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<mods:title id="F161417AC32F7E4300B9B6A247132636">Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang &amp; Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BB53697FFECFF85FF70F9D8FB6DC075" blockId="10.[151,1208,1586,1613]" box="[151,1208,1586,1613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0FD81FBFFECFF85FF70F9D8FB6DC075" bold="true" box="[151,1208,1586,1613]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FF70F9D8FB6DC075" bold="true" box="[151,1208,1586,1613]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Key to larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FE82F9D9FD5EC075" box="[357,651,1586,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE82F9D9FD5EC075" bold="true" box="[357,651,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pharaxonotha floridana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FD7DF9D9FCC6C075" box="[666,787,1586,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FD7DF9D9FCC6C075" bold="true" box="[666,787,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. kirschii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and known larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FBC6F9D9FB6DC075" box="[1057,1208,1586,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FBC6F9D9FB6DC075" bold="true" box="[1057,1208,1586,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycadophila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BB53697FFECFF85FF70F999FE78C1CB" blockId="10.[151,1437,1650,2035]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed an identical match between one specimen of a newly recognized larval morphotype collected in a male cone of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FD8DF97CFCD8C097" box="[618,781,1687,1710]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FD8DF97CFCD8C097" box="[618,781,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycas petraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(D0331 in
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFECFF85FC72F97DFC02C096" box="[917,983,1686,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[220,1315,214,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[212,1360,195,1836]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis of 16 S rRNA gene sequences of four species of New World Pharaxonotha and ten species of Asian Cycadophila. Scale bar indicates base pair substitutions per nucleotide position; numbers on the branches of the trees are bootstrap values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575642/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and adult
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FBB8F97DFED1C0EA" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tansachai" subGenus="Strobilophila">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FBB8F97DFB3BC096" box="[1119,1262,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FAE6F97DFA46C096" box="[1281,1427,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Strobilophila</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FF70F951FED1C0EA" box="[151,260,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">tansachai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
found in
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FE91F950FDCDC0EA" box="[374,536,1723,1747]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petraea">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE91F950FDCDC0EA" box="[374,536,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycas petraea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FDCEF950FD0DC0EA" box="[553,728,1722,1747]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="elephantipes">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FDCEF950FD0DC0EA" box="[553,728,1722,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. elephantipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FCF4F950FC4BC0EA" box="[787,926,1723,1747]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FCF4F950FC4BC0EA" box="[787,926,1723,1747]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A second sample of this larval morphotype (D0333 in
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFECFF85FEF1F935FE8DC0CE" box="[278,344,1758,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[220,1315,214,1828]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[212,1360,195,1836]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree based on maximum likelihood analysis of 16 S rRNA gene sequences of four species of New World Pharaxonotha and ten species of Asian Cycadophila. Scale bar indicates base pair substitutions per nucleotide position; numbers on the branches of the trees are bootstrap values." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575642/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) from a male cone of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FD83F934FD3AC0CF" box="[612,751,1759,1782]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FD83F934FD3AC0CF" box="[612,751,1759,1782]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F31D7607FFECFF85FCFEF935FCAAC0CE" box="[793,895,1758,1783]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, however, did not match these sampled adults. Based on this analysis this larval morphotype is placed in subgenus
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FC7EF8E9FBFEC122" box="[921,1067,1794,1819]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Strobilophila</emphasis>
, but is not assigned to a specific species. The unmatched
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE55F8CDFD91C106" box="[434,580,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Strobilophila</emphasis>
larva may correspond with
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FC6DF8CDFB40C107" box="[906,1173,1830,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yangi" subGenus="Strobilophila">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FC6DF8CDFBCCC106" box="[906,1049,1830,1855]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FBCBF8CCFBEFC107" box="[1068,1082,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FBB3F8CCFB40C107" box="[1108,1173,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">yangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FB72F8CCFB4CC107" box="[1173,1177,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">,</emphasis>
one of two species of adults of subgenus
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE91F8A1FDDDC15A" box="[374,520,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Strobilophila</emphasis>
found together on the cones of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FC99F8A0FBE1C15A" box="[894,1076,1867,1891]" class="Cycadopsida" family="Cycadaceae" genus="Cycas" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cycadales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pectinata">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FC99F8A0FBE1C15A" box="[894,1076,1867,1891]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycas pectinata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F31D7607FFECFF85FBB9F8A1FB17C15A" box="[1118,1218,1866,1891]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thailand</collectingCountry>
[see also Remarks under description of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FE76F884FDFFC1BF" box="[401,554,1903,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="yangi" subGenus="Strobilophila">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE76F884FE71C1BF" box="[401,420,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE26F884FE1AC1BF" box="[449,463,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S</emphasis>
.)
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FE0BF884FDFFC1BF" box="[492,554,1903,1926]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">yangi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. The key to larvae below includes our new morphotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FAEAF885FEEEC192" authority="Strobilophila" authorityName="Strobilophila" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FAEAF885FA49C1BE" box="[1293,1436,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FF47F879FEE7C192" box="[160,306,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Strobilophila</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
spp., two species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FDCCF879FCB1C192" box="[555,868,1938,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FDCCF879FD6FC192" box="[555,698,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FD2BF879FC8EC192" box="[716,859,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cycadophila</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
previously described by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B66FFECFF85FB64F878FAECC192" box="[1155,1337,1938,1963]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Xu, G., Tang, W., Skelley, P., Liu, N., &amp; Rich, S. (2015) Cycadophila, a new genus (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas debaoensis (Cycadaceae) in Asia. Zootaxa, 3986 (3), 251 - 278." type="journal article">
Xu
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FB4AF87FFB32C192" box="[1197,1255,1938,1963]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al.</emphasis>
(2015)
</bibRefCitation>
and two other larvae of
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FEAEF85DFDD0C1F6" box="[329,517,1974,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pharaxonothinae">Pharaxonothinae</taxonomicName>
including
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FD66F85DFCAAC1F6" box="[641,895,1974,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FD66F85DFCAAC1F6" box="[641,895,1974,1999]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pharaxonotha kirschii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EF9B4B66FFECFF85FBD6F85DFAB7C1F6" author="Boving" box="[1073,1378,1974,1999]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Boving, A. G. &amp; Craighead, F. C. (1930) An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera. Entomologica Americana, 11 (1), 1 - 34, Pl. 28." type="journal article" year="1930">Böving &amp; Craighead 1930</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFECFF85FF70F831FE73C1CA" box="[151,422,2010,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFECFF85FF70F831FE73C1CA" box="[151,422,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pharaxonotha floridana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C310651CFFEDFF84FF70FF7CFA49C4AF" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="key">
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<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FF7CFA4EC6F0" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30FB95A2FFEDFF84FF70FF7CFA4EC6F0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">1. Paired tubercles t1 anterior to urogomphi on A9 without apical hook, but with a short subapical spine pointing posteriad or with apical hook and subapical spine both absent............................................................ 2</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FF3AFA49C73A" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30FB95A2FFEDFF84FF70FF3AFA49C73A" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
- Paired tubercles t1 anterior to urogomphi on A9 (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD35FF3AFCC0C6DF" box="[722,789,209,230]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
CF, 15CD) each with an apical hook, shaped like a bird head, pointing posteriad.....................................................................
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FB34FF06FAA7C73A" bold="true" box="[1235,1394,237,259]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFEDFF84FB34FF06FA9AC73A" box="[1235,1359,237,259]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FB34FF06FA9AC73A" bold="true" box="[1235,1359,237,259]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cycadophila</emphasis>
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sp.
</emphasis>
... 3
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</paragraph>
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<keyStep id="30FE2E32FFEDFF84FF70FEE0FA49C705" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FEE0FA49C719" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" box="[151,1436,266,288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30FB95A2FFEDFF84FF70FEE0FA49C719" box="[151,1436,266,288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
2. Paired tubercle t1 with a short subapical spine pointing posteriad (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FCBCFEE0FC49C719" box="[859,924,267,288]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
AB)..........
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFEDFF84FBBFFEE1FA49C719" authority="Casey" authorityName="Casey" box="[1112,1436,266,288]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floridana">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FBBFFEE1FA49C719" bold="true" box="[1112,1436,266,288]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FBBFFEE1FA9CC719" bold="true" box="[1112,1353,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pharaxonotha floridana</emphasis>
(Casey)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FECCFA49C705" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" box="[151,1436,295,317]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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- Paired tubercle t1 without a subapical spine........................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFEDFF84FB88FECCFA49C705" authority="Reitter" authorityName="Reitter" box="[1135,1436,295,317]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Pharaxonotha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirschii">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FB88FECCFA49C705" bold="true" box="[1135,1436,295,317]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FB88FECCFA9BC704" bold="true" box="[1135,1358,295,317]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pharaxonotha kirschii</emphasis>
Reitter
</emphasis>
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</keyStep>
<keyStep id="30FE2E32FFEDFF84FF70FEAFFA49C7D0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FEAFFA49C7AA" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30FB95A2FFEDFF84FF70FEAFFA49C7AA" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
3. Urogomphi length measured from tubercle t3 (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD47FEAFFD02C760" box="[672,727,324,345]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
CD) &lt;length of segment A9; tubercle t1 anterior to urogomphi with base tilting in antero-dorsal direction away from apices of urogomphi (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FCB0FE8AFC45C74F" box="[855,912,353,374]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C); mandibles with dorsal incisor serrate (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FAC4FE8AFA8EC74F" box="[1315,1371,353,374]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Fig.
<date id="FFB41057FFEDFF84FAA8FE8AFA8EC74F" box="[1359,1371,353,374]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</date>
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I).......................................................
<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFEDFF84FCB1FE96FA49C7AA" authority="Xu, Tang &amp; Skelley" authorityName="Xu, Tang &amp; Skelley" box="[854,1436,381,403]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debaonica" subGenus="Cycadophila">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FCB1FE96FA49C7AA" bold="true" box="[854,1436,381,403]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FCB1FE96FC07C7AA" bold="true" box="[854,978,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FC07FE96FB89C7AA" bold="true" box="[992,1116,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cycadophila</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FB8DFE96FB1AC7AA" bold="true" box="[1130,1231,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">debaonica</emphasis>
Xu, Tang &amp; Skelley
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FE70FA49C7D0" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30FB95A2FFEDFF84FF70FE70FA49C7D0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
- Urogomphi length measured from tubercle t3 (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD44FE70FD0FC789" box="[675,730,411,432]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
EF) = or&gt;length of segment A9; tubercle t1 anterior to urogomphi with base vertical or tilting in postero-dorsal direction toward apices of urogomphi (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FC32FE5CFBC3C7F5" box="[981,1046,439,460]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
E, 15C); incisors of mandible not serrate (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FF0FFE3FFEFCC7D0" box="[232,297,468,489]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
H, 15F)......................................................................................
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FA77FE3FFA49C7D0" bold="true" box="[1424,1436,468,489]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">4</emphasis>
</keyLead>
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<keyStep id="30FE2E32FFEDFF84FF70FE1AFA49C4AF" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FE1AFA4EC479" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<keyLead id="30FB95A2FFEDFF84FF70FE1AFA4EC479" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
4. Length of antennomere II ~ 2× own width (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD6FFE1AFD14C43F" box="[648,705,497,518]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
G); sclerotized dorsal plates on abdominal segments A1A8 with 2 pairs of tubercles along posterior margin, tubercle color brown, slightly darker than dorsal plates (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FB9EFDE5FB63C41A" box="[1145,1206,526,547]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F); turbercle t3 on A9 prominent in dorsal view, larger than t2 (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD8FFDC0FD74C479" box="[616,673,555,576]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1940,1962]" captionTargetBox="[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[201,1384,180,1919]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Photographs of key characters of larvae: terminal segments of abdomen, lateral and dorsal view (t 1 t 3 indicate basal tubercles of urogomphi): A B) Pharaxonotha floridana; C D) Cycadophila (C.) debaonica; E F) C. (C.) fupingensis; head, ventral view: G) C. (C.) fupingensis; right mandible, dissected, ventral view: H) C. (C.) fupingensis; I) C. (C.) debaonica." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575644/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
F)............
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<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FCADFDC1FA4EC479" bold="true" box="[842,1435,554,576]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FCADFDC1FC13C479" bold="true" box="[842,966,554,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FC33FDC1FB85C479" bold="true" box="[980,1104,554,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cycadophila</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FBBAFDC1FB05C479" bold="true" box="[1117,1232,554,576]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">fupingensis</emphasis>
Skelley, Tang &amp; Xu
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<paragraph id="8BB53697FFEDFF84FF70FDACFA49C4AF" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,663]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
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- Length of antennomere II ~ 3× own width (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD62FDACFD1FC465" box="[645,714,583,604]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[155,1432,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 15. Photographs of Cycadophila (Strobilophila) larvae: A B) lateral and dorsal habitus; C D) terminal segments of abdomen, dorsal and lateral views; E) head and prothorax, ventral view; F) right mandible, dissected, ventral view; G) maxillary palp, mala and labial palps, dissected, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575656/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
E); sclerotized dorsal plates on abdominal segments A1A8 with 56 pairs of tubercles along posterior margin, tubercles light-colored, contrasting with brown of dorsal plates (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FB51FD8FFB29C440" box="[1206,1276,612,633]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[155,1432,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 15. Photographs of Cycadophila (Strobilophila) larvae: A B) lateral and dorsal habitus; C D) terminal segments of abdomen, dorsal and lateral views; E) head and prothorax, ventral view; F) right mandible, dissected, ventral view; G) maxillary palp, mala and labial palps, dissected, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575656/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
D); turbercles t2 and t3 on A
<quantity id="4CF29B72FFEDFF84FEB5FD6AFEA3C4AF" box="[338,374,641,662]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
dorsal view equal in size (
<figureCitation id="13312A12FFEDFF84FD91FD6AFD16C4AF" box="[630,707,641,662]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="46.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[155,1432,193,1932]" captionTargetId="figure@46.[155,1432,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="FIGURE 15. Photographs of Cycadophila (Strobilophila) larvae: A B) lateral and dorsal habitus; C D) terminal segments of abdomen, dorsal and lateral views; E) head and prothorax, ventral view; F) right mandible, dissected, ventral view; G) maxillary palp, mala and labial palps, dissected, ventral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/575656/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Figs. 15</figureCitation>
D)......................
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<taxonomicName id="4C0A4D14FFEDFF84FC11FD6AFADDC4AF" authority="Strobilophila" authorityName="Strobilophila" box="[1014,1288,641,663]" class="Insecta" family="Erotylidae" genus="Cycadophila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FC11FD6AFBA7C4AE" bold="true" box="[1014,1138,641,663]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cycadophila</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B97EEA85FFEDFF84FB67FD6AFAD5C4AE" bold="true" box="[1152,1280,641,663]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Strobilophila</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
new subgenus
</emphasis>
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