397 lines
48 KiB
XML
397 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="51ECAE3812EB0FC802F8DFC76E56C5F7" ID-CLB-Dataset="45800" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0614c34-e456-4231-a5c0-281479168dac" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="252134" ID-ZooBank="77AB3EAA-DA13-4C8D-885D-EB9F5F14DE34" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460418923756" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W." docDate="2014" docId="039F453C95478731FF0BFF4EFB13FEC7" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03795p372.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3795 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Marginaster Perrier 1881" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="345" masterDocId="FFA63D4495568723FF9CFFD9FFA3FF87" masterDocTitle="New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology" masterLastPageNumber="372" masterPageNumber="327" pageNumber="344" updateTime="1698329523474" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="484C5E7A970833DFFC41B2A068F59B96">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="46D59A29FAD9237AD5323722F243C174">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E14FEF9F19124A75469006BB339B3729">Foltz, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="ACC18C929F46F38DDF4A2451C38F23E2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2B93209F882263FA62C11CEDA75F6FF8">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039F453C95478731FF0BFF4EFB13FEC7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6133839" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426371" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6133839" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F453C95478731FF0BFF4EFB13FEC7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F453C95478731FF0BFF4EFB13FEC7" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195478732FF0BFF4EFEACFF54" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF0BFF4EFE72FF35" blockId="17.[151,465,151,211]" box="[151,465,151,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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<heading id="D0C1434695478732FF0BFF4EFE72FF35" bold="true" box="[151,465,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF0BFF4EFE72FF35" ID-CoL="7PF5X" authority="Perrier 1881" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,465,151,178]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFF4EFE72FF35" bold="true" box="[151,465,151,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFF4EFE8EFF36" bold="true" box="[151,301,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FEA8FF41FE72FF35" author="Perrier" box="[308,465,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles de'Asteries. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF0BFF63FEACFF54" blockId="17.[151,465,151,211]" box="[151,271,186,211]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95478732FF0BFF63FF74FF54" box="[151,215,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1457,1479]" captionTargetBox="[173,1419,206,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1435]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Marginaster pectinatus & size comparisons. A. USNM E 30130 Marginaster pectinatus Abactinal surface. (R = 0.9). B. M. pectinatus actinal surface. C. USNM Paralectotype 18496, abactinal surface Porania pulvillus. (R = 0.9) D. USNM 1136790 Glabraster antarctica abactinal surface (R = 1.2)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252138/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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A–D
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195478732FF0BFEDAFC6FFEF3" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF0BFEDAFC5BFEB0" blockId="17.[151,1436,258,373]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495478732FF0BFEDAFC5BFEB0" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF0BFEDAFE67FE9F" ID-CoL="7PF5X" authority="Perrier 1881: 16" authorityName="Perrier" authorityPageNumber="16" authorityYear="1881" box="[151,452,258,280]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFEDAFEB6FE9F" box="[151,277,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FE87FEDBFE67FE9F" author="Perrier" box="[283,452,258,280]" page="16" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1881">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FE87FEDBFE3EFE9F" author="Perrier" box="[283,413,258,280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles de'Asteries. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier 1881</bibRefCitation>
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: 16
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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; 1884: 229;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FDDFFEDBFD5AFE9F" author="Sladen" box="[579,761,258,280]" page="364" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1889">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FDDFFEDBFD66FE9F" author="Sladen" box="[579,709,258,280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
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: 364
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FC98FEDBFC14FE9F" author="Perrier" box="[772,951,258,280]" page="164" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1894">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FC98FEDBFC25FE9F" author="Perrier" box="[772,902,258,280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Perrier, E. (1894) Stellerides. Expedition Scientifique du Travailleur - Talisman, 3, 1 - 431." type="journal article" year="1894">Perrier 1894</bibRefCitation>
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: 164
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</treatmentCitation>
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–165; Ludwig 1897: 189;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FB5DFEDBFACDFE9F" author="Verrill" box="[1217,1390,258,280]" page="18" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1914">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FB5DFEDBFAE8FE9F" author="Verrill" box="[1217,1355,258,280]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536" type="journal article" year="1914" yearSuffix="b">Verrill 1914b</bibRefCitation>
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: 18
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</treatmentCitation>
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–19; 1915: 75–76;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FEC8FEFBFDA8FEB0" author="Downey" box="[340,523,289,311]" page="82" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1973">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FEC8FEFBFE45FEB0" author="Downey" box="[340,486,289,311]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126" type="journal article" year="1973">Downey 1973</bibRefCitation>
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: 82
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FD8AFEFBFD49FEB0" author="Clark" box="[534,746,289,311]" page="25" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1984">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FD8AFEFBFD64FEB0" author="Clark" box="[534,711,289,311]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 25
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–27;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FC81FEF8FC57FEB0" author="McKnight" box="[797,1012,289,311]" page="106" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FC81FEF8FC62FEB0" author="McKnight" box="[797,961,289,311]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="McKnight, D. C. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata, Asteroidea (sea - stars). 3. Orders Velatdia, Spinulsida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 106
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF0BFE99FC73FED1" blockId="17.[151,1436,258,373]" box="[151,976,320,342]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495478732FF0BFE99FC73FED1" box="[151,976,320,342]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF0BFE99FE33FED1" ID-CoL="d6c396f6-7e52-4347-965d-212ad1c63471" authority="Bell 1893: 81" authorityName="Bell" authorityPageNumber="81" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,400,320,342]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Cheilaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFE99FEA2FED1" box="[151,257,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Cheilaster</emphasis>
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95478732FE9BFE99FE33FED1" author="Bell" box="[263,400,320,342]" page="81" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" year="1893">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FE9BFE99FECEFED1" author="Bell" box="[263,365,320,342]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Bell, F. J. (1893) Catalogue of the British echinoderms in the British Museum (Natural History). London, xvii + 202 pp., 16 pls." type="book" year="1893">Bell 1893</bibRefCitation>
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: 81
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(superfluous replacement name for
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD62FE98FC69FED1" ID-CoL="7PF5X" authority="Perrier" authorityName="Perrier" box="[766,970,320,342]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD62FE98FCD8FED1" box="[766,891,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
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Perrier
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</taxonomicName>
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||
)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF0BFE87FC6FFEF3" blockId="17.[151,1436,258,373]" box="[151,972,350,373]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFE87FEE3FEF3" box="[151,320,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">PoraniscaVerrill</emphasis>
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1914b: 19;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FE25FE86FDCAFEF3" author="Clark" box="[441,617,350,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25 [
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<typeStatus id="548D4A8895478732FD05FE86FD69FEF3" box="[665,714,351,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">type</typeStatus>
|
||
:
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD48FEB9FC65FEF3" authority="Verrill 1914" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1914" box="[724,966,350,373]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lepidus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD48FEB9FC95FEF3" box="[724,822,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. lepidus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FCA1FE87FC65FEF3" author="Verrill" box="[829,966,350,372]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536" type="journal article" year="1914" yearSuffix="b">Verrill 1914b</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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]
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195478732FF0BFE78FB83FE3D" box="[151,1056,417,442]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF0BFE78FB83FE3D" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" box="[151,1056,417,442]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFE78FE97FE3D" bold="true" box="[151,308,417,442]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895478732FF0BFE78FF71FE3D" box="[151,210,417,442]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Type</typeStatus>
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||
species:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FEA7FE7BFD7CFE3E" authority="Fisher 1913" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1913" box="[315,735,417,442]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paucispinus">
