box="[733,770,1789,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
259.1286 [E]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FF264F5DFF64D262" attach="none" box="[227,239,1814,1826]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, 374.1551 [G]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FEBB4F5DFE01D262" attach="right" box="[382,394,1814,1826]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
, and 130.0643 [H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FD864F5DFDD9D262" attach="left" box="[579,594,1814,1826]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FDAA4F51FDF0D26D" bold="true" box="[623,635,1818,1837]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6</emphasis>
|
||
can be attributed to different residues at
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FEB74F7CFE02D27F" box="[370,393,1841,1866]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE454F7AFE02D27F" attach="left" box="[384,393,1841,1855]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB919E82FC03FFD1FE7C4F7CFE5BD27E" box="[441,464,1840,1866]" collectionCode="R" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FE024F7BFE5BD27E" attach="left" box="[455,464,1840,1854]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5</superScript>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FE194F7DFE7CD209" box="[476,503,1846,1865]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">All</collectorName>
|
||
the fragment ions and their corresponding elemental composition, which were calculated by
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FD0A4F18FF39D2C1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">DataAnalysis</collectorName>
|
||
software, are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC03FFD1FE0E4F25FD96D2C1" box="[459,541,1902,1921]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,150,1230,1246]" captionTargetBox="[116,1471,1288,1800]" captionText="Table 1 Structures of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Numbers after compound names refer to peak numbers in the UHPLC spectra (Fig. 3)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<collectorName id="26C2532FFC03FFD1FE0E4F25FD9FD2C1" box="[459,532,1902,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table S</collectorName>
|
||
1
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC03FFD0FF414FC1FEBDD20C" blockId="2.[100,771,1061,1977]" lastBlockId="3.[100,770,1849,1980]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
By comparing the retention times, UV absorptions, HRESIMS, calculated molecular formulas, and MS/MS spectra with the data obtained from the benchmark species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB684C62FB32D17C" bold="true" box="[1197,1209,1065,1084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB2A4C62FB70D17C" bold="true" box="[1263,1275,1065,1084]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
were detected for all samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FC614C0FFBB9D118" box="[932,1074,1092,1112]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC614C0FFBB9D118" bold="true" box="[932,1074,1092,1112]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB814C0EFBDBD118" bold="true" box="[1092,1104,1093,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB4C4C0EFB29D118" bold="true" box="[1161,1186,1093,1112]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12</emphasis>
|
||
were found in all samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FCF74C2BFC60D134" box="[818,1003,1120,1140]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FCF74C2BFC60D134" bold="true" box="[818,1003,1120,1140]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC394C2AFB9ED134" bold="true" box="[1020,1045,1121,1140]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12</emphasis>
|
||
was not detected in the benchmark sample which contained
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC104C36FC6AD1D0" bold="true" box="[981,993,1149,1168]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
with the same molecular weight and molecular formula. However, the retention time and MS/MS spectrum of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FAB64CD2FA07D1EC" bold="true" box="[1395,1420,1177,1196]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12</emphasis>
|
||
differs from those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC794CFEFC43D188" bold="true" box="[956,968,1205,1224]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
. Based on the proposed fragmentation pathway,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D31FD70FC03FFD1FA634CFEFCE8D1A4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic" typeStatus="types">nine types</specimenCount>
|
||
of fragment ions of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FBEF4C9BFBC8D1A3" bold="true" box="[1066,1091,1232,1251]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12</emphasis>
|
||
were obtained and all the corresponding ions data were found in its MS/MS spectrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FAC74CA7FACDD040" box="[1282,1350,1260,1280]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
and S
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FA4D4CA6FA18D040" box="[1416,1427,1261,1280]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[100,1010,148,1671]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum like- lihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold. The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin de- rivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy (MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars. : α-amanitin,: β-amanitin,: γ-amanitin,: ama- ninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no ama- toxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The detected fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FBE94D4CFBB7D05B" bold="true" box="[1068,1084,1287,1307]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m</emphasis>
|
||
/z 259.1289 and 130.0642 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FA4C4D4EFA13D051" attach="left" box="[1417,1432,1285,1297]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA734D43FA44D05B" bold="true" box="[1462,1487,1288,1307]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12</emphasis>
|
||
were different from those at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FBFA4D68FBC4D077" bold="true" box="[1087,1103,1315,1335]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m</emphasis>
|
||
/z 243.1339 and 146.0594 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FA5D4D6BFA2CD06C" attach="left" box="[1432,1447,1312,1324]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA064D6FFA44D077" bold="true" box="[1475,1487,1316,1335]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
due to differences concerning R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FB934D71FBD4D008" attach="left" box="[1110,1119,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">4</superScript>
|
||
and R
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FB5C4D71FB29D008" attach="left" box="[1177,1186,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">5</superScript>
|
||
. Besides the MS/MS spectra, the UV absorptions were also different for these two toxins.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA914D17FAE6D02F" bold="true" box="[1364,1389,1372,1391]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12</emphasis>
|
||
possessed higher UV absorption values than
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FBAB4D33FBF1D0CB" bold="true" box="[1134,1146,1400,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
at 295 and at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B1CFC03FFD1FB384D33FACDD0CB" box="[1277,1350,1400,1419]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="nm" value="305.0">305 nm</quantity>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FAB24D33FA08D0CB" bold="true" box="[1399,1411,1400,1419]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3</emphasis>
|
||
showed higher values at
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B1CFC03FFD1FC094DDFFB9FD0E7" box="[972,1044,1428,1447]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="nm" value="305.0">305 nm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FBE44DDFFBDDD0E7" box="[1057,1110,1428,1447]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1009,149,1664]" captionTargetId="figure-167@4.[100,1010,148,1665]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Results of UHPLC analyses of fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. Lepiota boudieri (S 4), L. cf. boudieri (SeSa 13), L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), L. elaiophylla (S 23), and L. subincarnata (SeSa 28) extracted in (B) MeOH:H2O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1). Results of UHPLC analyses of fruiting bodies of the benchmark species Amanita phalloides (S105), (A) extracted in methanol, (B) extracted in MeOH:H2O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1). Results obtained by absorption of UV light of diverse wavelengths are indicated by different colours. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235411/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC03FFD1FBE44DDFFBDDD0E7" box="[1057,1110,1428,1447]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="1.[100,150,1230,1246]" captionTargetBox="[116,1471,1288,1800]" captionText="Table 1 Structures of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Numbers after compound names refer to peak numbers in the UHPLC spectra (Fig. 3)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3</tableCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC03FFD1FBA44DDFFAC9D0E7" author="Sgambelluri, R. M. & Epis, S. & Sassera, D. & Luo, H. & Angelos, E. R. & Walton, J. D." box="[1121,1346,1428,1447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="2336 - 2347" refId="ref9083" refString="Sgambelluri, R. M., Epis, S., Sassera, D., Luo, H., Angelos, E. R., Walton, J. D., 2014. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins 6, 2336 - 2347. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / toxins 6082336." type="journal article" year="2014">Sgambelluri et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA904DDFFAEAD0E7" bold="true" box="[1365,1377,1428,1447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA4A4DDFFA10D0E7" bold="true" box="[1423,1435,1428,1447]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</emphasis>
|
||
were found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FC4C4DE4FAE4D083" authority="Vellinga & Huijser. Furthermore" authorityName="Vellinga & Huijser. Furthermore" box="[905,1391,1455,1475]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC4C4DE4FBB9D083" bold="true" box="[905,1074,1455,1475]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Lepiota elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
Vellinga & Huijser. Furthermore
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are two amatoxin-like compounds, D1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB4D4D87FB2AD09F" bold="true" box="[1160,1185,1484,1503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13</emphasis>
|
||
) detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FAE74D80FA09D09F" box="[1314,1410,1483,1503]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FAE74D80FA09D09F" bold="true" box="[1314,1410,1483,1503]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and D2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FCFF4DACFCD8D0BA" bold="true" box="[826,851,1511,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14</emphasis>
|
||
) detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FC1E4DADFBDCD0BA" box="[987,1111,1510,1530]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC1E4DADFBDCD0BA" bold="true" box="[987,1111,1510,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. D1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB514DACFB26D0BA" bold="true" box="[1172,1197,1511,1530]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13</emphasis>
|
||
) was found in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FAA94DADFA44D0BA" box="[1388,1487,1510,1530]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FAA94DADFA44D0BA" bold="true" box="[1388,1487,1510,1530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens (n = 5) at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FBF34E49FBD1D356" bold="true" box="[1078,1114,1538,1558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
920.3704 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FAD94DB4FAA0D34B" attach="left" box="[1308,1323,1535,1547]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
(calculated for C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FCFA4E6CFCDAD375" attach="both" box="[831,849,1575,1589]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FCA44E6DFCF8D374" attach="both" box="[865,883,1574,1588]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">56</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FC474E6CFC1FD375" attach="both" box="[898,916,1575,1589]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FC664E6CFC3ED375" attach="both" box="[931,949,1575,1589]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14</subScript>
|
||
S, Δppm = 1.2 ppm) which is similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA834E54FAD9D372" bold="true" box="[1350,1362,1567,1586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1</emphasis>
|
||
, but its mass did not correspond to the masses of any known amatoxin or phallotoxin (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC03FFD1FCFF4E1CFC0AD32A" box="[826,897,1623,1642]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[100,150,150,166]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Masses and sum formulas of amatoxins and phallotoxins observed in extracts of the benchmark fungus Amanita phalloides (1–11), Lepiota brunneoincarnata (2, 12), L. subincarnata (2, 3), L. boudieri (13), L. elaiophylla (1, 2, 14), and L. cf. boudieri (13, 15)." pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Its calculated molecular formula probably is C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FA8B4E15FAEBD32C" attach="right" box="[1358,1376,1630,1644]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FAAA4E15FA0AD32C" attach="both" box="[1391,1409,1630,1644]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">55</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FA544E15FA28D32C" attach="right" box="[1425,1443,1630,1644]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FA774E15FA4FD32C" attach="both" box="[1458,1476,1630,1644]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14</subScript>
|
||
S and fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC334E39FB90D3C6" bold="true" box="[1014,1051,1650,1670]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
902.3605, 884.3166, 171.1130, and 130.0643 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FCB34EC0FC0ED3D7" attach="left" box="[886,901,1675,1687]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
from MS/MS spectra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FBA54EC4FB29D3E2" box="[1120,1186,1679,1698]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
) are consistent with those produced from known amatoxins. D2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB764EE0FB47D3FE" bold="true" box="[1203,1228,1707,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14</emphasis>
|
||
) from
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D31FD70FC03FFD1FAE74EE0FA27D3FE" box="[1314,1452,1707,1726]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FCF74E8DFC21D39A" box="[818,938,1734,1754]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FCF74E8DFC21D39A" bold="true" box="[818,938,1734,1754]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC0C4E8DFC66D39A" bold="true" box="[969,1005,1734,1754]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
917.3442 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FB5D4E88FB2CD38F" attach="left" box="[1176,1191,1731,1743]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
(calculated for C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FA8D4E85FAD1D39C" attach="right" box="[1352,1370,1742,1756]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FAAC4E85FAF0D39C" attach="both" box="[1385,1403,1742,1756]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">53</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FA4E4E85FA16D39C" attach="right" box="[1419,1437,1742,1756]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC03FFD1FA694E85FA35D39C" attach="both" box="[1452,1470,1742,1756]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14</subScript>
|
||
S, Δppm = +1.6 ppm) is considered as a further amatoxin derivatives. Fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC354EB6FB9ED251" bold="true" box="[1008,1045,1789,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
899.3362, 881.3216, 228.1339, 171.1121, 146.0573, and 143.1154 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FBAB4F5DFBF6D262" attach="left" box="[1134,1149,1814,1826]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
from MS/MS spectra (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC03FFD1FA984F51FA2BD26E" box="[1373,1440,1818,1838]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
) are consistent with those produced from known amatoxins. Therefore, these compounds are probably undescribed amatoxins. The specimen SeSa 13 identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC03FFD1FC6D4F26FBAAD2C1" box="[936,1057,1901,1921]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC6D4F26FC32D2C1" bold="true" box="[936,953,1901,1921]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FC1C4F26FBAAD2C1" bold="true" box="[985,1057,1901,1921]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in addition to peaks corresponding to D1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FA6B4F25FA4CD2C1" bold="true" box="[1454,1479,1902,1921]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13</emphasis>
|
||
) showed an additional compound (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FBBE4FC1FB1FD2DD" bold="true" box="[1147,1172,1930,1949]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">15</emphasis>
|
||
) at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC03FFD1FB7B4FC2FB68D2DD" bold="true" box="[1214,1251,1929,1949]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
901.4233 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC03FFD1FA544FCDFA16D2D2" attach="none" box="[1425,1437,1926,1938]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">+</superScript>
|
||
. The fragmentation pattern of this compound, however, did not correspond to an amatoxin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC02FFD0FF2D4F72FEA3D20C" box="[232,296,1849,1868]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF486671FC02FFD0FBCE48DEFBE0D77E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" targetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FBCE48DEFA44D5E6" blockId="3.[1035,1488,149,575]" box="[1035,1487,149,166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FBCE48DEFBCDD5E6" bold="true" box="[1035,1094,149,166]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FBCE48E4FA5BD432" blockId="3.[1035,1488,149,575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FBCE4930FA44D4E5" blockId="3.[1035,1488,149,575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin derivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FBCE49E5FA5BD4FF" blockId="3.[1035,1488,149,575]" box="[1035,1488,430,447]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">(MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FBD34983FBE0D77E" blockId="3.[1035,1488,149,575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">: α- amanitin,: β- amanitin,: γ- amanitin,: amaninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no amatoxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FF414F1DFC89D2FC" blockId="3.[100,770,1849,1980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
No amatoxins or phallotoxins were detected in any specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FFA14F3BFF73D2C4" authority="(Pers.)" baseAuthorityName="Pers." box="[100,248,1904,1924]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FFA14F3BFF3ED2C4" bold="true" box="[100,181,1904,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
(Pers.)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Qu´el.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FEFE4F3BFE15D2C4" box="[315,414,1904,1924]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FEFE4F3BFE15D2C4" bold="true" box="[315,414,1904,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Qu´el.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FE274F3BFD76D2C5" authority="(Bull.) P. Kumm." authorityName="P. Kumm." baseAuthorityName="Bull." box="[482,765,1904,1925]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="clypeolaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FE274F3BFDD2D2C4" bold="true" box="[482,601,1904,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. clypeolaria</emphasis>
|
||
(Bull.) P. Kumm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FFA14FC7FF36D2E0" box="[100,189,1932,1952]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FFA14FC7FF36D2E0" bold="true" box="[100,189,1932,1952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F3F81BFC02FFD0FF0D4FC6FE82D2E0" box="[200,265,1933,1952]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
) P. Kumm.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FEB84FC7FDE7D2E1" authority="(Fr.) P. Kumm." authorityName="P. Kumm." baseAuthorityName="Fr." box="[381,620,1932,1953]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FEB84FC7FE51D2E0" bold="true" box="[381,474,1932,1952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
(Fr.) P. Kumm.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FDB34FC7FF3CD2FC" authority="(Pers.) P. Karst." authorityName="P. Karst." baseAuthorityName="Pers." class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="felina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FDB34FC7FD34D2E0" bold="true" box="[630,703,1932,1952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. felina</emphasis>
|
||
(Pers.) P. Karst.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FF014FE3FDC1D2FC" authority="F. H. Moller & J. E. Lange" authorityName="F. H. Moller & J. E. Lange" box="[196,586,1960,1980]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="fuscovinacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FF014FE3FEC4D2FC" bold="true" box="[196,335,1960,1980]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. fuscovinacea</emphasis>
|
||
F.H. Møller & J.E. Lange
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FD9D4FE3FC89D2FC" authority="Bres., L." authorityName="Bres., L." box="[600,770,1960,1980]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="lilacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FD9D4FE3FD27D2FC" bold="true" box="[600,684,1960,1980]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. lilacea</emphasis>
|
||
Bres.,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FD344FE3FC89D2FC" bold="true" box="[753,770,1960,1980]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC02FFD0FCF74F73FC03D2FC" blockId="3.[818,1487,1848,1980]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FCF74F73FC6BD20C" authority="Murrill" authorityName="Murrill" box="[818,992,1848,1868]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnispora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FCF74F73FC13D20C" bold="true" box="[818,920,1848,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">magnispora</emphasis>
|
||
Murrill
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FC284F73FB33D20C" authority="Velen." authorityName="Velen." box="[1005,1208,1848,1868]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="oreadiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FC284F73FBFFD20C" bold="true" box="[1005,1140,1848,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. oreadiformis</emphasis>
|
||
Velen.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FB064F73FA44D20C" authority="Huijsman, L." authorityName="Huijsman, L." box="[1219,1487,1848,1868]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="pseudolilacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FB064F73FADAD20C" bold="true" box="[1219,1361,1848,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. pseudolilacea</emphasis>
|
||
Huijsman,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FA7B4F73FA44D20C" bold="true" box="[1470,1487,1848,1868]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (SeSa 4), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FC104F1FFA8BD228" authority="Kuhner ex P. D. Orton" authorityName="P. D. Orton" box="[981,1280,1876,1897]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subalba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FC104F1FFBBBD228" bold="true" box="[981,1072,1876,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. subalba</emphasis>
|
||
Kühner ex P.D. Orton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, based on the applied methods. For specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FBF64F3BFB13D2C4" bold="true" box="[1075,1176,1904,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FBF64F3BFB1FD2C4" box="[1075,1172,1904,1924]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">L. boudieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FB5A4F3BFA90D2C4" box="[1183,1307,1904,1924]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FB5A4F3BFB3BD2C4" bold="true" box="[1183,1200,1904,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FB164F3BFA90D2C4" bold="true" box="[1235,1307,1904,1924]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SeSa 13),
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FA4D4F3BFBBDD2E0" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FA4D4F3BFC23D2E0" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">L. brunneoincarnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FC704FC7FBB8D2E0" box="[949,1075,1932,1952]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">L. elaiophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC02FFD0FBA94FC7FB72D2E0" box="[1132,1273,1932,1952]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC02FFD0FBA94FC7FB72D2E0" bold="true" box="[1132,1273,1932,1952]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
no phallotoxins were detected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF486671FC05FFD7FBCE48DEFBF9D498" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235411" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8235411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235411/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[1035,1065,149,166]" targetBox="[101,1009,149,1664]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC05FFD7FBCE48DEFBF9D498" blockId="4.[1035,1488,149,472]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FBCE48DEFBCED5E6" bold="true" box="[1035,1093,149,166]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Results of UHPLC analyses of fruiting bodies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FBE148E5FB0CD5FF" box="[1060,1159,174,192]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FBE148E5FBD5D580" bold="true" box="[1060,1118,174,192]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
spp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FB5748E5FA9DD580" box="[1170,1302,174,192]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FB5748E5FA9DD580" bold="true" box="[1170,1302,174,192]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lepiota boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(S 4),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FA9C48E5FA44D580" box="[1369,1487,174,192]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FA9C48E5FAE3D580" bold="true" box="[1369,1384,174,192]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FA4B48E5FA44D580" bold="true" box="[1422,1487,174,192]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SeSa 13),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FBA24883FA81D59A" box="[1127,1290,200,218]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FBA24883FA81D59A" bold="true" box="[1127,1290,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SeSa 4),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FAA74883FA44D59A" box="[1378,1487,200,218]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FAA74883FA44D59A" bold="true" box="[1378,1487,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(S 23), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FBB548AAFB67D5B3" box="[1136,1260,225,243]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FBB548AAFB67D5B3" bold="true" box="[1136,1260,225,243]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SeSa 28) extracted in (B) MeOH:H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC05FFD7FB914949FBD7D44E" attach="both" box="[1108,1116,258,270]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1). Results of UHPLC analyses of fruiting bodies of the benchmark species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FBCE4965FB2ED400" box="[1035,1189,302,320]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Amanitaceae" genus="Amanita" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="phalloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FBCE4965FB2ED400" bold="true" box="[1035,1189,302,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Amanita phalloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(S105), (A) extracted in methanol, (B) extracted in MeOH:H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC05FFD7FB214904FB67D41B" attach="both" box="[1252,1260,335,347]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</subScript>
|
||
O:0.01 M HCl (5:4:1). Results obtained by absorption of UV light of diverse wavelengths are indicated by different colours. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D6572FC05FFD5FFA14E8EFD33D604" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC05FFD7FFA14E8EFD79D399" blockId="4.[100,754,1733,1753]" box="[100,754,1733,1753]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading id="D0C08195FC05FFD7FFA14E8EFD79D399" bold="true" box="[100,754,1733,1753]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FFA14E8EFD79D399" bold="true" box="[100,754,1733,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
2.3. Phylogeny and chemotaxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FE154E8EFDBCD399" box="[464,567,1733,1753]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spp">Lepiota spp</taxonomicName>
|
||
. based on amatoxins
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC05FFD7FF414EB5FBF4D225" blockId="4.[100,770,1790,1977]" lastBlockId="4.[818,1487,1733,1893]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The results obtained by molecular phylogenetic and chemical analyses are combined in
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC05FFD7FEF24F51FEE6D26D" box="[311,365,1818,1837]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[1035,1065,149,166]" captionTargetBox="[101,1008,149,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-126@3.[100,1010,148,1671]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree based on sequences of the ITS region of nuclear rDNA. Posterior probabilities obtained from Bayesian analysis and maximum like- lihood bootstrap values are shown on the upper side of each branch and transfer bootstrap expectations are shown on the lower side. GenBank accession numbers and information on the geographic origin, if available, are shown. Sequences obtained in the context of the present study are highlighted in bold. The occurrence of amatoxins and amatoxin de- rivatives (D1, D2) detected by mass spectroscopy (MS) are indicated on species level by colored bars. : α-amanitin,: β-amanitin,: γ-amanitin,: ama- ninamide,: D1,: D2,: unknown, non-amatoxin compound,: species analyzed by MS with no ama- toxins being detected. For specimen specific results see Fig. S3." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235409" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235409/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
. The phylogram shows that species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FD194F52FF0DD209" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FD194F52FF0DD209" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing known amatoxins in their fruiting bodies detected in the context of the present study belong to a single monophyletic group within the section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FECB4F26FEEDD2C1" box="[270,358,1901,1921]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="section" section="Ovisporae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FECB4F26FEEDD2C1" bold="true" box="[270,358,1901,1921]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ovisporae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further putative amatoxin derivatives were detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FF144FC2FEA4D2DD" box="[209,303,1929,1949]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FF144FC2FEA4D2DD" bold="true" box="[209,303,1929,1949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FEA64FC1FEF7D2DD" bold="true" box="[355,380,1930,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">13</emphasis>
|
||
) which belongs to the section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FD5D4FC2FC89D2DD" box="[664,770,1929,1949]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="section" section="Stenosporae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FD5D4FC2FC89D2DD" bold="true" box="[664,770,1929,1949]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Stenosporae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FF664FEEFE92D2F9" box="[163,281,1957,1977]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FF664FEEFE92D2F9" bold="true" box="[163,281,1957,1977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(D2,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FE8E4FEEFEEFD2F8" bold="true" box="[331,356,1957,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">14</emphasis>
|
||
) which belongs to the section
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FDB94FEFFD5FD2F8" box="[636,724,1956,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="section" section="Ovisporae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FDB94FEFFD5FD2F8" bold="true" box="[636,724,1956,1976]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ovisporae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FC6E4E8EFBD7D39A" authority="SeSa" authorityName="SeSa" box="[939,1116,1733,1754]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FC6E4E8EFC30D399" bold="true" box="[939,955,1733,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FC244E8EFBA2D399" bold="true" box="[993,1065,1733,1753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
SeSa
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
13 contained an additional compound (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FCFF4EA9FCD8D3B5" bold="true" box="[826,851,1762,1781]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">15</emphasis>
|
||
) with an amatoxin-like molecular weight. As evident by its fragmentation pattern, however, it does not correspond to an amatoxin. This compound was not detected in specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FB1A4F52FACDD26D" bold="true" box="[1247,1350,1817,1837]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FB1A4F52FAC9D26D" box="[1247,1346,1817,1837]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">L. boudieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen SeSa 13 forms a distinct lineage close to other specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC05FFD7FCF74F1AFC1AD225" box="[818,913,1873,1893]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC05FFD7FCF74F1AFC1AD225" bold="true" box="[818,913,1873,1893]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the phylogenetic tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF486671FC04FFD6FFA148DDFCC4D59A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[100,150,150,166]" targetBox="[116,1473,235,610]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FFA148DDFF2CD5E7" blockId="5.[100,1487,150,218]" box="[100,167,150,167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA148DDFF2CD5E7" bold="true" box="[100,167,150,167]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 2</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FFA148FBFA44D581" blockId="5.[100,1487,150,218]" box="[100,1487,175,193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Masses and sum formulas of amatoxins and phallotoxins observed in extracts of the benchmark fungus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC0348E4FBEBD581" box="[966,1120,175,193]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Amanitaceae" genus="Amanita" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="phalloides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC0348E4FBEBD581" bold="true" box="[966,1120,175,193]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amanita phalloides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FBA948FBFB1CD581" bold="true" box="[1132,1175,176,193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1–11</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB6C48E4FAFED581" box="[1193,1397,175,193]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB6C48E4FAFED581" bold="true" box="[1193,1397,175,193]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FA4748FBFA25D581" bold="true" box="[1410,1454,176,193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2, 12</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FA0548E4FA44D581" box="[1472,1487,175,193]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FA0548E4FA44D581" bold="true" box="[1472,1487,175,193]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FFA14883FCC4D59A" blockId="5.[100,1487,150,218]" box="[100,847,200,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14883FF40D59A" bold="true" box="[100,203,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF1D4882FF71D59A" bold="true" box="[216,250,201,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2, 3</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FEC84883FEE8D59A" box="[269,355,200,218]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FEC84883FEE8D59A" bold="true" box="[269,355,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FEB54882FE0DD59A" bold="true" box="[368,390,201,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE5D4883FD8FD59A" box="[408,516,200,218]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE5D4883FD8FD59A" bold="true" box="[408,516,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FDD74882FDDDD59A" bold="true" box="[530,598,201,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1, 2, 14</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD484883FD75D59A" box="[653,766,200,218]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD484883FD16D59A" bold="true" box="[653,669,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD784883FD75D59A" bold="true" box="[701,766,200,218]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCCE4882FCAAD59A" bold="true" box="[779,801,201,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCE94882FCC9D59A" bold="true" box="[812,834,201,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FFB148A5FAF2D71F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<table id="F937C459FC04002CFFB148A0FA4AD722" box="[116,1473,235,610]" gridcols="6" gridrows="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB148A0FA4AD5BC" box="[116,1473,235,252]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB148A0FE8BD5BC" box="[116,256,235,252]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Compound</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE8848A0FE7BD5BC" box="[333,496,235,252]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Retention Time (min)</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF948A0FD70D5BC" box="[572,763,235,252]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Detected Mass [M H]+ +</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC8048A0FB9AD5BC" box="[837,1041,235,252]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Calculated Mass [M H]+ +</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E48A0FB4AD5BC" box="[1115,1217,235,252]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Error (Δppm)</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB48A0FA4AD5BC" box="[1294,1473,235,252]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sum formula [M H]+ +</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB1495AFA4AD462" box="[116,1473,273,290]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB1495AFE8BD462" box="[116,256,273,290]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
β- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF14495AFF50D45F" bold="true" box="[209,219,273,287]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE88495AFE7BD462" box="[333,496,273,290]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3.98</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF9495AFD70D462" box="[572,763,273,290]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">920.3387</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC80495AFB9AD462" box="[837,1041,273,290]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">920.3455</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E495AFB4AD462" box="[1115,1217,273,290]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+7.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB495AFA4AD462" box="[1294,1473,273,290]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H54N9O15S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB1496CFA4AD479" box="[116,1473,295,313]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB1496CFE8BD479" box="[116,256,295,313]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
α- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF174963FF57D476" bold="true" box="[210,220,296,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE88496CFE7BD479" box="[333,496,295,313]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3.99</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF9496CFD70D479" box="[572,763,295,313]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">919.3530</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC80496CFB9AD479" box="[837,1041,295,313]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">919.3614</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E496CFB4AD479" box="[1115,1217,295,313]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+9.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB496CFA4AD479" box="[1294,1473,295,313]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H55N10O14S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14974FA4AD40F" box="[116,1473,319,335]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14974FE8BD40F" box="[116,256,319,335]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
γ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF154974FF51D40D" bold="true" box="[208,218,319,333]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884974FE7BD40F" box="[333,496,319,335]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.56</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94974FD70D40F" box="[572,763,319,335]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">903.3585</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804974FB9AD40F" box="[837,1041,319,335]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">903.3665</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4974FB4AD40F" box="[1115,1217,319,335]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+8.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4974FA4AD40F" box="[1294,1473,319,335]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H55N10O13S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB1491EFA4AD426" box="[116,1473,341,358]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB1491EFE8BD426" box="[116,256,341,358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Ɛ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF15491DFF51D424" bold="true" box="[208,218,342,356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE88491EFE7BD426" box="[333,496,341,358]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.56</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF9491EFD70D426" box="[572,763,341,358]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">904.3461</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC80491EFB9AD426" box="[837,1041,341,358]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">904.3505</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E491EFB4AD426" box="[1115,1217,341,358]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+4.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB491EFA4AD426" box="[1294,1473,341,358]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H54N9O14S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14926FA4AD43D" box="[116,1473,365,381]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14926FE8BD43D" box="[116,256,365,381]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
phallisin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF044926FF40D43B" bold="true" box="[193,203,365,379]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884926FE7BD43D" box="[333,496,365,381]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.67</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94926FD70D43D" box="[572,763,365,381]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">805.3149</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804926FB9AD43D" box="[837,1041,365,381]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">805.3185</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4926FB4AD43D" box="[1115,1217,365,381]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+4.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4926FA4AD43D" box="[1294,1473,365,381]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C35H49N8O12S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB149C8FA4AD4D4" box="[116,1473,387,404]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB149C8FE8BD4D4" box="[116,256,387,404]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
amanin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF7D49C8FF49D4D1" bold="true" box="[184,194,387,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE8849C8FE7BD4D4" box="[333,496,387,404]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.77</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF949C8FD70D4D4" box="[572,763,387,404]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">904.3426</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC8049C8FB9AD4D4" box="[837,1041,387,404]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">904.3505</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E49C8FB4AD4D4" box="[1115,1217,387,404]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+8.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB49C8FA4AD4D4" box="[1294,1473,387,404]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H54N9O14S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB149D1FA4AD4EB" box="[116,1473,410,427]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB149D1FE8BD4EB" box="[116,256,410,427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
phalloidin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF0849D1FF5CD4E8" bold="true" box="[205,215,410,424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">7</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE8849D1FE7BD4EB" box="[333,496,410,427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5.05</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF949D1FD70D4EB" box="[572,763,410,427]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">789.3197</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC8049D1FB9AD4EB" box="[837,1041,410,427]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">789.3236</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E49D1FB4AD4EB" box="[1115,1217,410,427]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+4.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB49D1FA4AD4EB" box="[1294,1473,410,427]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C35H49N8O11S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB149FAFA4AD482" box="[116,1473,433,450]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB149FAFE8BD482" box="[116,256,433,450]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
phallisacin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF1449FAFF50D4FF" bold="true" box="[209,219,433,447]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE8849FAFE7BD482" box="[333,496,433,450]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5.15</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF949FAFD70D482" box="[572,763,433,450]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">863.3170</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC8049FAFB9AD482" box="[837,1041,433,450]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">863.3240</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E49FAFB4AD482" box="[1115,1217,433,450]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+8.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB49FAFA4AD482" box="[1294,1473,433,450]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C37H51N8O14S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14983FA4AD499" box="[116,1473,456,473]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14983FE8BD499" box="[116,256,456,473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
phallacidin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF114983FF55D496" bold="true" box="[212,222,456,470]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">9</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884983FE7BD499" box="[333,496,456,473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5.34</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94983FD70D499" box="[572,763,456,473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">847.3223</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804983FB9AD499" box="[837,1041,456,473]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">847.3291</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4983FB4AD499" box="[1115,1217,456,473]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+8.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4983FA4AD499" box="[1294,1473,456,473]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C37H51N8O13S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14994FA4AD4AF" box="[116,1473,479,495]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14994FE8BD4AF" box="[116,256,479,495]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
phalloin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF7B4994FF59D4AD" bold="true" box="[190,210,479,493]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">10</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884994FE7BD4AF" box="[333,496,479,495]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5.72</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94994FD70D4AF" box="[572,763,479,495]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">773.3248</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804994FB9AD4AF" box="[837,1041,479,495]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">773.3287</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4994FB4AD4AF" box="[1115,1217,479,495]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+5.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4994FA4AD4AF" box="[1294,1473,479,495]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C35H49N8O10S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB149BDFA4AD746" box="[116,1473,502,518]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB149BDFE8BD746" box="[116,256,502,518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
unknown (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF0349BDFF51D744" bold="true" box="[198,218,502,516]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">11</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE8849BDFE7BD746" box="[333,496,502,518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5.72</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF949BDFD70D746" box="[572,763,502,518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">889.3322</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC8049BDFB9AD746" box="[837,1041,502,518]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">889.3331</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E49BDFB4AD746" box="[1115,1217,502,518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+1.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB49BDFA4AD746" box="[1294,1473,502,518]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C38H53N10O11S2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14A47FA4AD75D" box="[116,1473,524,541]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14A47FE8BD75D" box="[116,256,524,541]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
amaninamide (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF234A47FF71D75A" bold="true" box="[230,250,524,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">12</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884A47FE7BD75D" box="[333,496,524,541]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.70</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94A47FD70D75D" box="[572,763,524,541]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">903.3589</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804A47FB9AD75D" box="[837,1041,524,541]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">903.3665</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4A47FB4AD75D" box="[1115,1217,524,541]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+8.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4A47FA4AD75D" box="[1294,1473,524,541]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H55N10O13S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14A68FA4AD774" box="[116,1473,547,564]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14A68FE8BD774" box="[116,256,547,564]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
unknown, D1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF204A68FF72D771" bold="true" box="[229,249,547,561]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884A68FE7BD774" box="[333,496,547,564]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.77</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94A68FD70D774" box="[572,763,547,564]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">920.3704</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804A68FB9AD774" box="[837,1041,547,564]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">920.3693</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4A68FB4AD774" box="[1115,1217,547,564]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4A68FA4AD774" box="[1294,1473,547,564]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H56N10O14S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14A71FA4AD70B" box="[116,1473,570,587]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14A71FE8BD70B" box="[116,256,570,587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
unknown, D2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF204A71FF72D708" bold="true" box="[229,249,570,584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">14</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884A71FE7BD70B" box="[333,496,570,587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94A71FD70D70B" box="[572,763,570,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">917.3442</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804A71FB9AD70B" box="[837,1041,570,587]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">917.3458</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4A71FB4AD70B" box="[1115,1217,570,587]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+1.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4A71FA4AD70B" box="[1294,1473,570,587]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C39H53N10O14S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC04002CFFB14A1AFA4AD722" box="[116,1473,593,610]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC04002CFFB14A1AFE8BD722" box="[116,256,593,610]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
unknown (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF034A1AFF51D71F" bold="true" box="[198,218,593,607]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFE884A1AFE7BD722" box="[333,496,593,610]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">5.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFDF94A1AFD70D722" box="[572,763,593,610]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">901.4236</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFC804A1AFB9AD722" box="[837,1041,593,610]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">901.4223</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFB9E4A1AFB4AD722" box="[1115,1217,593,610]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC04002CFACB4A1AFA4AD722" box="[1294,1473,593,610]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">C40H65N6O15S</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FFA14ADEFF7BD7E8" blockId="5.[100,240,661,680]" box="[100,240,661,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading id="D0C08195FC04FFD6FFA14ADEFF7BD7E8" bold="true" box="[100,240,661,680]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14ADEFF7BD7E8" bold="true" box="[100,240,661,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3. Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FF414A86FE9CD69B" blockId="5.[100,771,717,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The results obtained concerning the occurrence of toxins in species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FFA14AA3FF2ED7BC" box="[100,165,744,764]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14AA3FF2ED7BC" bold="true" box="[100,165,744,764]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show that amatoxins can be used as taxonomic characteristics to differentiate some species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FEB44B4FFE39D658" box="[369,434,772,792]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FEB44B4FFE39D658" bold="true" box="[369,434,772,792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which were synonymized for a long time in the literature, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE494B6BFD8DD674" box="[396,518,800,820]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE494B6BFD8DD674" bold="true" box="[396,518,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD814B6BFF10D610" authority="P. D. Orton" authorityName="P. D. Orton" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD814B6BFD59D674" bold="true" box="[580,722,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
P.D. Orton
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and infraspecific groups in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE1C4B77FDB0D610" box="[473,571,828,848]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE1C4B77FDB0D610" bold="true" box="[473,571,828,848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex. In contrast to the current state of knowledge, we show that the number of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF074B3FFE88D6C8" box="[194,259,884,904]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF074B3FFE88D6C8" bold="true" box="[194,259,884,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
containing amatoxins is probably lower than generally assumed. However, many species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE7F4BC4FE70D6E3" box="[442,507,911,931]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE7F4BC4FE70D6E3" bold="true" box="[442,507,911,931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
still need to be investigated to complete our knowledge about the toxicity and diversity of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FFA14B8CFF2ED69B" box="[100,165,967,987]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14B8CFF2ED69B" bold="true" box="[100,165,967,987]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
worldwide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FF414BAFFDB0D04E" blockId="5.[100,771,717,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Amatoxins were detected in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE504BA8FDC0D6B7" box="[405,587,995,1015]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE504BA8FDC0D6B7" bold="true" box="[405,587,995,1015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD9D4BA8FD59D6B7" box="[600,722,995,1015]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD9D4BA8FD59D6B7" bold="true" box="[600,722,995,1015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14BB4FF7DD153" bold="true" box="[100,246,1023,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FFA14BB4FF79D153" box="[100,242,1023,1043]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">L. subincarnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The presence of α- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FDD14C4BFDABD153" bold="true" box="[532,544,1024,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</emphasis>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD894BB4FC89D153" box="[588,770,1023,1043]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD894BB4FC89D153" bold="true" box="[588,770,1023,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF5B4C50FEBCD16F" box="[158,311,1051,1071]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF5B4C50FEBCD16F" bold="true" box="[158,311,1051,1071]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the presence of amaninamide (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD7D4C57FD5AD16F" bold="true" box="[696,721,1052,1071]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">12</emphasis>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FFA14C7CFE90D10B" box="[100,283,1079,1099]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14C7CFE90D10B" bold="true" box="[100,283,1079,1099]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the absence of β- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD5E4C73FD2CD10B" bold="true" box="[667,679,1080,1099]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</emphasis>
|
||
) and the presence of γ- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE974C1FFED5D127" bold="true" box="[338,350,1108,1127]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</emphasis>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE4E4C18FD93D127" box="[395,536,1107,1127]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE4E4C18FD93D127" bold="true" box="[395,536,1107,1127]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are in accordance with HPLC-MS results from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FEF34C3BFD95D1C3" author="Sgambelluri, R. M. & Epis, S. & Sassera, D. & Luo, H. & Angelos, E. R. & Walton, J. D." box="[310,542,1136,1155]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2336 - 2347" refId="ref9083" refString="Sgambelluri, R. M., Epis, S., Sassera, D., Luo, H., Angelos, E. R., Walton, J. D., 2014. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins 6, 2336 - 2347. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / toxins 6082336." type="journal article" year="2014">Sgambelluri et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FD8F4C3BFC89D1C3" author="Yilmaz, I. & Bakirci, S. & Akata, I. & Bayram, R. & Kaya, E." box="[586,770,1136,1155]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="109 - 114" refId="ref9518" refString="Yilmaz, I., Bakirci, S., Akata, I., Bayram, R., Kaya, E., 2015. Toxin content and toxicological significance in different tissues and development stages of Lepiota brunneoincarnata mushroom. Toxin Rev. 34, 109 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 15569543.2015. 1072563." type="journal article" year="2015">Yilmaz et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as well as TLC results from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FEB44CC7FDBAD1DF" author="Haines, J. H. & Lichstein, E. & Glickerman, D." box="[369,561,1164,1183]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="15 - 17" refId="ref7945" refString="Haines, J. H., Lichstein, E., Glickerman, D., 1986. A fatal poisoning from an amatoxin containing Lepiota. Mycopathologia 93, 15 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00437009." type="journal article" year="1986">Haines et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In contrast to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FD0D4CC7FE93D1FB" author="Sgambelluri, R. M. & Epis, S. & Sassera, D. & Luo, H. & Angelos, E. R. & Walton, J. D." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2336 - 2347" refId="ref9083" refString="Sgambelluri, R. M., Epis, S., Sassera, D., Luo, H., Angelos, E. R., Walton, J. D., 2014. Profiling of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the genus Lepiota by liquid chromatography combined with UV absorbance and mass spectrometry. Toxins 6, 2336 - 2347. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / toxins 6082336." type="journal article" year="2014">Sgambelluri et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FE814CE3FE70D1FA" author="Yilmaz, I. & Bakirci, S. & Akata, I. & Bayram, R. & Kaya, E." box="[324,507,1191,1211]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="109 - 114" refId="ref9518" refString="Yilmaz, I., Bakirci, S., Akata, I., Bayram, R., Kaya, E., 2015. Toxin content and toxicological significance in different tissues and development stages of Lepiota brunneoincarnata mushroom. Toxin Rev. 34, 109 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 15569543.2015. 1072563." type="journal article" year="2015">Yilmaz et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
we were not able to detect
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD304CECFC8AD1FA" bold="true" box="[757,769,1191,1210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</emphasis>
|
||
nor amanin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF254C88FF67D196" bold="true" box="[224,236,1219,1238]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">6</emphasis>
|
||
) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FED04C89FE41D196" box="[277,458,1218,1238]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FED04C89FE41D196" bold="true" box="[277,458,1218,1238]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This difference might be due to different climate, environmental conditions, and/or development stages of the fungal fruiting bodies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FEBE4CB0FDA5D04E" author="Yilmaz, I. & Bakirci, S. & Akata, I. & Bayram, R. & Kaya, E." box="[379,558,1275,1295]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="109 - 114" refId="ref9518" refString="Yilmaz, I., Bakirci, S., Akata, I., Bayram, R., Kaya, E., 2015. Toxin content and toxicological significance in different tissues and development stages of Lepiota brunneoincarnata mushroom. Toxin Rev. 34, 109 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.3109 / 15569543.2015. 1072563." type="journal article" year="2015">Yilmaz et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FF414D5DFD15D365" blockId="5.[100,771,717,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF414D5DFC89D006" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF414D5DFF5CD06A" box="[132,215,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="aspera">L. aspera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF254D5DFECED06A" box="[224,325,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="castanea">L. castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE8A4D5DFE43D06A" box="[335,456,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="clypeolaria">L. clypeolaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE144D5DFDA0D06A" box="[465,555,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="cristata">L. cristata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FDF04D5DFD1FD06A" box="[565,660,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="erminea">L. erminea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD584D5DFD6CD06A" box="[669,743,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="felina">L. felina</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD344D5DFF5CD006" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="fuscovinacea">L. fuscovinacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF244D79FEB8D006" box="[225,307,1330,1350]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="lilacea">L. lilacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FEF84D79FE37D006" box="[317,444,1330,1350]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnispora">L. magnispora</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE034D79FDC5D006" box="[454,590,1330,1350]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="oreadiformis">L. oreadiformis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD9D4D79FD6CD006" box="[600,743,1330,1350]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="pseudolilacea">L. pseudolilacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
, L.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (SeSa 5), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FED54D05FEE6D022" box="[272,365,1358,1378]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subalba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FED54D05FEE6D022" bold="true" box="[272,365,1358,1378]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. subalba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not contain any amatoxins or phallotoxins. Furthermore,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FEEA4D21FE1DD03E" bold="true" box="[303,406,1386,1406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FEEA4D21FE18D03E" box="[303,403,1386,1406]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">L. boudieri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FE5A4D21FDABD03E" box="[415,544,1386,1406]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE5A4D21FE24D03E" bold="true" box="[415,431,1386,1406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FE134D21FDABD03E" bold="true" box="[470,544,1386,1406]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FDE54D21FF40D0DA" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FDE84D21FD6ED03E" box="[557,741,1386,1406]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">L. brunneoincarnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD344D21FF4CD0DA" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">L. elaiophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF3A4DCDFE00D0DA" box="[255,395,1414,1434]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF3A4DCDFE00D0DA" bold="true" box="[255,395,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not contain any phallotoxins. Differences between our results and TLC results of previous studies might be the consequence of different species concepts and infraspecific variation in the production of natural compounds that may be influenced by ecological factors. Differences in sensitivity and resolution of the applied methods, i.e., TLC and HPLC-MS, should also be considered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FF414E65FABED610" blockId="5.[100,771,717,1964]" lastBlockId="5.[818,1488,661,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
To the best of our knowledge, amatoxins are reported here for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD044E66FF4ED31D" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD044E66FF4ED31D" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the first time.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FEAC4E01FD8FD31D" author="Besl, H. & Mack, P. & Schmidt-Heckel, H." box="[361,516,1610,1629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref7415" refString="Besl, H., Mack, P., Schmidt-Heckel, H., 1984. Giftpilze in den Gattungen Galerina und Lepiota. Z. Mykol. 50, 183 - 192. https: // www. dgfm-ev. de / publikationen / giftpilze - aus-den-gattungen-galerina-und-lepiota." type="journal article" year="1984">Besl et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, reported
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD784E01FD42D31D" bold="true" box="[701,713,1610,1629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD304E01FC8AD31D" bold="true" box="[757,769,1610,1629]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</emphasis>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF564E2EFEA0D339" box="[147,299,1637,1657]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF564E2EFEA0D339" bold="true" box="[147,299,1637,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on TLC studies.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD834E2EFD47D339" box="[582,716,1637,1657]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD834E2EFD47D339" bold="true" box="[582,716,1637,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FFA14ECAFF7BD3D5" box="[100,240,1665,1685]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14ECAFF7BD3D5" bold="true" box="[100,240,1665,1685]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically rather similar. For a long period of time, it was unclear whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FEB64ED6FE60D3F1" box="[371,491,1693,1713]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FEB64ED6FE60D3F1" bold="true" box="[371,491,1693,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FDDD4ED6FD29D3F1" box="[536,674,1693,1713]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FDDD4ED6FD29D3F1" bold="true" box="[536,674,1693,1713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be treated as synonyms or whether they represent different species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FD194EF2FEC1D3A9" author="Vellinga, E. C. & Huijser, H. A." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="457 - 464" refId="ref9396" refString="Vellinga, E. C., Huijser, H. A., 1997. Lepiota xanthophylla and its greenhouse counterpart. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 40, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1997">Vellinga and Huijser, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FEA54E9EFE7DD3A9" author="Vellinga, E. C." box="[352,502,1749,1769]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9317" refString="Vellinga, E. C., 2001. Genus Lepiota: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, vol. 5. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdamm." type="book" year="2001">Vellinga (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
differentiated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FD424E9FFC89D3A8" box="[647,770,1748,1768]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FD424E9FFC89D3A8" bold="true" box="[647,770,1748,1768]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF584EBBFEA5D244" box="[157,302,1776,1796]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF584EBBFEA5D244" bold="true" box="[157,302,1776,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by cellular structures on their pileus and the geographical distribution of the two species. According to these species concepts,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FF054F63FEC1D27C" box="[192,330,1832,1852]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FF054F63FEC1D27C" bold="true" box="[192,330,1832,1852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a pileus covering composed of hyphae with small clavate terminal cells and grows in forests in temperate Europe.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FFA14F2BFF55D234" box="[100,222,1888,1908]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FFA14F2BFF55D234" bold="true" box="[100,222,1888,1908]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a pileus covering consisting of hyphae with long cylindrical terminal cells and grows in tropical regions or in flowerpots of tropical plants. The separation of these two species is confirmed by ITS sequences, showing that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FBDD4ADEFB05D7E9" box="[1048,1166,661,681]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FBDD4ADEFB05D7E9" bold="true" box="[1048,1166,661,681]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB7F4ADEFACFD7E9" box="[1210,1348,661,681]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB7F4ADEFACFD7E9" bold="true" box="[1210,1348,661,681]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not closely related to each other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FBC24AFAFB19D784" author="Vellinga, E. C." box="[1031,1170,689,708]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="305 - 322" refId="ref9345" refString="Vellinga, E. C., 2003. Phylogeny of Lepiota (Agaricaceae) - evidence from nrITS and nrLSU sequences. Mycol. Prog. 2, 305 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11557 - 006 - 0068 - x." type="journal article" year="2003">Vellinga, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Therefore, we assume in accordance with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FC674A86FB26D7A0" author="Vellinga, E. C. & Huijser, H. A." box="[930,1197,717,736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="457 - 464" refId="ref9396" refString="Vellinga, E. C., Huijser, H. A., 1997. Lepiota xanthophylla and its greenhouse counterpart. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 40, 457 - 464." type="journal article" year="1997">Vellinga and Huijser (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FAC34A87FACCD7A0" box="[1286,1351,716,736]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FAC34A87FACCD7A0" bold="true" box="[1286,1351,716,736]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sample investigated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FC564AA2FBBBD7BC" author="Besl, H. & Mack, P. & Schmidt-Heckel, H." box="[915,1072,745,765]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref7415" refString="Besl, H., Mack, P., Schmidt-Heckel, H., 1984. Giftpilze in den Gattungen Galerina und Lepiota. Z. Mykol. 50, 183 - 192. https: // www. dgfm-ev. de / publikationen / giftpilze - aus-den-gattungen-galerina-und-lepiota." type="journal article" year="1984">Besl et al. (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
might correspond to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB334AA3FAE7D7BC" box="[1270,1388,744,764]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB334AA3FAE7D7BC" bold="true" box="[1270,1388,744,764]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not to
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCF74B4FFC5BD658" bold="true" box="[818,976,772,792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FCF74B4FFC47D658" box="[818,972,772,792]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">L. xanthophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This assumption is supported by drawings of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCF74B6BFC5FD674" box="[818,980,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCF74B6BFCC9D674" bold="true" box="[818,834,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.</emphasis>
|
||
“
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC964B6BFC4CD674" authority="(Besl et al., 1984)" baseAuthorityName="Besl" baseAuthorityYear="1984" box="[851,967,800,820]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC964B6BFC4CD674" bold="true" box="[851,967,800,820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FC254B6AFBFFD674" author="Besl, H. & Mack, P. & Schmidt-Heckel, H." box="[992,1140,801,820]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref7415" refString="Besl, H., Mack, P., Schmidt-Heckel, H., 1984. Giftpilze in den Gattungen Galerina und Lepiota. Z. Mykol. 50, 183 - 192. https: // www. dgfm-ev. de / publikationen / giftpilze - aus-den-gattungen-galerina-und-lepiota." type="journal article" year="1984">Besl et al., 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) showing a pileus covering similar to the one described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC3A4B77FBF3D610" box="[1023,1144,828,848]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC3A4B77FBF3D610" bold="true" box="[1023,1144,828,848]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FB594B76FABBD610" author="Vellinga, E. C." box="[1180,1328,829,848]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref9317" refString="Vellinga, E. C., 2001. Genus Lepiota: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, vol. 5. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdamm." type="book" year="2001">Vellinga (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD6FC944B12FCF9D234" blockId="5.[818,1488,661,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
By combining the results on the occurrence of known amatoxins with the phylogenetic analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB9D4B3FFB41D6C8" box="[1112,1226,884,904]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB9D4B3FFB12D6C8" bold="true" box="[1112,1177,884,904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
spp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
., a monophyletic clade is recognized including all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FBBA4BDBFB4BD6E4" box="[1151,1216,912,932]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FBBA4BDBFB4BD6E4" bold="true" box="[1151,1216,912,932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which known amatoxins have been detected, namely
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FBFA4BE0FC78D69B" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FBFA4BE0FB7ED6FF" box="[1087,1269,939,959]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">L. brunneoincarnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FAC54BE0FAF1D6FF" box="[1280,1402,939,959]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">L. elaiophylla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FA414BE0FCDDD69B" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spiculata">L. spiculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FCA74B8CFC64D69B" box="[866,1007,967,987]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">L. subincarnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FBE24B8CFB04D69B" box="[1063,1167,967,987]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="venenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FBE24B8CFB04D69B" bold="true" box="[1063,1167,967,987]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. venenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This statement is based on data obtained by the present study as well as results published by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FA454BAFFC23D153" author="Angelini, C. & Vizzini, A. & Justo, A. & Bizzi, A. & Davoli, P. & Kaya, E." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1833" refId="ref7339" refString="Angelini, C., Vizzini, A., Justo, A., Bizzi, A., Davoli, P., Kaya, E., 2020. First report of a neotropical agaric (Lepiota spiculata, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) containing lethal α- amanitin at toxicologically relevant levels. Front. Microbiol. 11, 1833. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmicb. 2020.01833." type="journal article" year="2020">Angelini et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC144BB4FBB3D153" box="[977,1080,1023,1043]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC144BB4FBB3D153" bold="true" box="[977,1080,1023,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. spiculata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FBAD4C4BFA9FD153" author="Long, P. & Fan, F. & Xu, B. & He, Z. & Su, Y. & Zhang, P. & Xie, J. & Chen, Z." box="[1128,1300,1024,1043]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="204 - 209" refId="ref8637" refString="Long, P., Fan, F., Xu, B., He, Z., Su, Y., Zhang, P., Xie, J., Chen, Z., 2020. Determination of amatoxins in Lepiota brunneoincarnata and Lepiota venenata by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Mycobiology 48, 204 - 209. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 12298093.2020.1765718." type="journal article" year="2020">Long et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FAF94BB4FA28D153" box="[1340,1443,1023,1043]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="venenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FAF94BB4FA28D153" bold="true" box="[1340,1443,1023,1043]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. venenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to molecular sequence data, this clade also includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FAA74C50FC51D10B" authority="Bon & G. Riousset" authorityName="Bon & G. Riousset" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="farinolens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FAA74C50FA5BD16F" bold="true" box="[1378,1488,1051,1071]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. farinolens</emphasis>
|
||
Bon & G. Riousset
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which amatoxins could not be confirmed because no specimen was available for the analysis. Further investigation is necessary to verify the presence of amatoxins in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB3F4C24FAE2D1C3" box="[1274,1385,1135,1155]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="farinolens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB3F4C24FAE2D1C3" bold="true" box="[1274,1385,1135,1155]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. farinolens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to support the assumption of a monophyletic distribution of amatoxins in this clade. Outside this “amatoxin clade”,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB5A4CECFA8AD1FB" box="[1183,1281,1191,1211]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB5A4CECFA8AD1FB" bold="true" box="[1183,1281,1191,1211]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed a compound (D1,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCA74C88FCF0D196" bold="true" box="[866,891,1219,1238]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</emphasis>
|
||
) corresponding by its mass and MS/MS fragmentation data to amatoxins. TLC results (G´erault and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FB4C4C94FB7ED1B2" author="Girre, L." box="[1161,1269,1247,1266]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2841 - 2843" refId="ref7820" refString="G´erault, A., Girre, L., 1975. Recherches toxicologiques sur le genre Lepiota Fries (1822). Compt. Rend. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. (S´er. D) 280, 2841 - 2843." type="journal article" year="1975">Girre, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FADE4C95FAF1D1B2" box="[1307,1402,1246,1266]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FADE4C95FAF1D1B2" bold="true" box="[1307,1402,1246,1266]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(cited as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FCF74CB1FC3CD04F" authority="Rea" authorityName="Rea" box="[818,951,1274,1295]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="fulvella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCF74CB1FC01D04E" bold="true" box="[818,906,1274,1294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. fulvella</emphasis>
|
||
Rea
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a synonym) support this observation. The amatoxin derivative D2 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC754D5CFC42D06A" bold="true" box="[944,969,1303,1322]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</emphasis>
|
||
) was detected from all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB7C4D5DFA90D06A" box="[1209,1307,1302,1322]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB7C4D5DFA90D06A" bold="true" box="[1209,1307,1302,1322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FA6E4D5DFA44D06A" bold="true" box="[1451,1487,1302,1322]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
920.3704 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC04FFD6FC134D64FC6ED07B" attach="left" box="[982,997,1327,1339]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+</superScript>
|
||
(calcd for C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FB934D71FBE3D008" attach="both" box="[1110,1128,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FBBD4D71FB01D008" attach="both" box="[1144,1162,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">56</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FB5C4D71FB20D008" attach="both" box="[1177,1195,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">10</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FB7E4D71FB46D008" attach="both" box="[1211,1229,1338,1352]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">14</subScript>
|
||
S, Δppm = 1.2 ppm). It is very similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC064D04FC44D022" bold="true" box="[963,975,1359,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">1</emphasis>
|
||
and does not correspond to the masses of any known amatoxin or phallotoxin (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B50342FC04FFD6FBE04D20FBE7D03E" box="[1061,1132,1387,1406]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[100,150,150,166]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2 Masses and sum formulas of amatoxins and phallotoxins observed in extracts of the benchmark fungus Amanita phalloides (1–11), Lepiota brunneoincarnata (2, 12), L. subincarnata (2, 3), L. boudieri (13), L. elaiophylla (1, 2, 14), and L. cf. boudieri (13, 15)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). The calculated results show that its molecular formula probably is C
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FB994DC5FBE5D0DC" attach="both" box="[1116,1134,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">39</subScript>
|
||
H
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FBBB4DC5FB1BD0DC" attach="both" box="[1150,1168,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">56</subScript>
|
||
N
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FB5A4DC5FB3AD0DC" attach="both" box="[1183,1201,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">10</subScript>
|
||
O
|
||
<subScript id="17B334BCFC04FFD6FB054DC5FB59D0DC" attach="both" box="[1216,1234,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">14</subScript>
|
||
S, and fragment ions at
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FA6E4DCDFA44D0DA" bold="true" box="[1451,1487,1414,1434]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
902.3605, 884.3166, 171.1130, and 130.0643 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC04FFD6FAFB4DD4FAC6D0EB" attach="left" box="[1342,1357,1439,1451]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+</superScript>
|
||
from MS/MS are consistent with those produced from known amatoxins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C2A7CFC04FFD6FABB4DF5FA4AD092" box="[1406,1473,1470,1490]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[100,130,956,973]" captionTargetBox="[209,1380,149,928]" captionTargetId="figure-969@2.[206,1381,148,929]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Fruiting bodies of Lepiota spp. (Agaricales) used for the present analysis of amatoxins. A L. elaiophylla (SeSa 23), scale bar: 2 cm. B L. brunneoincarnata (SeSa 4), scale bar: 3 cm. C L. felina (SeSa 7), scale bar: 1.5 cm. D L. aspera (SeSa 14), scale bar: 3 cm. E L. magnispora (S 21), scale bar: 1.8 cm. F L. cristata (SeSa 1), scale bar: 3.8 cm. G L. oreadiformis, scale bar: 4 cm. H L. fuscovinacea (SeSa 8), scale bar: 3.5 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8235407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8235407/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. S1</figureCitation>
|
||
). This compound probably is an undescribed amatoxin. In addition to D1 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCFF4DBDFCD8D349" bold="true" box="[826,851,1526,1545]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</emphasis>
|
||
), the specimen SeSa 13 called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FBB74DBEFB66D349" box="[1138,1261,1525,1545]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FBB74DBEFB08D349" bold="true" box="[1138,1155,1525,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB604DBEFB66D349" bold="true" box="[1189,1261,1525,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presented an additional compound (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC614E59FC36D365" bold="true" box="[932,957,1554,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">15</emphasis>
|
||
) with a mass of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB9A4E5AFB0FD365" bold="true" box="[1119,1156,1553,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">m/z</emphasis>
|
||
901.4236 [M+H]
|
||
<superScript id="7C429BB1FC04FFD6FAF44E45FACBD35A" attach="left" box="[1329,1344,1550,1562]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">+</superScript>
|
||
which was not detected in other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB9C4E66FB33D301" box="[1113,1208,1581,1601]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB9C4E66FB33D301" bold="true" box="[1113,1208,1581,1601]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the fragmentation pattern of this compound did not correspond to those of amatoxins. The specimen SeSa 13 also differs from other specimens of this species by its ITS sequence and accordingly occupies an isolated position in the phylogenetic tree. Apparently, this specimen represents a taxon closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC5D4EF3FC71D38C" box="[920,1018,1720,1740]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC5D4EF3FC71D38C" bold="true" box="[920,1018,1720,1740]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not identical to it. Based on morphological characteristics, in the past several species and infraspecific taxa were distinguished in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC154EBBFBBBD244" box="[976,1072,1776,1796]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC154EBBFBBBD244" bold="true" box="[976,1072,1776,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that are presently included as synonyms in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FCF74F47FB8ED260" authority="(Bon, 1993)" baseAuthorityName="Bon" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[818,1029,1804,1825]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FCF74F47FC04D260" bold="true" box="[818,911,1804,1824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FC594F45FC70D260" author="Bon, M." box="[924,1019,1805,1825]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref7465" refString="Bon, M., 1993. Les Lepiotes. CRDP de Picardie, Amiens." type="book" year="1993">Bon, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The observed difference in natural products may reflect the fact that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC3E4F63FBD5D27C" baseAuthorityName="Bon" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[1019,1118,1832,1852]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC3E4F63FBD5D27C" bold="true" box="[1019,1118,1832,1852]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a complex of species that may be differentiated by morphology and chemotaxonomic characteristics in future.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC04FFD5FC944F36FDC3D4FE" blockId="5.[818,1488,661,1964]" lastBlockId="6.[100,771,148,837]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
According to previous studies, one gene (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB184F37FA93D2D0" bold="true" box="[1245,1304,1916,1936]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB184F37FA9BD2D0" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1882" box="[1245,1296,1916,1936]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">AMA</taxonomicName>
|
||
1
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) may encode for
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FA064F36FA44D2D0" bold="true" box="[1475,1487,1917,1936]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CCF9B1CFC04FFD6FC9F4FD3FCF5D2EC" box="[858,894,1944,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="in" value="3.0">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC9F4FD3FCEDD2EB" bold="true" box="[858,870,1944,1963]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FC214FD3FBBBD2EC" box="[996,1072,1944,1964]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Amanitaceae" genus="Amanita" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FC214FD3FBBBD2EC" bold="true" box="[996,1072,1944,1964]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amanita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC04FFD6FB9A4FDCFB20D2EB" authorityName="Earle" authorityYear="1909" box="[1119,1195,1943,1963]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Hymenogastraceae" genus="Galerina" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC04FFD6FB9A4FDCFB20D2EB" bold="true" box="[1119,1195,1943,1963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Galerina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD6FB7C4FD2FAECD2EC" author="Hallen, H. E. & Luo, H. & Scott-Craig, J. S. & Walton, J. D." box="[1209,1383,1945,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="19097 - 19101" refId="ref7992" refString="Hallen, H. E., Luo, H., Scott-Craig, J. S., Walton, J. D., 2007. Gene family encoding the major toxins of lethal Amanita mushrooms. In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol. 104, pp. 19097 - 19101. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0707340104." type="journal article" year="2007">Hallen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC04FFD5FAB74FD2FF1FD5E7" author="Luo, H. & Hallen-Adams, H. E. & Scott-Craig, J. S. & Walton, J. D." lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="123 - 129" refId="ref8731" refString="Luo, H., Hallen-Adams, H. E., Scott-Craig, J. S., Walton, J. D., 2012. Ribosomal biosynthesis of α- amanitin in Galerina marginata. Fungal Genet. Biol. 49, 123 - 129. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. fgb. 2011.12.005." type="journal article" year="2012">Luo et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This may explain the joint occurrence of both,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FD4848DFFD12D5E7" bold="true" box="[653,665,148,167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FD1748DFFD55D5E7" bold="true" box="[722,734,148,167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</emphasis>
|
||
, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FFA148E4FF67D583" box="[100,236,175,195]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FFA148E4FF67D583" bold="true" box="[100,236,175,195]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FF3248E4FEB9D583" bold="true" box="[247,306,175,195]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FF3248E4FEA1D583" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1882" box="[247,298,175,195]" class="Reptilia" genus="Ama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">AMA</taxonomicName>
|
||
1
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may also be present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FDCE48E4FD48D583" bold="true" box="[523,707,175,195]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FDCE48E4FD34D583" box="[523,703,175,195]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">L. brunneoincarnata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which contains
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FF7D4880FF4FD59E" bold="true" box="[184,196,203,222]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FF344880FE81D59E" bold="true" box="[241,266,203,222]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">12</emphasis>
|
||
that has a molecular weight and structure similar to
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FD304880FC8AD59E" bold="true" box="[757,769,203,222]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">3</emphasis>
|
||
and that may result from a different posttranslational modification. Another gene is proposed to be responsible for the synthesis of
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FD0E4948FD5CD456" bold="true" box="[715,727,259,278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</emphasis>
|
||
and ε- amanitin (
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FF1F4954FF6DD472" bold="true" box="[218,230,287,306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">4</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC07FFD5FEC44954FE31D472" author="Hallen, H. E. & Luo, H. & Scott-Craig, J. S. & Walton, J. D." box="[257,442,287,307]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="19097 - 19101" refId="ref7992" refString="Hallen, H. E., Luo, H., Scott-Craig, J. S., Walton, J. D., 2007. Gene family encoding the major toxins of lethal Amanita mushrooms. In: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, vol. 104, pp. 19097 - 19101. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0707340104." type="journal article" year="2007">Hallen et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FE2A496BFDE0D472" box="[495,619,286,307]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
L.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FDCF4955FDE0D472" bold="true" box="[522,619,286,306]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FDBE4954FD0CD472" bold="true" box="[635,647,287,306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FD7B4954FD41D472" bold="true" box="[702,714,287,306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">2</emphasis>
|
||
were detected, so the presence of both genes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FDCB4971FD01D40E" box="[526,650,314,334]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FDCB4971FD01D40E" bold="true" box="[526,650,314,334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is assumed. Further studies are necessary to determine the gene encoding for the undescribed amatoxin derivative (D2,
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FE034938FE54D4C6" bold="true" box="[454,479,371,390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">14</emphasis>
|
||
) and to resolve conflicting data regarding the presence of amatoxins, e.g., in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FDB049C5FD77D4E2" box="[629,764,398,418]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FDB049C5FD77D4E2" bold="true" box="[629,764,398,418]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FFA149E1FF7BD4FE" box="[100,240,426,446]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="xanthophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FFA149E1FF7BD4FE" bold="true" box="[100,240,426,446]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. xanthophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FE8149E1FE28D4FE" baseAuthorityName="Bon" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[324,419,426,446]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FE8149E1FE28D4FE" bold="true" box="[324,419,426,446]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF486671FC07FFD5FCF748DDFAEDD581" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" startId="6.[818,868,150,166]" targetBox="[834,1472,213,696]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="6" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC07FFD5FCF748DDFAEDD581" blockId="6.[818,1382,150,193]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FCF748DDFCFED5E7" bold="true" box="[818,885,150,167]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Table 3</emphasis>
|
||
Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC6248E4FB8DD580" box="[935,1030,175,193]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC6248E4FC6AD581" bold="true" box="[935,993,175,193]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
spp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. used for UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analyses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC07FFD5FC87489EFB2BD7F8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<table id="F937C459FC07002CFC87489EFA4BD7F8" box="[834,1472,213,696]" gridcols="2" gridrows="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC87489EFA4BD5A3" box="[834,1472,213,227]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC87489EFC6BD5A3" box="[834,992,213,227]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">species</th>
|
||
<th id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B489EFA4BD5A3" box="[1022,1472,213,227]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">specimens</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC8748BCFA4BD446" box="[834,1472,247,262]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC8748BCFC6BD446" box="[834,992,247,262]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC8748BCFC02D446" box="[834,905,247,262]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="aspera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC8748BCFC02D446" bold="true" box="[834,905,247,262]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. aspera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B48BCFA4BD446" box="[1022,1472,247,262]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 6, SeSa 14, SeSa 38</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874945FA4BD45D" box="[834,1472,270,285]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874945FC6BD45D" box="[834,992,270,285]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874945FC1DD45D" baseAuthorityName="Bon" baseAuthorityYear="1993" box="[834,918,270,285]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="boudieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874945FC1DD45D" bold="true" box="[834,918,270,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4945FA4BD45D" box="[1022,1472,270,285]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 17, SeSa 46, S 4, HLW 3313</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC87496EFA4BD474" box="[834,1472,293,308]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC87496EFC6BD474" box="[834,992,293,308]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC87496EFC24D474" bold="true" box="[834,943,293,308]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC87496EFCDAD474" bold="true" box="[834,849,293,308]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L.</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FCAA496EFC24D474" bold="true" box="[879,943,293,308]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">boudieri</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B496EFA4BD474" box="[1022,1472,293,308]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 13</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874970FA4BD40A" box="[834,1472,315,330]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874970FC6BD40A" box="[834,992,315,330]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874970FC6BD40A" box="[834,992,315,330]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874970FC6BD40A" bold="true" box="[834,992,315,330]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4970FA4BD40A" box="[1022,1472,315,330]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 4, SeSa 54, S 8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874919FA4BD421" box="[834,1472,338,353]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874919FC6BD421" box="[834,992,338,353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874919FC11D421" box="[834,922,338,353]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874919FC11D421" bold="true" box="[834,922,338,353]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. castanea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4919FA4BD421" box="[1022,1472,338,353]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S 7, KaiR 1179</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874922FA4BD438" box="[834,1472,361,376]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874922FC6BD438" box="[834,992,361,376]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874922FC27D438" box="[834,940,361,376]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="clypeolaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874922FC27D438" bold="true" box="[834,940,361,376]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. clypeolaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4922FA4BD438" box="[1022,1472,361,376]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 31, SeSa 37, SeSa 40, SeSa 41, SeSa 42, SeSa 52. SeSa</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC8749CAFA4BD4CF" box="[834,1472,385,399]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC8749CAFA4BD4CF" box="[834,1472,385,399]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">53</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC8749DCFA4BD4E6" box="[834,1472,407,422]" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC8749DCFC6BD4E6" box="[834,992,407,422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC8749DCFC1AD4E6" box="[834,913,407,422]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC8749DCFC1AD4E6" bold="true" box="[834,913,407,422]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B49DCFA4BD4E6" box="[1022,1472,407,422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 1, SeSa 3, SeSa 24, SeSa 26, SeSa 27, SeSa 35, SeSa 55,</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC8749E5FA4BD4FD" box="[834,1472,430,445]" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC8749E5FA4BD4FD" box="[834,1472,430,445]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">HLW 3075</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC87498EFA4BD494" box="[834,1472,453,468]" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC87498EFC6BD494" box="[834,992,453,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC87498EFC27D494" box="[834,940,453,468]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="elaiophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC87498EFC27D494" bold="true" box="[834,940,453,468]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. elaiophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B498EFA4BD494" box="[1022,1472,453,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S 23</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874990FA4BD4AA" box="[834,1472,475,490]" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874990FC6BD4AA" box="[834,992,475,490]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874990FC1FD4AA" box="[834,916,475,490]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="erminea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874990FC1FD4AA" bold="true" box="[834,916,475,490]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. erminea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4990FA4BD4AA" box="[1022,1472,475,490]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S 18, S 38</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC8749B9FA4BD741" box="[834,1472,498,513]" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC8749B9FC6BD741" box="[834,992,498,513]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC8749B9FC09D741" box="[834,898,498,513]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="felina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC8749B9FC09D741" bold="true" box="[834,898,498,513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. felina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B49B9FA4BD741" box="[1022,1472,498,513]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S 22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874A42FA4BD758" box="[834,1472,521,536]" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874A42FC6BD758" box="[834,992,521,536]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874A42FC31D758" box="[834,954,521,536]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="fuscovinacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A42FC31D758" bold="true" box="[834,954,521,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. fuscovinacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4A42FA4BD758" box="[1022,1472,521,536]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 8, S 17, S 36</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874A6BFA4BD76F" box="[834,1472,544,559]" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874A6BFC6BD76F" box="[834,992,544,559]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874A6BFC02D76F" box="[834,905,544,559]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="lilacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A6BFC02D76F" bold="true" box="[834,905,544,559]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. lilacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4A6BFA4BD76F" box="[1022,1472,544,559]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 23, SeSa 25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874A7CFA4BD706" box="[834,1472,567,582]" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874A7CFC6BD706" box="[834,992,567,582]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874A7CFC3BD706" box="[834,944,567,582]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="magnispora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A7CFC3BD706" bold="true" box="[834,944,567,582]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. magnispora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4A7CFA4BD706" box="[1022,1472,567,582]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S 21, S 37</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874A05FA4BD71D" box="[834,1472,590,605]" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874A05FC6BD71D" box="[834,992,590,605]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874A05FC33D71D" box="[834,952,590,605]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="oreadiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A05FC33D71D" bold="true" box="[834,952,590,605]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. oreadiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4A05FA4BD71D" box="[1022,1472,590,605]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 21, SeSa 29, HLW 3337</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874A2EFA4BD734" box="[834,1472,613,628]" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874A2EFC6BD734" box="[834,992,613,628]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874A2EFC34D734" box="[834,959,613,628]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="pseudolilacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A2EFC34D734" bold="true" box="[834,959,613,628]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. pseudolilacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4A2EFA4BD734" box="[1022,1472,613,628]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">WPR 201009-005</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874A30FA4BD7CA" box="[834,1472,635,650]" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874A30FC6BD7CA" box="[834,992,635,650]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A30FCE6D7CA" bold="true" box="[834,877,635,650]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874A30FCDAD7CA" bold="true" box="[834,849,635,650]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L.</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4A30FA4BD7CA" box="[1022,1472,635,650]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874AD9FA4BD7E1" box="[834,1472,658,673]" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874AD9FC6BD7E1" box="[834,992,658,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874AD9FC1AD7E1" box="[834,913,658,673]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subalba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874AD9FC1AD7E1" bold="true" box="[834,913,658,673]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. subalba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4AD9FA4BD7E1" box="[1022,1472,658,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 11</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="350734BBFC07002CFC874AE2FA4BD7F8" box="[834,1472,681,696]" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC874AE2FC6BD7F8" box="[834,992,681,696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FC874AE2FC30D7F8" box="[834,955,681,696]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="subincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FC874AE2FC30D7F8" bold="true" box="[834,955,681,696]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">L. subincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76D65DC7FC07002CFC3B4AE2FA4BD7F8" box="[1022,1472,681,696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">SeSa 28, SeSa 36, S 6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8836F9FC07FFD5FF41498CFD33D604" blockId="6.[100,771,148,837]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The presence of known amatoxins in species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FD91498DFD1ED49A" box="[596,661,454,474]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FD91498DFD1ED49A" bold="true" box="[596,661,454,474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forming a monophyletic clade around
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FEBF49AAFDE8D4B5" box="[378,611,481,501]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="brunneoincarnata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FEBF49AAFDE8D4B5" bold="true" box="[378,611,481,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lepiota brunneoincarnata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as already presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA64B08FC07FFD5FF0D49B5FED5D751" author="Vellinga, E. C." box="[200,350,510,529]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref9317" refString="Vellinga, E. C., 2001. Genus Lepiota: Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, vol. 5. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdamm." type="book" year="2001">Vellinga (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is confirmed and chemotaxonomically supported, while the presence of known amatoxins in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FFA14A7EFF2ED709" box="[100,165,565,585]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FFA14A7EFF2ED709" bold="true" box="[100,165,565,585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as sporadically reported in literature, is not confirmed. In order to decide whether conflicting data on amatoxin occurrences are due to infraspecific variability, ecological factors affecting gene expression, or limitations of methods, further analyses are necessary. The structure and the toxicity of the two putative amatoxin derivatives detected in this study still need to be elucidated. Characteristic ions detected as results of fragmentation pathways can be used as diagnostic ions to quickly identify known toxins or to discover unknown toxins. All these pieces of information are important in order to know the toxic potential of fruiting bodies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C374D7AFC07FFD5FEC84B7BFEFCD605" box="[269,375,816,837]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Agaricaceae" genus="Lepiota" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="6" pageNumber="5" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="spp">
|
||
<emphasis id="B943EAEBFC07FFD5FEC84B7BFEC5D604" bold="true" box="[269,334,816,836]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lepiota</emphasis>
|
||
spp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. being ingested by human beings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |