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<document id="F76850DFC8797908FF0142A5A37B27CD" ID-DOI="10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14111022" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1634280027544" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="Fawcett, Susan &amp; Smith, Alan R." docDate="2021" docId="03B787F6FFCB9B68604A79F3FBCBFB6C" docLanguage="en" docName="2021_ThelypteridaceaeFerns_OACopy3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Fort Worth, Texas, USA: BRIT Press" docTitle="Amauropelta (Amauropelta)" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FF8EFF8EFFE99B4B602B7D49FFA7FFBB" masterDocTitle="A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1732279345664" updateUser="felipe" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="1E91A0996AEB7B36CC15465CBA2EB1F7">
<mods:title id="5268513D6BEA1FB0270BB5141A94A9B5">A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="3B434BE3F328264EF0722BDE3EA5F04B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C82F42A11A0CDA65A3E3851A07CAEF0E">
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<mods:namePart id="98D89E2C47E4CFE5BC6612BCE5DC2436">Fawcett, Susan</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="6BB4813D72F22D42E9135DFBC6F85DA9" type="personal">
<mods:role id="195EF4650ACE0A47DAABE42F2559DC79">
<mods:roleTerm id="EF134F06EF42096F3A21205591CF8DBD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="EE73394412078C9995C5E4ADB9B85048">Smith, Alan R.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="6C05A911616E57482E6BEC63C3D23C66">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="329065AE1242B47CAFE1B87A4F0005FD">2021</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:publisher id="E8047E7BDAA32B1E9A7DFF4592FA5C3E">BRIT Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:classification id="FD3F8AC2E32CDAAEDE943B1A04B7F25F">book</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="5B96CC178CDF08B24E859AAA8644CA62" type="DOI">10.17348/jbrit.v15.i2.1206</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EF866E2A73AB18BDA2CBF2D6F50FFA4B" type="Zenodo-Dep">14111022</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B787F6FFCB9B68604A79F3FBCBFB6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14076122" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14076122" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B787F6FFCB9B68604A79F3FBCBFB6C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B787F6FFCB9B68604A79F3FBCBFB6C" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFCB9B69604A79F3FE00FB74" box="[97,423,1210,1231]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCB9B69604A79F3FE00FB74" blockId="34.[97,423,1210,1231]" box="[97,423,1210,1231]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
<heading id="D0E9818CFFCB9B69604A79F3FE00FB74" bold="true" box="[97,423,1210,1231]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B69604A79F3FE00FB74" authority="subg. Amauropelta" box="[97,423,1210,1231]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Amauropelta">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B69604A79F3FF41FB74" bold="true" box="[97,230,1210,1231]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B69610979F3FE00FB74" bold="true" box="[290,423,1210,1231]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFCB9B69604A79ADFD86FAA1" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCB9B69604A79ADFD86FAA1" blockId="34.[97,1226,1252,1786]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B69604A79ADFF71FB42" box="[97,214,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.—</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6960FD79ADFDA4FB42" authority="subg. Amauropelta" box="[214,515,1252,1274]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Amauropelta">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6960FD79ADFEE8FB42" box="[214,335,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
subg.
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6961A779ADFDA4FB42" box="[396,515,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from other subgenera of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6963E379ADFB98FB42" box="[968,1087,1252,1273]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6963E379ADFB98FB42" box="[968,1087,1252,1273]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B69644B79ACFBCCFB41" box="[1120,1131,1253,1274]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">x</emphasis>
= 29, and rhizomes typically erect, and&gt;
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFCB9B6961A2784CFE66FAA2" box="[393,449,1284,1306]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
diameter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFCB9B6960BA786DFD5DF9C1" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCB9B6960BA786DFBD8FA62" blockId="34.[97,1226,1252,1786]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6960BA786DFDB0FA82" box="[145,535,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
Biogeography and ecology.—
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6961B4786DFDB0FA82" box="[415,535,1316,1337]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Amauropelta</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is the largest genus within the family, and subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6963D0786DFBD4FA82" box="[1019,1139,1316,1337]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6963D0786DFBD4FA82" box="[1019,1139,1316,1337]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is by far its largest subgenus, with 223 of the 233 species recognized here (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCB9B6962F5780CFC3EFAE1" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[734,921,1348,1370]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="34" pageNumber="24" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCB9B696389780CFBE1FAE1" author="Salino" box="[930,1094,1348,1370]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Salino" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" pagination="11 - 50" part="57" refId="ref113700" refString="SALINO, A., T. E. ALMEIDA, &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2015. New combinations in neotropical Thelypteridaceae. PhytoKeys 57: 11 - 50." title="New combinations in neotropical Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2015">Salino et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFCB9B696470780CFB37FAE1" box="[1115,1168,1349,1370]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="21.[121,129,1674,1694]" captionTargetBox="[123,1242,160,1631]" captionTargetId="figure-8@21.[121,1246,150,1639]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIG. 1. A synoptical treeillustrating relationships among genera of Thelypteridaceae based on Fawcett et al.(in press)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111042" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111042/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B696470780CFB37FAE1" bold="true" box="[1115,1168,1349,1370]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Fig. 1</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
). The greatest center of diversity in the Neotropics is in the South American Andes, but important secondary centers are in the Antilles, Mesoamerica,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCB9B69615D78CCFE78FA21" box="[374,479,1413,1434]" name="Venezuela" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and southern
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCB9B69625C78CCFD12FA21" box="[631,693,1413,1434]" name="Brazil" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. It is likely that there remain dozens of undescribed species, especially in Andean countries—
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCB9B69622A78ECFDC3FA01" box="[513,612,1445,1466]" name="Colombia" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Colombia</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCB9B6962AD78ECFD6AFA01" box="[646,717,1445,1466]" name="Bolivia" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
—and it is evident that much of the speciation has occurred concomitant with the recent uplift of the Andes. Species are found from near sea level to over
<quantity id="4CE69B05FFCB9B696405788CFBDDFA62" box="[1070,1146,1476,1498]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="4000.0">4000 m</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCB9B6960BA78ACFD5DF9C1" blockId="34.[97,1226,1252,1786]" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
Members of this subgenus are globally distributed, representing complex biogeographical patterns (see below). Species of subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6961287B4DFEDCF9A2" box="[259,379,1540,1561]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6961287B4DFEDCF9A2" box="[259,379,1540,1561]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are found generally in primary, undisturbed forests, partially disturbed forests, forest margins, and even sometimes in open areas; occasionally they grow on rocks, and on streamsides, where they tend to have smaller, more streamlined blades and can be considered rheophytes (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6963797B0DFC00F9E1" box="[850,935,1604,1626]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sancta">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6963797B0DFC00F9E1" box="[850,935,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">A. sancta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.)
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFCB9B6963917B0CFC6DF9E1" box="[954,970,1605,1626]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
few species are weedy and found especially along roadsides, trails, and wet ditches (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B69628E7B2DFD4BF9C2" box="[677,748,1636,1657]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rudis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B69628E7B2DFD4BF9C2" box="[677,748,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">A. rudis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFCB9B6860BA7BCDFBCBFB6C" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCB9B6860BA7BCDFCF7FE8C" blockId="34.[97,1226,1252,1786]" lastBlockId="35.[121,1251,161,1815]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6960BA7BCDFE45F922" box="[145,482,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.</emphasis>
—The African and Pacific island species of subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6963957BCDFB92F922" box="[958,1077,1668,1689]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6963957BCDFB92F922" box="[958,1077,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
represented by molecular data are nested within the neotropical radiation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCB9B6962A57BECFCE3F901" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[654,836,1700,1722]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="34" pageNumber="24" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCB9B6963607BECFC4FF901" author="Patel" box="[843,1000,1700,1722]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Patel" journalOrPublisher="Int. J. Pl. Sci." pageId="34" pageNumber="24" pagination="1016 - 1035" part="180" refId="ref112729" refString="PATEL, N., S. FAWCETT, M. SUNDUE, &amp; J. BUDKE. 2019 a. Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae. Int. J. Pl. Sci. 180: 1016 - 1035." title="Evolution of perine morphology in Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Patel et al. 2019a</bibRefCitation>
; Fawcett et. al. in press). These include one species in Hawaii (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6961EF7B8DFD41F961" authority="(Brack.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Brack." box="[452,742,1732,1754]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globulifera">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6961EF7B8DFD99F962" box="[452,574,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">A. globulifera</emphasis>
(Brack.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
) and two in Polynesia (
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6963EF7B8DFB61F961" authority="(Copel.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Copel." box="[964,1222,1732,1754]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grantii">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6963EF7B8DFBBCF962" box="[964,1051,1732,1753]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">A. grantii</emphasis>
(Copel.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, Society Isl.;
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCB9B6960F97BADFD97F941" authority="(E. D. Brown) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="E. D. Brown" box="[210,560,1764,1786]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="margaretae">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCB9B6960F97BADFEF3F941" box="[210,340,1764,1786]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="24">A. margaretae</emphasis>
(E.D. Brown) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, from Rapa) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCB9B69629B7BACFCE2F941" author="Holttum" box="[688,837,1765,1786]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="Allertonia" pageId="34" pageNumber="24" pagination="169 - 234" part="1" refId="ref109882" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1977 b. The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia. Allertonia 1: 169 - 234." title="The family Thelypteridaceae in the Pacific and Australasia" type="journal article" year="1977" yearSuffix="b">Holttum 1977b</bibRefCitation>
). There are also nine species in southern and tropical Africa and offshore islands in the Indian Ocean: the six treated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6863A37DEBFB8DFF0C" author="Holttum" box="[904,1066,162,183]" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
plus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68644B7DEBFE85FF6C" authority="(Bonap.) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Bonap." class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="odontosora">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68644B7DEBFB46FF0D" box="[1120,1249,161,183]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">A. odontosora</emphasis>
(Bonap.) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
from the
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6861AB7D8BFE55FF6C" box="[384,498,194,215]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861D17D8BFC87FF6C" authority="(Holttum) Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" baseAuthorityName="Holttum" box="[506,800,193,215]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="salazica">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861D17D8BFDC7FF6D" box="[506,608,193,215]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">A. salazica</emphasis>
(Holttum) Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6863767D8BFC08FF6C" box="[861,943,194,215]" name="Réunion" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Réunion</collectingCountry>
and initially placed by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6864A47D8BFF66FF4C" author="Holttum" firstAuthor="Holttum" journalOrPublisher="J. S. African Bot." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="123 - 168" part="40" refId="ref109577" refString="HOLTTUM, R. E. 1974 a. Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands. J. S. African Bot. 40: 123 - 168." title="Thelypteridaceae of Africa and adjacent islands" type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="a">Holttum (1974a)</bibRefCitation>
in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860F57DA8FECFFF4D" box="[222,360,225,246]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860F57DA8FECFFF4D" box="[222,360,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Parathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861B77DA8FC6DFF4C" authority="(N. C. Anthony &amp; Schelpe) Parris" authorityName="Parris" baseAuthorityName="N. C. Anthony &amp; Schelpe" box="[412,970,225,247]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="knysnaensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861B77DA8FD21FF4D" box="[412,646,225,246]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta knysnaensis</emphasis>
(N.C. Anthony &amp; Schelpe) Parris
</taxonomicName>
, from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B68642E7DABFB27FF4C" box="[1029,1152,226,247]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">South Africa</collectingCountry>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFCA9B6864A37DABFB3FFF4C" box="[1160,1176,226,247]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
species described from
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B68613A7C4BFED6FEAC" box="[273,369,258,279]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861507C4BFDFCFEAC" authority="Holttum" authorityName="Holttum" box="[379,603,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hakgalensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861507C4BFDA6FEAD" box="[379,513,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">A. hakgalensis</emphasis>
Holttum
</taxonomicName>
, is related to the neotropical species
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6863947C4BFB9EFEAD" box="[959,1081,257,279]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oligocarpa">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6863947C4BFB9EFEAD" box="[959,1081,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">A. oligocarpa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fawcett et al. in press) and may be an escape from cultivation in the botanical garden nearby.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCA9B68608C7C0BFCF0FD2C" blockId="35.[121,1251,161,1815]" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">
The neotropical species, treated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6861DF7C0BFDCFFEEC" author="Smith" box="[500,616,322,343]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="83 - 95" part="64" refId="ref114197" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1974. A revised classification of Thelypteris subgenus Amauropelta. Amer. Fern J. 64: 83 - 95." title="A revised classification of Thelypteris subgenus Amauropelta" type="journal article" year="1974">Smith (1974</bibRefCitation>
, 1982,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6862827C0BFD7DFEEC" author="Smith" box="[681,730,322,343]" editor="Kubitzki, K." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref114359" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol" year="1990">1990</bibRefCitation>
) as subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68631F7C08FC0CFEED" box="[820,939,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68631F7C08FC0CFEED" box="[820,939,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6863D87C08FBFCFEED" box="[1011,1115,321,342]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6863D87C08FBFCFEED" box="[1011,1115,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFCA9B6864747C08FBD0FEEC" box="[1119,1143,321,343]" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6864747C08FBD5FEED" box="[1119,1138,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">s.l</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, have been recognized as a natural group for more than a century (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6862A07C2BFC91FECC" author="Christensen" box="[651,822,354,375]" firstAuthor="Christensen" journalOrPublisher="Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="247 - 336" part="4" refId="ref107663" refString="CHRISTENSEN, C. 1907. Revision of the American species of Dryopteris of the group of D. opposita. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd., ser. 7, 4: 247 - 336." title="Revision of the American species of Dryopteris of the group of D. opposita. Kongel. Danske Vidensk" type="journal article" year="1907">Christensen 1907</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6863147C2BFCC9FECC" author="Christensen" box="[831,878,354,375]" firstAuthor="Christensen" journalOrPublisher="Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="55 - 282" part="10" refId="ref107711" refString="CHRISTENSEN, C. 1913. A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part I. The tropical American pinnatifid-bipinnatifid species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., Naturvidensk. Math. Afd., ser. 7, 10: 55 - 282." title="A monograph of the genus Dryopteris, part I. The tropical American pinnatifid-bipinnatifid species. Kongel. Danske Vidensk" type="journal article" year="1913">1913</bibRefCitation>
) and treated (usually as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6864737C28FB19FECD" box="[1112,1214,353,374]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6864737C28FB19FECD" box="[1112,1214,353,374]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Thelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in floristic accounts for many countries, e.g.,
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B68620E7CCBFDC8FE2C" box="[549,623,386,407]" name="Mexico" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6862577CCBFCFAFE2C" author="Mickel &amp; Smith" box="[636,861,386,407]" firstAuthor="Mickel" journalOrPublisher="Mem. New York Bot. Gard." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 1054" part="88" refId="ref112052" refString="MICKEL, J. T. &amp; A. R. SMITH. 2004. The pteridophytes of Mexico. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 88: 1 - 1054." title="The pteridophytes of Mexico" type="journal article" year="2004">Mickel &amp; Smith 2004</bibRefCitation>
), Mesoamerica (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B68642B7CCBFB26FE2C" author="Smith" box="[1024,1153,386,407]" editor="Davidse, G." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. Pp" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="164 - 195" refId="ref114536" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1995 a. Thelypteridaceae. In: Davidse, G., ed., Flora Mesoamericana. Psilotaceae a Salviniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D. F. Pp. 164 - 195." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora Mesoamericana. Psilotaceae a Salviniaceae" year="1995" yearSuffix="a">Smith 1995a</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6864B87CCBFB46FE2C" box="[1171,1249,386,407]" name="Jamaica" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6860547CEBFEA1FE0C" author="Proctor" box="[127,262,418,439]" firstAuthor="Proctor" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London, UK" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" refId="ref113097" refString="PROCTOR, G. R. 1985. Ferns of Jamaica. British Museum (Natural History), London, UK." title="Ferns of Jamaica" type="book" year="1985">Proctor 1985</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6861337CEBFE28FE0C" box="[280,399,418,439]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6861B67CEBFD83FE0C" author="Proctor" box="[413,548,418,439]" firstAuthor="Proctor" journalOrPublisher="Mem. New York Bot. Gard." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 389" part="53" refId="ref113120" refString="PROCTOR, G. R. 1989. Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 53: 1 - 389." title="Ferns of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands" type="journal article" year="1989">Proctor 1989</bibRefCitation>
), Lesser Antilles (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6862F27CEBFCC7FE0C" author="Proctor" box="[729,864,418,439]" firstAuthor="Proctor" journalOrPublisher="Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, U. S. A" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" refId="ref113055" refString="PROCTOR, G. R. 1977. Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. II. Pteridophyta. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, U. S. A." title="Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. Vol. II. Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1977">Proctor 1977</bibRefCitation>
), Venezuelan Guayana (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6864787CEBFB71FE0C" author="Smith" box="[1107,1238,418,439]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Missouri Botanical Garden, Timber Press, St. Louis and Portland, U. S. A" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" refId="ref114582" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1995 b. Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes, Spermatophytes, Acanthaceae - Araceae. Missouri Botanical Garden, Timber Press, St. Louis and Portland, U. S. A." title="Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Vol. 2. Pteridophytes, Spermatophytes, Acanthaceae - Araceae" type="book" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Smith 1995b</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6860527C8BFF6DFE6C" box="[121,202,450,471]" name="Ecuador" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6860FC7C8BFEEEFE6C" author="Smith" box="[215,329,450,471]" editor="Harling, G. &amp; Sparre, B." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Swedish Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden. Pp" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 148" refId="ref114304" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1983. Polypodiaceae - Thelypteridoideae [Family 14 (4)]. In Harling, G. &amp; Sparre, B., eds., Flora of Ecuador, No. 18. Swedish Research Council, Stockholm, Sweden. Pp. 1 - 148." title="Polypodiaceae - Thelypteridoideae [Family 14" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Flora of Ecuador" year="1983">Smith 1983</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6861717C8BFE20FE6C" box="[346,391,450,471]" name="Peru" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Peru</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6861BF7C8BFDA0FE6C" author="Smith" box="[404,519,450,471]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana, Bot." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 80" part="29" refId="ref114420" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1992. Pteridophyta of Peru, Part. III, 16. Thelypteridaceae. Fieldiana, Bot. 29: 1 - 80." title="Pteridophyta of Peru, Part. III, 16. Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1992">Smith 1992</bibRefCitation>
), and
<collectingCountry id="F3097670FFCA9B6862697C8BFD22FE6C" box="[578,645,450,471]" name="Bolivia" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6862B97C8BFCCAFE6C" author="Smith &amp; Kessler" box="[658,877,450,471]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 34" part="331" refId="ref114664" refString="SMITH, A. R. &amp; M. KESSLER. 2017. Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXX. Thelypteridaceae. Phytotaxa 331: 1 - 34." title="Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XXX. Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2017">Smith &amp; Kessler 2017</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6863577C8BFC5DFE6C" author="Smith" box="[892,1018,450,471]" firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="Amer. Fern J." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="83 - 95" part="64" refId="ref114197" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1974. A revised classification of Thelypteris subgenus Amauropelta. Amer. Fern J. 64: 83 - 95." title="A revised classification of Thelypteris subgenus Amauropelta" type="journal article" year="1974">Smith (1974)</bibRefCitation>
divided them into nine sections, based on morphological characters of the rhizomes, stipes, aerophores, buds, blade shape, sori, and indusia (or lack thereof). Some of these sections correspond to clades within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6863247F48FC2EFDAD" box="[783,905,513,534]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6863247F48FC2EFDAD" box="[783,905,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, e.g.,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6863EF7F48FBB8FDAD" box="[964,1055,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Uncinella</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6864077F48FB09FDAD" box="[1068,1198,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Lepidoneuron</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860527F68FF48FD8D" box="[121,239,545,566]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860527F68FF48FD8D" box="[121,239,545,566]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but all will need either
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861FA7F6BFDAAFD8C" box="[465,525,546,567]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Goniopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">minor</taxonomicName>
adjustments or
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6862887F6BFD7CFD8C" box="[675,731,546,567]" genus="The" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
recircumscriptions as a result of recent molecular data (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6860547F0BFE9BFDEC" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[127,316,578,599]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
, Alvarez-Fuentes 2010, Fawcett et al. in press). Within subg.
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6863A27F08FC58FDED" box="[905,1023,577,598]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6863A27F08FC58FDED" box="[905,1023,577,598]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, molecular sampling is still inadequate to arrive at any meaningful infrageneric boundaries, with 59 of about 233 species sequenced by Fawcett et al. (in press), and an additional 14 species sampled by
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6862A77FCBFCF4FD2C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[652,851,642,663]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCA9B6860827FEBFE5AFBAC" blockId="35.[121,1251,161,1815]" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">
In broadly based molecular analyses,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68623C7FE8FD16FD0C" box="[535,689,673,695]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68623C7FE8FD29FD0D" box="[535,654,673,694]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Amauropelta</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFCA9B6862BF7FEBFD16FD0C" box="[660,689,674,695]" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is either sister to, or intercalated with, species previously treated as
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860F27F88FEC4FD6D" box="[217,355,705,726]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860F27F88FEC4FD6D" box="[217,355,705,726]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Parathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from eastern Asia and North America, though with low support. The relationship among the four subgenera is not well resolved (e.g., in the coalescent analysis of Fawcett et al. in press), but each is monophyletic, as is the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860D27E48FED3FCAD" box="[249,372,769,790]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860D27E48FED3FCAD" box="[249,372,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2595789FFCA9B6861507E48FE32FCAC" box="[379,405,769,791]" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861507E48FE28FCAD" box="[379,399,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">s.l</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicNameLabel>
This combined clade is part of a larger clade that also includes
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6864347E48FB12FCAD" box="[1055,1205,769,790]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6864347E48FB12FCAD" box="[1055,1205,769,790]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860527E68FEA4FC8D" box="[121,259,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860527E68FF58FC8D" box="[121,255,801,822]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Coryphopteris</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the ‘ACMP’ clade sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6861C17E6BFD03FC8C" author="He &amp; Zhang" box="[490,676,802,823]" firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="757 - 764" part="65" refId="ref109255" refString="HE, L. J. &amp; X. C. ZHANG. 2012. Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 65: 757 - 764." title="Exploring generic delimitation within the fern family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="2012">He &amp; Zhang (2012)</bibRefCitation>
or amauropeltoid clade sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6863EC7E6BFB29FC8C" author="ALMEIDA, T. E &amp; S. HENNEQUIN &amp; H. SCHNEIDER &amp; A. R. SMITH &amp; J. A. N. BATISTA &amp; A. J. RAMALHO &amp; K. PROITE &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO" box="[967,1166,802,823]" journalOrPublisher="Molec. Phylogen. Evol." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="688 - 700" part="94" refId="ref106225" refString="ALMEIDA, T. E., S. HENNEQUIN, H. SCHNEIDER, A. R. SMITH, J. A. N. BATISTA, A. J. RAMALHO, K. PROITE, &amp; K. &amp; A. SALINO. 2016. Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera. Molec. Phylogen. Evol. 94: 688 - 700." title="Towards a phylogenetic generic classification of Thelypteridaceae: Additional sampling suggests alterations of neotropical taxa and further study of paleotropical genera" type="journal article" year="2016">Almeida et al. (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, Fawcett et al. (in press).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861317E08FE09FCED" box="[282,430,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Metathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861317E08FE09FCED" box="[282,430,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Metathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861CA7E08FDCEFCED" box="[481,617,833,854]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861CA7E08FDCEFCED" box="[481,617,833,854]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are each monophyletic when certain species heretofore treated in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860BF7E28FE81FCCD" box="[148,294,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860BF7E28FE81FCCD" box="[148,294,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Parathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861CF7E28FDC9FCCD" box="[484,622,865,886]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Coryphopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861CF7E28FDC9FCCD" box="[484,622,865,886]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Coryphopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All members of the amauropeltoid clade have free veins (not anastomosing to forming an excurrent vein to the sinus), usually rather thin-textured blades, sessile or resinous glands on the blades of many spp., and indusiate sori with round-reniform indusia (except many subgroups within
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68644F7EE8FB7DFC0D" box="[1124,1242,929,950]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68644F7EE8FB7DFC0D" box="[1124,1242,929,950]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where indusia have been lost, probably along multiple evolutionary lines; see
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B6863787E8BFC65FC6C" author="Smith" box="[851,962,962,983]" editor="Kubitzki, K." firstAuthor="Smith" journalOrPublisher="K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="263 - 272" refId="ref114359" refString="SMITH, A. R. 1990. Thelypteridaceae. In: Kubitzki, K., ed. The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol. eds. K. U. Kramer &amp; P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Pp. 263 - 272." title="Thelypteridaceae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The families and genera of vascular plants. I. Pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Vol" year="1990">
<collectingRegion id="49DAF802FFCA9B6863787E8BFC2AFC6C" box="[851,909,962,983]" country="Bermuda" name="Smith's" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Smith</collectingRegion>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68641B7E88FB1CFC6D" box="[1072,1211,961,982]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68641B7E88FB1CFC6D" box="[1072,1211,961,982]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Parathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has long been recognized as a distinct genus, expanding the concept of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68632E7EA8FCDBFC4D" box="[773,892,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68632E7EA8FCDBFC4D" box="[773,892,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to include part of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6864057EA8FB1EFC4D" box="[1070,1209,993,1014]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Parathelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6864057EA8FB1EFC4D" box="[1070,1209,993,1014]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Parathelypteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has recently gained favor (
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B686160794BFE55FBAC" author="Chang" box="[331,498,1026,1047]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chang" journalOrPublisher="Taiwania" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="367 - 395" part="64" refId="ref107176" refString="CHANG, H. M., C. W. CHEN, Y. M. HUANG, F. W. LI, Y. F. HUANG, W. SHAO, LU, P. F., C. W. CHEN, Y. H. CHANG, &amp; W. L. CHIOU. 2019. Updating Taiwanese pteridophyte checklist: a new phylogenetic classification. Taiwania 64: 367 - 395." title="Updating Taiwanese pteridophyte checklist: a new phylogenetic classification" type="journal article" year="2019">Chang et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCA9B686082796BFBCBFB6C" blockId="35.[121,1251,161,1815]" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">
Outside of the amauropeltoid clade,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6862217968FD08FB8C" box="[522,687,1057,1079]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6862217968FD26FB8D" box="[522,641,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
are similar to the more distantly related
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6864107968FB7DFB8D" box="[1083,1242,1057,1078]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Pseudocyclosorus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6864107968FB7DFB8D" box="[1083,1242,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Pseudocyclosorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which also has free veins, and many pairs of gradually reduced proximal pinnae. Historically, many species of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6860527928FF57FBCD" box="[121,240,1121,1142]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6860527928FF57FBCD" box="[121,240,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
acquired names in
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861807928FDA5FBCD" box="[427,514,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Aspidium</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6862267928FDD8FBCD" box="[525,639,1121,1142]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Nephrodium</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6862A1792BFD4AFBCC" box="[650,749,1122,1143]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6862A1792BFD4AFBCC" box="[650,749,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Dryopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B686309792BFCC0FBCC" box="[802,871,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Lastrea</emphasis>
, the last an illegitimate name now considered to be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6861BA79C8FD23FB2C" authority="(Holub 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Holub" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[401,644,1153,1175]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6861BA79C8FE51FB2D" box="[401,502,1153,1174]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Oreopteris</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B68622F79CBFDD9FB2C" author="Holub" box="[516,638,1154,1175]" firstAuthor="Holub" journalOrPublisher="Folia Geobot. Phytotax." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="33 - 53" part="4" refId="ref110177" refString="HOLUB, J. 1969. Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 4: 33 - 53." title="Oreopteris, a new genus of the family Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1969">Holub 1969</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, native to north-temperate areas (which see for discussion).
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B68605279E8FF7DFB0D" baseAuthorityName="Holub" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[121,218,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Oreopteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B68605279E8FF7DFB0D" box="[121,218,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Oreopteris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has reduced proximal pinnae similar to many
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6862EC79E8FCCBFB0D" box="[711,876,1185,1206]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6862EC79E8FC99FB0D" box="[711,830,1185,1206]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, but
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6863B179EBFC02FB0C" box="[922,933,1186,1207]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">x</emphasis>
= 34, different spore ornamentation (echinate or winged vs. reticulate and perforate in
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCA9B6862547988FD52FB6D" box="[639,757,1217,1238]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCA9B6862547988FD52FB6D" box="[639,757,1217,1238]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="25">Amauropelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B68632B798BFCC8FB6C" author="Wood" box="[768,879,1218,1239]" firstAuthor="Wood" journalOrPublisher="J. Linn. Soc. Bot." pageId="35" pageNumber="25" pagination="191 - 202" part="67" refId="ref115815" refString="WOOD, C. C. 1973. Spore variation in the Thelypteridaceae. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 67: 191 - 202." title="Spore variation in the Thelypteridaceae" type="journal article" year="1973">Wood 1973</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8F4B11FFCA9B68635C7988FBC6FB6C" author="Tryon &amp; Lugardon" box="[887,1121,1217,1239]" firstAuthor="Tryon" journalOrPublisher="Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A" pageId="35" pageNumber="25" refId="ref115218" refString="TRYON, A. F. &amp; B. LUGARDON. 1991. Spores of Pteridophyta. Springer-Verlag, New York, U. S. A." title="Spores of Pteridophyta" type="book" year="1991">Tryon &amp; Lugardon 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C304656BFFCC9B6E6052780BFF6EFACC" pageId="37" pageNumber="27" type="taxon_list">
<paragraph id="8BA136E0FFCC9B6E6052780BFF6EFACC" blockId="37.[121,1249,1345,1399]" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCC9B6E6052780BFEEDFAED" box="[121,330,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">Constituent species.—*</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCC9B6E61627808FD58FAEC" ID-CoL="8RTVP" authority="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." authorityName="S. E. Fawc. &amp; A. R. Sm." box="[329,767,1345,1367]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Amauropelta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCC9B6E61627808FD8DFAED" box="[329,554,1345,1366]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">Amauropelta nevadensis</emphasis>
S.E. Fawc. &amp; A.R.Sm.
</taxonomicName>
; *
<taxonomicName id="4C1E4D63FFCC9B6E6324780BFC16FAED" ID-CoL="8R3QM" box="[783,945,1345,1367]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Thelypteridaceae" genus="Thelypteris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="37" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="noveboracensis">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCC9B6E6324780BFC16FAED" box="[783,945,1345,1367]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">A. noveboracensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.)
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFCC9B6E63F7780BFC4EFAEC" box="[988,1001,1346,1367]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="37" pageNumber="27" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFCC9B6E63C7780BFC5AFAEC" box="[1004,1021,1346,1367]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="37" pageNumber="27" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
. Fawc. &amp;
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFCC9B6E6472780BFBCCFAEC" box="[1113,1131,1346,1367]" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15406" name="Harvard University - Arnold Arboretum" pageId="37" pageNumber="27" type="Herbarium">A</collectionCode>
.
<collectionCode id="ED0FAE25FFCC9B6E6444780BFB27FAEC" box="[1135,1152,1346,1367]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">R</collectionCode>
.Sm (
<figureCitation id="13252A65FFCC9B6E649A780BFF1CFACC" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="26.[97,105,1778,1798]" captionTargetBox="[102,1218,158,1728]" captionTargetId="figure-8@26.[102,1218,156,1733]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIG. 6. A. Plesioneuron hopeanum, Fawcett 613 (VT),pinna lobes,adaxial view.Amauropelta (subg.Nibaa) noveboracensis, Fawcett 567 (MICH,VT),B. pinna-lobes, adaxial view.C.habit.D. Thelypterispalustris,Fawcett 569 (VT),pinna lobes abaxial view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14111064" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14111064/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="B96AEAF2FFCC9B6E649A780BFF1CFACC" bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="27">Figs. 6B, 6C</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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