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||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FEA7FE7BFDF0FE3E" box="[315,595,418,441]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster paucispinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FDC6FE78FD7CFE3E" author="Fisher" box="[602,735,417,442]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1913) New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Proceeding of the US National Museum, 46, 201 - 224. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2022.201" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher 1913</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(by subsequent designation)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195478731FF5BFE1CFD70FF53" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF5BFE1CFDEFFD5D" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF5BFE1CFEE2FE59" bold="true" box="[199,321,453,478]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Poraniid taxon of small size, with R<2.0 cm. Body flattened, subpentagonal to stellate in outline (R/r=1.1–2.0), disk large, arms short. Skeleton covered by discrete layer of skin. Abactinal plates reticulate with variable degrees of plate distribution and arrangement (i.e., some denser where others are wider). Open skin regions around primary circlet largest. Plates with multiple spinlets. Papulae single. Superomarginal plates form distinct fringe around dorsolateral edge. Multiple spinelets present on superomarginal plate surface. Intermarginal papulae present. Inferomarginal plates form dorsolateral fringe, with spinelets present on edge and presenting a discrete border around the actinal surface. Actinal plates imbricate, forming transverse rows. Furrow spines one or two. Subambulcral spines two to three.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF5BFD3CFD7EFCA5" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
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||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF5BFD3CFED5FD79" bold="true" box="[199,374,741,766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Included taxa:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE1CFD3FFD66FD79" authority="Gasco 1876" authorityName="Gasco" authorityYear="1876" box="[384,709,741,766]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capreensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FE1CFD3FFDBCFD7A" box="[384,543,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. capreensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Gasco 1876)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD4FFD3FFB82FD79" authority="McKnight 2006" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="2006" box="[723,1057,741,766]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="patriciae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD4FFD3FFCC3FD7A" box="[723,864,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. patriciae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FCF5FD3CFB82FD79" author="McKnight" box="[873,1057,741,766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="McKnight, D. C. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata, Asteroidea (sea - stars). 3. Orders Velatdia, Spinulsida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FBB2FD3FFACEFD79" authority="Fisher 1913" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1913" box="[1070,1389,741,766]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paucispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FBB2FD3FFB7FFD7A" box="[1070,1244,742,765]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. paucispinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FB79FD3CFACEFD79" author="Fisher" box="[1253,1389,741,766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1913) New starfishes from the Philippine Islands, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Proceeding of the US National Museum, 46, 201 - 224. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.46 - 2022.201" type="journal article" year="1913">Fisher 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(by subsequent designation),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE2FFCD3FD7EFCA5" authority="Perrier 1881" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1881" box="[435,733,777,802]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FE2FFCD3FDE8FCA6" box="[435,587,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FDCEFCD0FD7EFCA5" author="Perrier" box="[594,733,777,802]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Perrier, E. (1881) Description sommaire des especes nouvelles de'Asteries. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard, 9, 1 - 31." type="journal article" year="1881">Perrier 1881</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF5BFCF4FCCCFBE2" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF5BFCF4FE72FCC1" bold="true" box="[199,465,813,838]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Taxonomic comments.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE44FCF7FDC0FCC2" box="[472,611,814,837]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FE44FCF7FDC0FCC2" box="[472,611,814,837]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’s small size and weakly developed skeleton have led to skepticism regarding its taxonomic status and indeed, other apparent species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FC28FC8BFB9DFCEE" box="[948,1086,850,873]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FC28FC8BFB9DFCEE" box="[948,1086,850,873]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FB31FC8BFF71FC09" authority="Dartnall 1970" authorityName="Dartnall" authorityYear="1970" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FB31FC8BFA95FCED" box="[1197,1334,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FADCFC88FF71FC09" author="Dartnall" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Dartnall, A. (1970) A new species of Marginaster (Asteroidea, Poraniidae) from Tasmania. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 94 (3), 207 - 211." type="journal article" year="1970">Dartnall 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have been shown to be other taxa (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FDFBFCAFFD4EFC09" box="[615,749,885,910]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FDFBFCAFFD4EFC09" box="[615,749,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
= unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FC08FCACFBB9FC09" box="[916,1050,885,910]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Verrill (1914) has suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF0BFC43FE92FC36" box="[151,305,922,945]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFC43FE92FC36" box="[151,305,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the juvenile form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FDDAFC43FD01FC36" box="[582,674,922,945]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FDDAFC43FD01FC36" box="[582,674,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Porania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FCB4FC43FC78FC35" author="Downey" box="[808,987,922,946]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126" type="journal article" year="1973">Downey (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FB39FC43FA93FC36" box="[1189,1328,922,945]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FB39FC43FA93FC36" box="[1189,1328,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the West Indies were “sexually mature.” This led to Clark and Downey’s (1992: 205) statement that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FB41FC67FACBFC52" box="[1245,1384,958,981]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FB41FC67FACBFC52" box="[1245,1384,958,981]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be recognized as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD8FFC3BFDCCFC7E" box="[531,623,994,1017]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD8FFC3BFDCCFC7E" box="[531,623,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Porania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suggesting that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FCA7FC3BFC65FC7E" box="[827,966,994,1017]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FCA7FC3BFC65FC7E" box="[827,966,994,1017]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species will be shown to be a “stunted species” with a “neotenous retention of the juvenile abactinal armament…” Further interpretations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FA8DFBDFFA3FFB9A" box="[1297,1436,1030,1053]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FA8DFBDFFA3FFB9A" box="[1297,1436,1030,1053]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the possibility that it is a distinct, separate, widely distributed, poraniid taxon or that it represents the juvenile form of a poorly known or undiscovered poraniid taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF5BFBABFC38F9D9" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
One of the persistent inconsistencies of the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD22FBABFCEAFB0E" box="[702,841,1138,1161]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD22FBABFCEAFB0E" box="[702,841,1138,1161]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the juvenile of a known poraniid” hypotheses has been the lack of sampling and the disjunction between known taxa and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FC73FB4FFBD9FB2A" box="[1007,1146,1174,1197]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FC73FB4FFBD9FB2A" box="[1007,1146,1174,1197]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Herein, we can address the former of these issues in that appropriately sized individuals were available for examination. Specimens of the Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE58FB07FDFDFB72" box="[452,606,1246,1269]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FE58FB07FDFDFB72" box="[452,606,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and descriptions of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FC1BFB07FBB1FB72" box="[903,1042,1246,1269]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FC1BFB07FBB1FB72" box="[903,1042,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were compared with other specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FEDDFADBFE3EFA9E" box="[321,413,1282,1305]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FEDDFADBFE3EFA9E" box="[321,413,1282,1305]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Porania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres in order to provide insight on these perspectives (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95478732FEACFAFCFED7FAB9" box="[304,372,1317,1342]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1457,1479]" captionTargetBox="[173,1419,206,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1435]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Marginaster pectinatus & size comparisons. A. USNM E 30130 Marginaster pectinatus Abactinal surface. (R = 0.9). B. M. pectinatus actinal surface. C. USNM Paralectotype 18496, abactinal surface Porania pulvillus. (R = 0.9) D. USNM 1136790 Glabraster antarctica abactinal surface (R = 1.2)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252138/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE23FAFFFD67FABA" box="[447,708,1318,1341]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FE23FAFFFD67FABA" box="[447,708,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tropical Atlantic, R= 0.6 –1.0) was examined alongside similarsized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF47FA93FEF9FAE5" box="[219,346,1353,1378]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF47FA93FEF9FAE5" box="[219,346,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(R=0.9–1.0) (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95478732FDB3FA90FDDBFAE5" box="[559,632,1353,1378]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1457,1479]" captionTargetBox="[173,1419,206,1413]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[151,1436,193,1435]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 4. Marginaster pectinatus & size comparisons. A. USNM E 30130 Marginaster pectinatus Abactinal surface. (R = 0.9). B. M. pectinatus actinal surface. C. USNM Paralectotype 18496, abactinal surface Porania pulvillus. (R = 0.9) D. USNM 1136790 Glabraster antarctica abactinal surface (R = 1.2)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252138/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Figs 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A, C).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD56FA93FC33FAE5" box="[714,912,1353,1378]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD56FA93FC33FAE5" box="[714,912,1353,1378]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows a more stellate body form, a strongly imbricate abactinal skeleton (more openly reticulate in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FC99FAB7FC3DFA02" box="[773,926,1390,1413]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FC99FAB7FC3DFA02" box="[773,926,1390,1413]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), an absence of spinelets on plate surfaces in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF0BFA4BFEB7FA2D" box="[151,276,1425,1450]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF0BFA4BFEB7FA2D" box="[151,276,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and a more blocky, chevron-like superomarginal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FCF0FA4BFC4AFA2D" box="[876,1001,1425,1450]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FCF0FA4BFC4AFA2D" box="[876,1001,1425,1450]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(more wing-shaped in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FB6EFA4BFA28FA2E" box="[1266,1419,1426,1449]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FB6EFA4BFA28FA2E" box="[1266,1419,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Actinal surface and plate arrangements between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD41FA6FFC9AFA4A" box="[733,825,1462,1485]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD41FA6FFC9AFA4A" box="[733,825,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Porania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FCE0FA6FFBA4FA4A" box="[892,1031,1462,1485]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FCE0FA6FFBA4FA4A" box="[892,1031,1462,1485]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be similar but may be plesiomorphic across the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE29FA00FD92FA75" box="[437,561,1497,1522]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Poraniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Comparisons between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FCA7FA03FC70FA76" box="[827,979,1498,1521]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FCA7FA03FC70FA76" box="[827,979,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the southern hemisphere “
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FAADFA03FEAAF992" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FAADFA03FA36FA76" box="[1329,1429,1498,1521]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Porania</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF0BFA27FEAAF992" box="[151,265,1534,1557]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
show even more starkly different morphology with the latter demonstrating a more strongly stellate body shape and the same imbricate vs. reticulate abactinal plate arrangements and marginal plate differences at comparable sizes to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FEE7F99FFDA5F9DA" box="[379,518,1606,1629]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FEE7F99FFDA5F9DA" box="[379,518,1606,1629]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the southern hemisphere.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478732FF5BF9B0FD5BF8DE" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
The second consideration, which is the lack of distributional overlap between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FBD7F9B3FB75F906" box="[1099,1238,1642,1665]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FBD7F9B3FB75F906" box="[1099,1238,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its proposed “adult” species remains a consistent one.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FD0CF957FC38F922" box="[656,923,1678,1701]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FD0CF957FC38F922" box="[656,923,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from the tropical Atlantic, including San
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95478732FEA5F968FE3EF94D" box="[313,413,1713,1738]" name="El Salvador" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Salvador</collectingCountry>
|
||
the Yucatan Channel,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95478732FD06F968FC88F94D" box="[666,811,1713,1738]" name="Bahamas" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95478732FC55F968FBAEF94D" box="[969,1037,1713,1738]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FBDCF96BFAA7F94D" box="[1088,1284,1713,1738]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FBDCF96BFAA7F94D" box="[1088,1284,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known south of Cape Hatteras. Lack of distributional overlap is also observed between species considered in the Southern Hemisphere as well. “
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FE0DF923FDCDF896" box="[401,622,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE0DF923FE52F896" box="[401,497,1786,1809]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Porania</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FE64F923FDCDF896" box="[504,622,1786,1809]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, for example, shows no direct overlap with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FBF8F923FADEF896" box="[1124,1405,1786,1809]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paucispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FBF8F923FADEF896" box="[1124,1405,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster paucispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FF45F8C7FEC7F8B2" box="[217,356,1822,1845]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FF45F8C7FEC7F8B2" box="[217,356,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95478732FDFAF8C4FC83F8B1" author="McKnight" box="[614,800,1821,1846]" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" refString="McKnight, D. C. (2006) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand, Echinodermata, Asteroidea (sea - stars). 3. Orders Velatdia, Spinulsida, Forcipulatida, Brisingida with addenda to Paxillosida, Valvatida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, 120, 1 - 187." type="journal article" year="2006">McKnight 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, little is known regarding the smaller (R=2.0 cm) sizes of subantarctic poraniids such as
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FDE7F898FD52F8DD" box="[635,753,1857,1882]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Spoldaster</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95478731FF5BF8BFFD70FF53" blockId="17.[151,1437,417,2026]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">
|
||
For the moment, available morphological evidence shows a disjunction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FBCBF8BFFB41F8FA" box="[1111,1250,1894,1917]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FBCBF8BFFB41F8FA" box="[1111,1250,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and known adult poraniid taxa. Population phylogenetics will likely play an important role, but ultimately the collection of further specimen samples and understanding ontogenetic stages in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FC2AF874FB8DF841" box="[950,1070,1965,1990]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Poraniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
will be crucial to understanding of this issue. Future phylogenetic treatments of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478732FCD9F808FC1EF86D" box="[837,957,2001,2026]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Poraniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
should include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995478731FB05F808FEE8FF37" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteropseidae" genus="Poraniella" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="345" order="Valvatida" pageId="17" pageNumber="344" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="echinulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895478732FB05F808FA3FF86D" box="[1177,1436,2001,2026]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="344">Poraniella echinulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Asteropseidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has previously been classified within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995448731FCF4FF40FC50FF37" box="[872,1011,153,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895448731FCF4FF40FC50FF37" box="[872,1011,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Marginaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95448731FBD8FF4EFAC7FF37" author="Hotchkiss" box="[1092,1380,151,176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" refString="Hotchkiss, F. H. C. & Clark, A. M. (1976) Restriction of the family Poraniidae, sensu Spencer & Wright, 1966 (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 30 (6), 263 - 268." type="journal article" year="1976">Hotchkiss & Clark 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but occurs in the same general region as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995448731FDA8FF64FD6FFF53" box="[564,716,189,212]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pectinatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895448731FDA8FF64FD6FFF53" box="[564,716,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">M. pectinatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195448731FF5BFF06FB13FEC7" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95448731FF5BFF06FB13FEC7" blockId="18.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895448731FF5BFF06FE10FF7F" bold="true" box="[199,435,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95448731FE21FF39FDADFF7F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[445,526,224,248]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<accessionNumber id="946569C995448731FD85FF39FDD3FF7F" box="[537,624,224,248]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30129" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" type="EnaNcbi">E30129</accessionNumber>
|
||
East of Arrowsmith Bank, Yucatan Channel, Caribbean Sea. 21°00N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95448731FF0BFEDDFF5DFE9A" box="[151,254,260,285]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" precision="925" value="-86.38333">86°23’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95448731FE92FEDDFE37FE9B" box="[270,404,260,284]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6100000000000003" metricValueMax="3.4799999999999995" metricValueMin="1.7399999999999998" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" unit="m" value="261.0" valueMax="348.0" valueMin="174.0">174–348 m</quantity>
|
||
, Coll. R/V
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895448731FDBEFEDDFD2AFE9A" box="[546,649,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Pillsbury</emphasis>
|
||
(1 dry spec. R=1.0, r=0.7);
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95448731FC42FEDDFB8CFE9B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[990,1071,260,284]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<accessionNumber id="946569C995448731FBA7FEDDFB32FE9B" box="[1083,1169,260,284]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30130" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" type="EnaNcbi">E30130</accessionNumber>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95448731FB01FEDDFB47FE9A" box="[1181,1252,260,285]" name="Brazil" pageId="18" pageNumber="345">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, North Atlantic Ocean.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95448731FF70FEF1FE9CFEC7" box="[236,319,296,320]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" precision="925" value="0.3">0°18’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95448731FEDAFEF1FE0EFEC7" box="[326,429,296,320]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" precision="925" value="-44.283333">44°17’W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95448731FE24FEFEFDA2FEB8" box="[440,513,295,320]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="18" pageNumber="345" unit="m" value="275.0">275 m</quantity>
|
||
, Coll. R/V Oregon (2 dry specs. R=0.9, r=0.5; R=0.6, r=0.3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |