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<mods:title id="3249E9C33290483ACCA14216EED501D9">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFBE6FECBFBDE" bold="true" box="[151,360,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
(
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.F. Müller 1776
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95458730FF0BFBBBFF57FBFC" box="[151,244,1122,1147]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Figure 6</figureCitation>
A–F
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<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFB72FEE4FB47" box="[151,327,1194,1216]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Asterias pulvillus</emphasis>
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.F. Müller 1776
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: 234
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; 1788: 19, pl. 19
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFB13FC36FB58" box="[151,917,1225,1247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFB13FF03FB58" box="[151,160,1226,1247]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">?</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF3CFB13FD94FB58" authority="Templeton 1836: 237" authorityName="Templeton" authorityPageNumber="237" authorityYear="1836" box="[160,567,1225,1247]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Asterias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="equestris">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF3CFB13FEFAFB58" box="[160,345,1226,1247]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Asterias equestris</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEC2FB10FD94FB58" author="Templeton" box="[350,567,1225,1247]" page="237" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1836">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEC2FB10FDA4FB58" author="Templeton" box="[350,519,1225,1247]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Templeton, R. (1836) A catalogue of the species of rayed animals found in Ireland as selected from the papers of the late J. Templeton, Esq. Of Cranmore, with notices of localities and with some descriptions and illustrations. Magazine of Natural History, 9, 236 - 238, 422." type="journal article" year="1836">Templeton 1836</bibRefCitation>
: 237
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(non 
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<emphasis id="B942283895458730FDEEFB13FD49FB58" box="[626,746,1226,1247]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">A. equestris</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1758
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).
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFB30FDD5FB79" box="[151,630,1256,1278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFB30FF03FB79" box="[151,160,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">?</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF3CFB30FDB2FB79" ID-CoL="686DB" authority="Verrill 1878: 372" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="372" authorityYear="1878" box="[160,529,1256,1278]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF3CFB30FEFFFB79" box="[160,348,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Asterina pygmaea</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEFDFB31FDB2FB79" author="Verrill" box="[353,529,1256,1278]" page="372" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1878">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEFDFB31FE7DFB79" author="Verrill" box="[353,478,1256,1278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1878) Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America. 1 &amp; 2. American Journal of Science, 16, 207 - 215, 371 - 378. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2475 / ajs. s 3 - 16.93.207" type="journal article" year="1878">Verrill 1878</bibRefCitation>
: 372
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; 1879: 14
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFADEFBA2FA9B" box="[151,1025,1286,1308]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFADEFE77FA9B" authority="Thomson" authorityName="Thomson" box="[151,468,1286,1308]" class="Asteroidea" family="Goniasteridae" genus="Goniaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="templetoni">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFADEFECEFA9B" box="[151,365,1286,1308]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Goniaster templetoni</emphasis>
Thomson
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in 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FE68FADFFD05FA9B" author="Forbes" box="[500,678,1286,1308]" page="118" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1839">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FE68FADFFDD6FA9B" author="Forbes" box="[500,629,1286,1308]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Forbes, E. (1839) On the Asteriadae of the Irish Sea. Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh, 8, 114 - 129." type="journal article" year="1839">Forbes 1839</bibRefCitation>
: 118
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, pl. 4, figs. 1, 2; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FCCCFADFFBA2FA9B" author="Forbes" box="[848,1025,1286,1308]" page="122" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1841">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FCCCFADFFC72FA9B" author="Forbes" box="[848,977,1286,1308]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Forbes, E. (1841) A history of British starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata. John Van Voorst, London, 267 pp." type="book" year="1841">Forbes 1841</bibRefCitation>
: 122
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFAFFFDEFFABC" box="[151,588,1317,1339]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFAFFFE4BFABC" ID-CoL="6VW87" authority="Gray 1840: 288" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="288" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,488,1317,1339]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gibbosa">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFAFFFEE3FABC" box="[151,320,1317,1339]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania gibbosa</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEDBFAFCFE4BFABC" author="Gray" box="[327,488,1317,1339]" page="288" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1840">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEDBFAFCFE15FABC" author="Gray" box="[327,438,1317,1339]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184, 275 - 290. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray 1840</bibRefCitation>
: 288
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; 1866: 16
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFA9CFE9EFADD" ID-CoL="4LVVF" box="[151,317,1348,1370]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="grandis">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFA9CFE9EFADD" box="[151,317,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania grandis</emphasis>
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(pt) 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEF3FA9DFDBDFADD" author="Verrill" box="[367,542,1348,1370]" page="542" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1885">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEF3FA9DFE4FFADD" author="Verrill" box="[367,492,1348,1370]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1885) [Echinoderms] in Results of the explorations made by the steamer Albatross off the northern coast of the United States in 1883. Report of the US Fish Commission 1883, 503 - 645 (1 - 142), pls. 10 - 21." type="journal article" year="1885">Verrill 1885</bibRefCitation>
: 542
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, figs 45, 45a
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BFABAFB57FAFF" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" box="[151,1268,1378,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFABAFB57FAFF" box="[151,1268,1378,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFABAFD2AFAFF" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel, 1842: 64" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityPageNumber="64" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,649,1378,1400]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteropseidae" genus="Asteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFABAFEFEFAFF" box="[151,349,1378,1400]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Asteropsis pulvillus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEFFFABBFD2AFAFF" author="Muller" box="[355,649,1378,1400]" page="64" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1842">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEFFFABBFDC0FAFF" author="Muller" box="[355,611,1378,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Muller, O. F. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. 1. Asteriae. 2. Ophiuridae. Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp." type="book" year="1842">Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842</bibRefCitation>
: 64
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, 128; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD5AFABBFCF2FAFF" author="Lutken" box="[710,849,1378,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Lutken, C. (1857) Oversigt over GrOnland Echinodermata. 1. Systematisk oversigt over GrOnland Echinodermer. 2. Om de nordiske Echinodermers geographiske Udbredning. 3. De nordiske Echinodermers bathymetriske Udbredning. Kjobenhavn, 109 pp. [Also in 3 parts in Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 1857, 1 - 55, 56 - 99, 100 - 109]" type="book chapter" year="1857">Lütken, 1857</bibRefCitation>
: 71
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; 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC1DFABAFBB1FAFF" author="Sars" box="[897,1042,1378,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Sars, M. (1861) Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer. Christiania, 160 pp." type="book" year="1861">M. Sars, 1861</bibRefCitation>
: 44
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; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FBDFFABBFB4CFAFF" author="Perrier" box="[1091,1263,1378,1400]" page="94" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1869">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FBDFFABBFB6AFAFF" author="Perrier" box="[1091,1225,1378,1400]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Perrier, E. (1869) Recherches sur les pedicellaires et les ambulacres des asteries et des oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 pp. [Also in Ann. Sci. Nat., (5), 12 (1876), 197 - 304, pls. 17, 18; 13 (1870), 1 - 81. Echinides.] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144" type="book chapter" year="1869">Perrier, 1869</bibRefCitation>
: 94
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BFA5BFCF5FA10" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" box="[151,854,1409,1431]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFA5BFD04FA10" authority="Muller &amp; Troschel 1842: 63" authorityName="Muller &amp; Troschel" authorityPageNumber="63" authorityYear="1842" box="[151,679,1409,1431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteropseidae" genus="Asteropsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ctenacantha">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFA5BFE21FA10" box="[151,386,1409,1431]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Asteropsis ctenacantha</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FE14FA58FD04FA10" author="Muller" box="[392,679,1409,1431]" page="63" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1842">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FE14FA58FD22FA10" author="Muller" box="[392,641,1409,1431]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Muller, O. F. &amp; Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. 1. Asteriae. 2. Ophiuridae. Braunschweig, xx + 134 pp." type="book" year="1842">Müller &amp; Troschel 1842</bibRefCitation>
: 63
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</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FD2EFA58FCF5FA10" author="Perrier" box="[690,854,1409,1431]" page="94" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1869">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD2EFA58FC90FA10" author="Perrier" box="[690,819,1409,1431]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Perrier, E. (1869) Recherches sur les pedicellaires et les ambulacres des asteries et des oursins. Masson, Paris, 188 pp. [Also in Ann. Sci. Nat., (5), 12 (1876), 197 - 304, pls. 17, 18; 13 (1870), 1 - 81. Echinides.] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14144" type="book chapter" year="1869">Perrier 1869</bibRefCitation>
: 94
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BFA78FEC5FA53" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFA78FEC5FA53" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFA78FE57FA31" ID-CoL="4LVV5" authority="Verrill 1895: 138" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="138" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,500,1440,1462]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFA78FEE3FA31" box="[151,320,1441,1462]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania insignis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEDAFA79FE57FA31" author="Verrill" box="[326,500,1440,1462]" page="138" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1895">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEDAFA79FE67FA31" author="Verrill" box="[326,452,1440,1462]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1895">Verrill 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 138
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–139; 1915: 70 (footnote); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FC95FA79FC7FFA31" author="Gray" box="[777,988,1440,1462]" page="152" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC95FA79FC08FA31" author="Gray" box="[777,939,1440,1462]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Gray, I. E., Downey, M. E. &amp; Cerame-Vivas, M. J. (1968) Seastars of North Carolina. Fisheries Bulletin of the US Fish &amp; Wildlife Service, 67, 127 - 163." type="journal article" year="1968">Gray et al 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 152
</treatmentCitation>
–153, fig. 28; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FBF7FA79FA86FA31" author="Gosner" box="[1131,1317,1440,1462]" page="581" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1971">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FBF7FA79FB52FA31" author="Gosner" box="[1131,1265,1440,1462]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Gosner, K. L. (1971) Guide to identification of Marine and Estuarine Invertebrates. John Wiley, New York, xix + 693 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / iroh. 19740590252" type="book" year="1971">Gosner 1971</bibRefCitation>
: 581
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FAACFA78FE8CFA53" author="Franz" page="397" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1981">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FAACFA78FF5EFA53" author="Franz" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Franz, D. R., Worley, E. K. &amp; Merrill, A. S. (1981) Distribution patterns of common seastars of the Middle Atlantic continental shelf of the Northwest Atlantic (Gulf of Maine to Cape Hatteras) Biological Bulletin, 160, 394 - 418. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1540848" type="journal article" year="1981">Franz et al 1981</bibRefCitation>
: 397
</treatmentCitation>
, 398;
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BFA07FE7EF92C" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BFA07FE7EF92C" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BFA07FDB7FA74" ID-CoL="4LVV9" authority="Norman 1865: 122" authorityName="Norman" authorityPageNumber="122" authorityYear="1865" box="[151,532,1501,1523]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BFA07FEEBFA74" box="[151,328,1501,1523]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
Norman 1865: 122
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FD83FA04FD71FA74" author="Perrier" box="[543,722,1501,1523]" page="280" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1875">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD83FA04FD02FA74" author="Perrier" box="[543,673,1501,1523]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Reinwald, Paris, 384 pp." type="book" year="1875">Perrier 1875</bibRefCitation>
: 280
</treatmentCitation>
(1876: 96); 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FCCFFA04FC7FFA74" author="Viguier" box="[851,988,1501,1523]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Viguier, C. (1879) Anatomie comparee du squelette des Stellerides. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 7, 33 - 250." type="journal article" year="1879">Viguier 1879</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 13, figs. 11–15; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FB2CFA04FAC5FA74" author="Sladen" box="[1200,1382,1501,1523]" page="360" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1889">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FB2CFA04FA91FA74" author="Sladen" box="[1200,1330,1501,1523]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
: 360
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FAEEFA04FEB4F995" author="Bell" page="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1891">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FAEEFA04FF5EF995" author="Bell" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Bell, F. J. (1891) Stray notes on the nomenclature etc. of some British starfishes. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 7 (6), 233 - 235 (1 - 3). http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939109460600" type="journal article" year="1891">Bell 1891</bibRefCitation>
: 3
</treatmentCitation>
; 1893: 79, pl. 10, figs. 7, 8; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FDDEFA25FCA5F995" author="Herdman" box="[578,774,1532,1554]" page="69" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1895">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FDDEFA25FD7CF995" author="Herdman" box="[578,735,1532,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Herdman, W. A. (1895) Eighth Annual Report of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee and their biological station at Port Erin. Proceedings and Transactions. Liverpool Biological Society, 9, 26 - 75." type="journal article" year="1895">Herdman 1895</bibRefCitation>
: 69
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FC8EFA25FC1EF995" author="Perrier" box="[786,957,1532,1554]" page="43" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC8EFA25FC36F995" author="Perrier" box="[786,917,1532,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Perrier, E. (1896) Contribution a l'etude des Stellerides de l'Atlantique Nord. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert I Prince Souverain de Monaco, 11, 1 - 57." type="journal article" year="1896">Perrier 1896</bibRefCitation>
: 43
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FC55FA24FB28F995" author="Pearcey" box="[969,1163,1532,1554]" page="309" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1902">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC55FA24FBF4F995" author="Pearcey" box="[969,1111,1532,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Pearcey, F. G. (1902) Notes on the marine deposits of the Firth of Forth, and their relation to its animal life. Transactions of the Society of Glasgow (n. s.), 6, 217 - 251." type="journal article" year="1902">Pearcey 1902</bibRefCitation>
: 309
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FB04FA25FAF5F995" author="Simpson" box="[1176,1366,1532,1554]" page="40" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1903">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FB04FA25FA8DF995" author="Simpson" box="[1176,1326,1532,1554]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Simpson, J. (1903) Catalogue of echnoderms found at Aberdeen and neighbourhood. Transactions of the Aberdeen Working Mens Natural History Society, 1, 39 - 43." type="journal article" year="1903">Simpson 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 40
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FAFEFA25FE87F9B7" author="Grieg" page="34" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FAFEFA25FF5EF9B7" author="Grieg" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Grieg, J. A. (1907) Echinodermen von dem norwegischen Fischereidampfer Michael Sars in den Jahren 1900 - 1903 gesammelt. 3. Asteroidea. 1. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1906 (13), 1 - 87." type="journal article" year="1907">Grieg 1907</bibRefCitation>
: 34
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEB3F9C3FE46F9B7" author="Koehler" box="[303,485,1562,1584]" page="99" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEB3F9C3FE1DF9B7" author="Koehler" box="[303,446,1562,1584]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse Alice. Results Campagne Scientifique, Prince Albert fasc, 34, 1 - 317." type="journal article" year="1909">Koehler 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 99
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FE6DF9C2FD2CF9B7" author="Faran" box="[497,655,1562,1584]" page="16" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FE6DF9C2FDCAF9B7" author="Faran" box="[497,617,1562,1584]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Farran, G. P. (1913) The deep water Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, and Echinoidea of the west coast of Ireland. Scientific Investigations of the Fish Board of Ireland, 1912 (6), 1 - 66." type="journal article" year="1913">Faran 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 16
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FD06F9C3FCE7F9B7" author="Grieg" box="[666,836,1562,1584]" page="115" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD06F9C3FCB2F9B7" author="Grieg" box="[666,785,1562,1584]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Grieg, J. A. (1913) Bidrag til kundskapen om Hardanger - fjordens fauna. Bergens Museums. Skrifter, 1913 (1), 1 - 147. [Echinodermata pp. 108 - 140]" type="journal article" year="1913">Grieg 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 115
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FCCCF9C3FBAEF9B7" author="Gemmill" box="[848,1037,1562,1584]" page="10" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1915">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FCCCF9C3FC44F9B7" author="Gemmill" box="[848,999,1562,1584]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Gemmill, J. F. (1915) On the ciliation of Asterids, and on the question of ciliary nutrition in certain species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1915, 1 - 21, 21 - 23. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1915.00001. x" type="proceedings paper" year="1915">Gemmill 1915</bibRefCitation>
: 10
</treatmentCitation>
, 21, pl.1, fig. 1; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FB25F9C3FACEF9B7" author="Koehler" box="[1209,1389,1562,1584]" page="41" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1921">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FB25F9C3FAEBF9B7" author="Koehler" box="[1209,1352,1562,1584]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Koehler, R. (1921) Echinodermes. Faune de France, 1, 1 - 210." type="journal article" year="1921">Koehler 1921</bibRefCitation>
: 41
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 30; 1924: 152; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEF4F9E3FD9FF9C8" author="Mortensen" box="[360,572,1593,1615]" page="57" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1924">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEF4F9E3FDB0F9C8" author="Mortensen" box="[360,531,1593,1615]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Mortensen, T. (1924) Pighude (Echinodermer). Danmarks Fauna, 27, 1 - 274." type="journal article" year="1924">Mortensen 1924</bibRefCitation>
: 57
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 22, 23; 1927: 90, figs. 51, 52; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FC5DF9E0FBDBF9C8" author="Rivera" box="[961,1144,1593,1615]" page="104" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1930">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC5DF9E0FBE7F9C8" author="Rivera" box="[961,1092,1593,1615]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Rivera, V. (1930) Algunos Asteridos de Espana. Boletin de la Real Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, 30, 101 - 106." type="journal article" year="1930">Rivera 1930</bibRefCitation>
: 104
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FB51F9E0FA34F9C8" author="Einarsson" box="[1229,1431,1593,1615]" page="11" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1948">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FB51F9E0FAD3F9C8" author="Einarsson" box="[1229,1392,1593,1615]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Einarsson, H. (1948) Echinoderma. The Zoology of Iceland, Vol. IV, pt. 70, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1948">Einarsson 1948</bibRefCitation>
: 11
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FF5BF980FE38F9E9" author="Tortonese" box="[199,411,1624,1646]" page="680" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FF5BF980FEC4F9E9" author="Tortonese" box="[199,359,1624,1646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Tortonese, E. (1955) Notes on Asteroidea. Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 8 (12), 675 - 684. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655683" type="journal article" year="1955">Tortonese 1955</bibRefCitation>
: 680
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FE3AF981FDC6F9E9" author="Madsen" box="[422,613,1624,1646]" page="169" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FE3AF981FD90F9E9" author="Madsen" box="[422,563,1624,1646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Madsen, F. J. (1959) A new North - Atlantic sea - star Chondraster hermanni n. sp. with some remarks on related forms. Videnskabelige Meddelelser Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 121, 161 - 170." type="journal article" year="1959">Madsen 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 169
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FD29F980FCDAF9E9" author="Jangoux" box="[693,889,1624,1646]" page="149" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1982">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD29F980FCE5F9E9" author="Jangoux" box="[693,838,1624,1646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Jangoux, M. (1982) Food and feeding mechanisms, Asteroidea. In: Jangoux, M. &amp; Lawrence, J. M. (Eds.), Echinoderm Nutrition. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 117 - 159." type="book chapter" year="1982">Jangoux 1982</bibRefCitation>
: 149
</treatmentCitation>
, 151, fig. 4; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FC67F981FB78F9E9" author="Gage" box="[1019,1243,1624,1646]" page="281" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC67F981FB0BF9E9" author="Gage" box="[1019,1192,1624,1646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Gage, J. D., Pearson, M., Clark, A. M., Paterson, G. L. J. &amp; Tyler, P. A. (1983) Echinoderms of the Rockall Trough and adjacent areas. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 45 (5), 263 - 308." type="journal article" year="1983">
Gage 
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FBA4F980FBCFF9E9" box="[1080,1132,1624,1646]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">et al.</emphasis>
1983
</bibRefCitation>
: 281
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FB7AF981FF43F90B" author="Clark" page="42" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FB7AF981FA3AF9E9" author="Clark" box="[1254,1433,1624,1646]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 42
</treatmentCitation>
(pt.); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FE83F9AFFDE0F90B" author="Clark" box="[287,579,1654,1676]" page="209" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FE83F9AFFDACF90B" author="Clark" box="[287,527,1654,1676]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey, 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 209
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FDD1F9AEFCD8F90B" author="Metaxas" box="[589,891,1654,1676]" page="1381" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FDD1F9AEFC98F90B" author="Metaxas" box="[589,827,1654,1676]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Metaxas, A. &amp; Davis, J. (2005) Megafauna associated with assemblages of deep - water gorgonian corals in Northeast Channel, off Nova Scotia, Canada. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85 (6), 1381 - 1390. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315405012567" type="journal article" year="2005">Metaxas &amp; Davis 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 1381
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FC1AF9AFFB3EF90B" author="Kirby" box="[902,1181,1654,1676]" page="454" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="2005">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC1AF9AFFBCDF90B" author="Kirby" box="[902,1134,1654,1676]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Kirby, R. R. &amp; Lindley, J. A. (2005) Molecular analysis of Continuous Plankton Recorder samples, an examination of echinoderm larvae in the North Sea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 85, 451 - 459. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0025315405011392" type="journal article" year="2005">Kirby &amp; Lindley 2005</bibRefCitation>
: 454
</treatmentCitation>
(larval records); 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FAD1F9AFFEC6F92C" author="Serrano" page="429" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="2011">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FAD1F9AFFE96F92C" author="Serrano" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Serrano, A., Sanchez, F., Punzon, A., Velasco, F. &amp; Olaso, I. (2011) Deep sea megafaunal assemblages off the northern Iberian slope related to environmental factors. Scientia Marina, 75 (3), 425 - 437. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / scimar. 2011.75 n 3425" type="journal article" year="2011">
Serrano 
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF5BF94FFF59F92C" box="[199,250,1685,1707]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
: 429
</treatmentCitation>
(checklist).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BF96CFAD5F94D" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" box="[151,1398,1716,1738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BF96CFAD5F94D" box="[151,1398,1716,1738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BF96CFD65F94D" ID-CoL="7HV2D" authority="A.M. Clark 1984" authorityName="A.M. Clark" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,710,1716,1738]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="pulvillus" subGenus="Porania" subSpecies="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BF96CFDACF94D" box="[151,527,1716,1738]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania (Porania) pulvillus pulvillus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD89F96DFD65F94D" author="Clark" box="[533,710,1716,1738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: figs. 2B, 5C, 7b, 17A–C, 18A, B; 
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FBB5F96DFAE6F94D" author="Clark" box="[1065,1349,1716,1738]" page="207" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FBB5F96DFAB0F94D" author="Clark" box="[1065,1299,1716,1738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
: 207
</treatmentCitation>
, 209
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BF90AFD42F96F" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" box="[151,737,1746,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BF90AFD42F96F" box="[151,737,1746,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF0BF90AFD42F96F" ID-CoL="7HV2B" authority="A.M. Clark 1984: 47" authorityName="A.M. Clark" authorityPageNumber="47" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,737,1746,1768]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="pulvillus" subGenus="Porania" subSpecies="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BF90AFDA4F96F" box="[151,519,1746,1768]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania (Porania) pulvillus insignis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FD91F90AFD42F96F" author="Clark" box="[525,737,1746,1768]" page="47" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1984">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD91F90AFD1DF96F" author="Clark" box="[525,702,1746,1768]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 47
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BF928FDBCF880" blockId="19.[151,1437,1194,1799]" box="[151,543,1777,1799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495458730FF0BF928FDBCF880" box="[151,543,1777,1799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
? 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FF3EF92BFDBCF880" ID-CoL="088804b1-4e28-47aa-84f2-bfc53238fa56" authority="Verrill 1914b: 19" authorityName="Verrill" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1914" box="[162,543,1777,1799]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poranisca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF3EF92BFEC8F880" box="[162,363,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Poranisca pygmaea</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95458730FEEEF928FDBCF880" author="Verrill" box="[370,543,1777,1799]" page="19" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEEEF928FE5FF880" author="Verrill" box="[370,508,1777,1799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1914 b) Revision of some genera and species of starfishes, with descriptions of a few new genera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 14 (79), 13 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693536" type="journal article" year="1914" yearSuffix="b">Verrill 1914b</bibRefCitation>
: 19
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195458736FF0BF8EDFE7EFB6F" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95458730FF0BF8EDFD3DF85A" blockId="19.[151,1436,1844,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FF0BF8EDFEBDF8CA" bold="true" box="[151,286,1844,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895458730FF0BF8EDFF71F8CA" box="[151,210,1844,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Type</typeStatus>
notes.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FEB9F8EDFD27F8CB" author="Clark" box="[293,644,1844,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992: 211)</bibRefCitation>
indicated a 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95458730FC92F8EDFCFCF8CB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[782,863,1844,1868]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">USNM</collectionCode>
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895458730FCFAF8EDFC6FF8CA" box="[870,972,1844,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
and three 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895458730FBDFF8EDFB4BF8CA" box="[1091,1256,1844,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
, along with two further 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895458730FF71F88EFE2CF8F7" box="[237,399,1879,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
at the British Museum for 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FD53F880FCE6F8F7" box="[719,837,1881,1904]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FD53F880FCE6F8F7" box="[719,837,1881,1904]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This, however, contradicts 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FB11F88EFAC1F8F7" author="Ahearn" box="[1165,1378,1879,1904]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Ahearn, C. G. (1995) Catalog of the type specimens of seastars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 572, 1 - 59. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.572" type="journal article" year="1995">Ahearn (1995: 26)</bibRefCitation>
who listed the 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895458730FE9FF8A5FEC9F812" box="[259,362,1916,1941]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
and 28 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895458730FE5EF8A5FDC7F812" box="[450,612,1916,1941]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
(i.e., 26 more than indicated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FC5AF8A5FB7FF813" author="Clark" box="[966,1244,1916,1941]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
). Additionally, at least two of these lots, 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95458730FE35F879FE59F83F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[425,506,1952,1976]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">USNM</collectionCode>
7698 and 6349 are correctly identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FC73F846FB5CF83F" box="[1007,1279,1951,1976]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hispida">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FC73F846FB5CF83F" box="[1007,1279,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Poraniomorpha hispida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, having been misidentified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995458730FECCF81CFD39F85A" authority="Verrill 1895" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1895" box="[336,666,1988,2013]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895458730FECCF81CFDAAF85B" box="[336,521,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="346">Porania insignis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95458730FD8CF81DFD39F85A" author="Verrill" box="[528,666,1988,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="346" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1895">Verrill 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF49A4A295428737FF0BF8B3FC7EF85B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" targetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95428737FF0BF8B3FC7EF85B" blockId="20.[151,1436,1897,2012]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FF0BF8B3FE6DF8F8" bold="true" box="[151,462,1897,1920]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">
FIGURE 6. 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995428737FE85F8B0FE6DF8F8" box="[281,462,1897,1919]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FE85F8B0FE6DF8F8" bold="true" box="[281,462,1897,1919]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
USNM E08391 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995428737FDE6F8B2FD49F807" box="[634,746,1898,1920]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FDE6F8B2FD49F807" box="[634,746,1898,1920]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-Scotland. 
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FCC4F8B3FCD3F807" bold="true" box="[856,880,1898,1920]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">A.</emphasis>
Abactinal surface. 
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FBAAF8B3FBEEF807" bold="true" box="[1078,1101,1898,1920]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">B.</emphasis>
Actinal surface. 
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FB67F8B3FAB0F807" bold="true" box="[1275,1299,1898,1920]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">C.</emphasis>
USNM 5533 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995428737FF0BF853FEA0F819" box="[151,259,1929,1951]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FF0BF853FEA0F819" box="[151,259,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. 
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FC14F851FC03F819" bold="true" box="[904,928,1928,1950]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">D.</emphasis>
USNM 6385 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995428737FBA0F853FB0BF819" box="[1084,1192,1929,1951]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FBA0F853FB0BF819" box="[1084,1192,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. 
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FD99F87EFDBEF83A" bold="true" box="[517,541,1959,1981]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">E.</emphasis>
USNM 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995428737FDEEF87EFD62F83A" box="[626,705,1959,1981]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46649" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" type="EnaNcbi">E46649</accessionNumber>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995428737FD5BF871FC95F83A" box="[711,822,1959,1981]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="20" pageNumber="347" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FD5BF871FC95F83A" box="[711,822,1959,1981]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. 
<emphasis id="B942283895428737FE38F81FFE16F85B" bold="true" box="[420,437,1990,2012]" pageId="20" pageNumber="347">F.</emphasis>
Denuded densely arranged/imbricate abactinal plates.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFF4EFAE2FE2A" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FF5BFF4EFE72FF37" bold="true" box="[199,465,151,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Taxonomic comments.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FE44FF41FDC5FF37" box="[472,614,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Synonymy of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FDF1FF41FC4CFF37" authority="Verrill (1895)" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1895" box="[621,1007,151,176]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="pulvillus" subSpecies="insignis">
P. pulvillus insignis: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FCCAFF4EFC4CFF37" author="Verrill" box="[854,1007,151,176]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Verrill, A. E. (1895) Distribution of the echinoderms of north - eastern America. American Journal of Science, 49, 127 - 141." type="journal article" year="1895">Verrill (1895)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
did little to justify the separation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FA1BFF40FF4DFF53" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FA1BFF40FF4DFF53" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a separate taxon from 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FD8AFF64FC9CFF52" authority="Muller 1776" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1776" box="[534,831,188,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FD8AFF64FD36FF52" box="[534,661,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FD38FF65FC94FF52" author="Muller" box="[676,823,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Muller, O. F. (1776) Zoologiae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum, etc. Havniae, xxx. + 282 pp." type="book" year="1776">Müller 1776</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Only 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FC11FF65FB53FF53" author="Clark" box="[909,1264,188,213]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992: 211)</bibRefCitation>
provided clear delineation of 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FEA5FF38FE08FF7F" box="[313,427,225,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FEA5FF38FE08FF7F" box="[313,427,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FE6CFF38FDC8FF7F" box="[496,619,223,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FE6CFF38FDC8FF7F" box="[496,619,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; these authors argued that 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FC04FF38FBA8FF7F" box="[920,1035,225,248]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FC04FF38FBA8FF7F" box="[920,1035,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a more open abactinal skeleton with mesh area exceeding plate area in larger specimens and with scattered spines present on the actinal surface. However, these characters do not consistently serve to separate the different indicated taxa. In at least one lot (
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95438736FF02FE95FF52FEE3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[158,241,332,356]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FF60FE95FEF4FEE2" box="[252,343,332,357]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E50125" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E50125</accessionNumber>
), there is an individual specimen with both an open reticulate skeleton and a closed, densely arranged skeleton, while others show a more intermediate state between “densely arranged” and “open reticulate” skeletons. The presence of this intermediate state is observed in several individuals from the same locality.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFE61FE3BFD4A" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
It is argued that character differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FD40FE6EFC9FFE57" box="[732,828,439,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FD40FE6EFC9FFE57" box="[732,828,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FCEAFE60FC6EFE57" box="[886,973,441,464]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FCEAFE60FC6EFE57" box="[886,973,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are based on individual variation and/or preservation artifacts. Observation of multiple specimen lots shows more open mesh present in those specimens preserved with fully tumescent coeloms (e.g., 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895438736FD3FFE26FC98FD9F" box="[675,827,511,536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="paralectotype">Paralectotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95438736FCD8FDD9FC36FD9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[836,917,512,536]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">USNM</collectionCode>
6385, 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95438736FC78FDD9FB96FD9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[996,1077,512,536]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">USNM</collectionCode>
10552, 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95438736FB0FFDD9FB47FD9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1171,1252,512,536]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">USNM</collectionCode>
E08391) versus those with more densely crowded abactinal skeletons (
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FD67FDFDFCF6FDBA" box="[763,853,548,573]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E50124" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E50124</accessionNumber>
) with collapsed body coeloms. Furthermore, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FACFFDFCFED7FDE7" author="Hayne" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Hayne, K. J. R. &amp; Palmer, A. R. (2013) Intertidal sea stars (Pisaster ochraceus) alter body shape in response to wave action. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 1717 - 1725. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1242 / jeb. 078964" type="journal article" year="2013">Hayne and Palmer (2013)</bibRefCitation>
showed that subspecies morphological variation in the intertidal 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FB1BFD90FAC0FDE7" box="[1159,1379,583,608]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asteriidae" genus="Pisaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Forcipulatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ochraceus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FB1BFD90FAC0FDE7" box="[1159,1379,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Pisaster ochraceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was attributed to phenotypic adaptation to hydrodynamic activity in the environment. Collection stressors, environmental variation and sheer chance may have also contributed to character variation historically used to distinguish subspecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFD0EFE06FC4F" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
Implicit in the morphological separation between 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FD6DFD00FC69FD77" box="[753,970,727,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="pulvillus" subSpecies="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FD6DFD00FC69FD77" box="[753,970,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. pulvillus insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FC63FD00FBD8FD77" box="[1023,1147,727,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FC63FD00FBD8FD77" box="[1023,1147,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been an arbitrary distinction between east Atlantic (North American) and west Atlantic (European) populations as two distinct subspecies (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FED3FCC6FDF7FCBF" author="Clark" box="[335,596,799,824]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark &amp; Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
). 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FDF4FCF9FD24FCBF" box="[616,647,800,824]" name="American Samoa" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">As</collectingCountry>
indicated above, morphological distinctions between subspecies were not well-defined and the morphological basis for separation is weak. Specimens that fall within the definition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FA1BFC9CFF5BFC07" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FA1BFC9CFF5BFC07" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are readily identified from the west Atlantic (North 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FCDCFCBEFC00FC07" box="[832,931,871,896]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">America</collectingCountry>
, e.g., 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95438736FC79FCB1FB95FC07" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[997,1078,872,896]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FBA0FCBEFB35FC07" box="[1084,1174,871,896]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E50124" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E50124</accessionNumber>
, 10552), whereas those individuals that fall within the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FDEEFC54FCF7FC23" box="[626,852,908,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="pulvillus" subSpecies="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FDEEFC54FCF7FC23" box="[626,852,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">P. pulvillus insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are recorded from the east Atlantic (e.g., 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95438736FAD7FC55FA3FFC23" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1355,1436,908,932]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">USNM</collectionCode>
E08391 from 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FEAEFC76FE3AFC4F" box="[306,409,943,968]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Scotland</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFC0CFCC9FBDF" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
In addition to these comparisons, at least two 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895438736FD6BFC0DFC2DFC6A" box="[759,910,980,1005]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
specimens examined by Verrill are actually specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FEAAFC2EFE4AFB97" box="[310,489,1015,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Poraniomorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FEAAFC2EFE4AFB97" box="[310,489,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Poraniomorpha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggesting that the “open skeleton” used to distinguish 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FBE9FC2EFB76FB97" box="[1141,1237,1015,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FBE9FC2EFB76FB97" box="[1141,1237,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">pulvillus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995438736FA83FC20FAD5FB97" box="[1311,1398,1017,1040]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FA83FC20FAD5FB97" box="[1311,1398,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FF0BFBC5FE66FBB3" author="Clark" box="[151,453,1052,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
may have been, at least in part, inferred from misidentified material. It is unclear if Downey, Ahearn or A.M. Clark designated these 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895438736FD5CFBE6FCC5FBDF" box="[704,870,1087,1112]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFBBDFE7EFB6F" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FF5BFBBDFDC9FBFA" bold="true" box="[199,618,1124,1149]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Occurrence. North Atlantic Ocean.</emphasis>
Eastern Atlantic from Trondheim fjord, 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FBAFFBBCFB2EFBFA" box="[1075,1165,1125,1149]" name="Norway" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Norway</collectingCountry>
to the Skagerrak, North Sea, 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FF51FB5EFE25FB27" box="[205,390,1159,1184]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
and NE 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FE76FB5EFDEFFB27" box="[490,588,1159,1184]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Scotland</collectingCountry>
west to Lousy Bank (SW of the Faeroes) and south in the Bay of Biscay to N. 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FF27FB75FF5DFB42" box="[187,254,1196,1221]" name="Spain" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Spain</collectingCountry>
. On the Western Atlantic from Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95438736FD30FB75FD51FB42" box="[684,754,1196,1221]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Scotia</collectingCountry>
to Gulf of Maine south to Cape Hatteras, also Lydonia and Baltimore Canyon. 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95438736FEEFFB16FE7AFB6F" box="[371,473,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.875" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="0.05" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" unit="m" value="487.5" valueMax="970.0" valueMin="5.0">
5– 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395438736FE12FB16FE7AFB6F" box="[398,473,1231,1256]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="generic">970 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195438735FF5BFB2DFC37FC22" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFB2DFD5CFA1A" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B942283895438736FF5BFB2DFEFAFA8A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1268,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Description.</emphasis>
Body weakly stellate R/r=1.5–2.4. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FD69FB2DFB80FA8B" author="Clark" box="[757,1059,1268,1293]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
report a mean R/r of 
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<specimenCount id="9D303FA395438736FA1CFB2DFEAFFAB7" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount>
with R&gt;3.0 cm. R up to 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95438736FD82FACEFDCEFAB7" box="[542,621,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
. Disk tumescent, rays triangular in outline. Interradial arcs rounded (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95438736FAF6FACEFF06FAD2" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Figs 6</figureCitation>
A, C). Abactinal, marginal and actinal surface overlain by a thick layer of skin obscuring plate boundaries in wet or certain dried specimens. Skin appears to be more well-developed in deeper-water specimens (e.g., USNM 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FF0BFA5DFF53FA1A" box="[151,240,1412,1437]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30689" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E30689</accessionNumber>
, 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FF60FA5DFEF6FA1A" box="[252,341,1412,1437]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30687" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E30687</accessionNumber>
, 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FEFDFA5DFE1EFA1A" box="[353,445,1412,1437]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30690" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E30690</accessionNumber>
). Pedicellariae not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95438736FF5BFA7EFC08F85A" blockId="21.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">
Abactinal skeleton with round, cylindrical and irregularly lobate or polygonal shaped plates. Some (e.g. USNM 
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895438736FF72FA15FE26FA62" box="[238,389,1484,1509]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
USNM 6385) show a widely spaced reticulate skeleton (e.g fig. 6D), whereas others showing a densely packed, imbricate skeleton (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95438736FDC0FA36FD07F98F" box="[604,676,1519,1544]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A, F) (e.g., USNM 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FC0EFA36FC4FF98F" box="[914,1004,1519,1544]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46649" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E46649</accessionNumber>
) and/or intermediate character states between these two extremes (e.g., E08391, 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995438736FDE3F9CDFD74F9AA" box="[639,727,1556,1581]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E50125" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" type="EnaNcbi">E50125</accessionNumber>
) with both imbricate and open reticulate skeletons present on a single individual. Although distribution of arrangement varies, plate patterns are consistent in most specimens. Reticulations composed of a central round or polygonal plate with three to five radiating bands, composed of overlapping plates (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95438736FEE9F9A6FE1BF91F" box="[373,440,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,218,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1863]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Glabraster antarctica USNM 1081800 South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea (R = 4.6). A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. Dorsolateral showing transverse abactinal plates and marginal plate series. D. USNM 1081968 Dorsolateral showing abactinal spines and marginal plate series (R = 4.3). E. USNM 1081798 McDonald Islands. Abactinal surface (R = 5.6). F. USNM 1081827 Ross Sea (R = 4.1)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252139/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
C,D). Papular pores with one to ten pores per region, which are confluent in many of the specimens observed. Open spaces between mesh often include quadrate to irregularly shaped plates present within the patch framed by the reticulate skeleton. Papulae occur throughout these regions flanking the plates. Papulae absent interradially. The more imbricate or close-knit the skeleton is the fewer papulae are observed. Tight knit skeletons with an imbricate, shingle-like appearance (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95438736FC94F8D6FCECF8AF" box="[776,847,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
F). A series of paired abactinal plates bisects each interradius on the disk extending from the primary circlet to the superomarginal contact (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95438736FB15F8EDFB6EF8CA" box="[1161,1229,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="348">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
A). The surface of this interradial bisector is covered by skin but papulae are absent. Abactinal surface in adults devoid of accessories or other structures, but smaller specimens (R=0.5) show single spines present on plate surface [as indicated by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95438736FF0BF879FE60F83F" author="Clark" box="[151,451,1952,1977]" pageId="21" pageNumber="348" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
]. Anus is encircled by spines, 7–15. Madreporite polygonal to round, flanked by two to five irregularly shaped plates always sitting on the interradial bisector.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95408735FF5BFF4EFD9FFE72" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">
Marginal plates wide, each plate oblong to crescent shaped (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95408735FC30FF4EFC54FF37" box="[940,1015,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
E). Individual plates interrupted by overlying skin. Superomarginals number 16–36 per interradius (at R=0.5 to 4.7). Inferomarginals similar in shape but more strongly oblong, staggered from superomarginals, forming prominent actinolateral fringe. Individual plates largest interradially, becoming smaller and simpler in shape distally. Each inferomarginal with one to five short, blunt, cylindrical, skin-covered spines on the actinolateral edge. Highest number of spines interradially, but decreasing distally and sometimes lost on distalmost inferomarginals. Individuals from deeper water in the east Atlantic show only one spine per inferomarginal (USNM 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FCAAFEB6FC2CFE0F" box="[822,911,367,392]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30689" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30689</accessionNumber>
, 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FC02FEB6FC5BFE0F" box="[926,1016,367,392]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30687" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30687</accessionNumber>
, 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FB9AFEB6FBC1FE0F" box="[1030,1122,367,392]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30690" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30690</accessionNumber>
). Skin obscures boundaries between marginal plates and spine articulation with plates. One to three intermarginal papulae present between marginal plates. On individuals with more imbricate or closed skeletons or smaller specimens (R=~1.0), only a single papulae occurs between plates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95408735FF5BFE26FE35FD77" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">
Actinal surface flat. Actinal plates quadrate to rectangular arranged in three to six regular series, which are aligned in a pattern consistent with the inferomarginals (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95408735FC93FDFDFCF0FDBA" box="[783,851,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B). Actinal surface in adults is devoid of accessories or other structures, covered by thick skin in most although some individuals possess a single spine on distal plates adjacent to the inferomarginals. 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FD95FDB5FD8BFD03" box="[521,552,620,644]" name="American Samoa" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">As</collectingCountry>
indicated in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95408735FD5DFDB5FC4EFD03" author="Clark" box="[705,1005,620,645]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" refString="Clark, A. M. &amp; Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
single spines occur on the surface of actinal plates on tiny specimens (R= 
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). Fasciolar channels present from marginals and along actinals extending to adambulacrals, apparently more well developed in individuals with those with thicker skin layers (e.g., USNM 
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FEB2FD0EFE29FD77" box="[302,394,727,752]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30689" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30689</accessionNumber>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95408735FF5BFD25FB6FFC07" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">
Adambulacrals covered by thick skin, interrupting direct contact between plates. Furrow spines, one or two, typically two. Single subambulacral spine. More distal plates with second adambulacral spine forming transverse series with the first and the furrow spines (
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95408735FDE1FC9DFD62FCDA" box="[637,705,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
B). All furrow spines ensheathed by thick skin. Apical spines on oral plates webbed together. Furrow spines, two to three on oral plates unwebbed, free-standing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95408735FF5BFC55FC37FC22" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1725]" box="[199,916,908,933]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Color in life is deep red, purple to orange. Oral surface is white.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195408735FF5BFC76FCEFF93A" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95408735FF5BFC76FCEFF93A" blockId="22.[151,1437,151,1725]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FF5BFC76FCE9FC4F" bold="true" box="[199,842,943,968]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">
Material examined. West Atlantic (North 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FD4FFC76FC9EFC4F" box="[723,829,943,968]" name="United States of America" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">America</collectingCountry>
).
</emphasis>
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<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FC2FFC76FBA9FC4F" box="[947,1034,943,968]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46642" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E46642</accessionNumber>
Off southwestern part of Browns Bank, Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FEB4FC0DFECDFC6A" box="[296,366,980,1005]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Scotia</collectingCountry>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FEEBFC0DFE76FC6B" box="[375,469,980,1004]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="42.533333">42º32’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FE42FC0DFDE1FC6A" box="[478,578,980,1005]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-66.416664">66º25’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FDCCFC0DFD03FC6B" box="[592,672,980,1004]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FDCCFC0DFD3FFC6B" box="[592,668,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.29" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="229.0">229 m</quantity>
.
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Coll. R/V 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FCBDFC0DFC0DFC6B" box="[801,942,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Albatross IV</emphasis>
(1 dry spec. R=6.1, r=3.2); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FB77FC0DFA9FFC6B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1259,1340,980,1004]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FAD9FC0DFA3FFC6A" box="[1349,1436,980,1005]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46644" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E46644</accessionNumber>
Off southern part of Browns Bank, Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FDEDFC2EFD19FB97" box="[625,698,1015,1040]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Scotia</collectingCountry>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FD5AFC21FC84FB97" box="[710,807,1016,1040]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="42.2">42º12’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FCAFFC2EFC3BFB97" box="[819,920,1015,1040]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-65.46667">65º28’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FC39FC21FC4DFB88" box="[933,1006,1016,1040]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="113.0">113 m</quantity>
, Coll. R/V Albatross IV (2 dry specs. R= 2.2, r=1.0; R=2.4, r=1.0); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FE7FFBC5FD97FBB3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[483,564,1052,1076]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FDA6FBC5FD32FBB2" box="[570,657,1052,1077]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46649" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E46649</accessionNumber>
South of Browns Bank, Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FC74FBC5FB91FBB2" box="[1000,1074,1052,1077]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Scotia</collectingCountry>
. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FBA0FBC5FB39FBB3" box="[1084,1178,1052,1076]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="42.216667">42º13’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB3DFBC5FAA5FBB2" box="[1185,1286,1052,1077]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-65.7">65º42’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FA8CFBC5FAFDFBB3" box="[1296,1374,1052,1076]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
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.
</specimenCount>
Coll. R/V 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FF4CFBE6FEFDFBDF" box="[208,350,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Albatross IV</emphasis>
(5 dry specs. R=4.0, r=1.8; R=2.5, r=1.4; R=2.1, r=1.1; R=1.9, r=1.0; R=1.9, r=0.9); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FAD7FB99FA3FFBDF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1355,1436,1088,1112]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FF0BFBBDFF4EFBFA" box="[151,237,1124,1149]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46650" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E46650</accessionNumber>
South of Browns Bank 
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<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FDE5FBBDFD7EFBFA" box="[633,733,1124,1149]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-65.73333">65º44’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FD71FBBDFC9DFBFB" box="[749,830,1124,1149]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FD71FBBDFC99FBFB" box="[749,826,1124,1149]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.16" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="216.0">216 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. R/V 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FC59FBBDFBF7FBFB" box="[965,1108,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Albatross IV</emphasis>
(2 dry specs. R=2.2, r=1.2: R=4.9, r=2.4); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FEA3FB51FE33FB27" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[319,400,1160,1184]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FE0AFB5EFE4DFB27" box="[406,494,1159,1184]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E46701" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E46701</accessionNumber>
South of Browns Bank, Nova 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FCDBFB5EFC2EFB27" box="[839,909,1159,1184]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Scotia</collectingCountry>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FC08FB51FC52FB27" box="[916,1009,1160,1184]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="42.033333">42º02’N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FC65FB5EFBFEFB27" box="[1017,1117,1159,1184]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-65.78333">65º47’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FBF5FB5EFB14FB27" box="[1129,1207,1159,1184]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FBF5FB5EFB10FB27" box="[1129,1203,1159,1184]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="256.0">256 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. R/V 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FAAEFB5EFF12FB43" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Albatross IV</emphasis>
(2 dry specs. R=4.3, r=2.5; R=2.8, r=1.6); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FD38FB75FD56FB43" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[676,757,1196,1220]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FD61FB75FCF7FB42" box="[765,852,1196,1221]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30687" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30687</accessionNumber>
Lydonia Canyon 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FBBEFB75FB0AFB43" box="[1058,1193,1196,1220]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="40.36111">40º21’40”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB2EFB75FA9CFB42" box="[1202,1343,1196,1221]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="-67.66417">67º39’51”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FAD0FB75FA34FB43" box="[1356,1431,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.18" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="818.0">818 m</quantity>
, Coll. R/V 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FE8DFB16FEEEFB6F" box="[273,333,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Alvin</emphasis>
(1 dry spec. R=5.6, r=2.8); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FD06FB09FD48FB6F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[666,747,1232,1256]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FD69FB16FCEFFB6F" box="[757,844,1231,1256]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30689" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30689</accessionNumber>
Lydonia Canyon 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB82FB16FB06FB6F" box="[1054,1189,1231,1256]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="40.364445">40º21’52”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB33FB16FA9FFB6F" box="[1199,1340,1231,1256]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="-67.658615">67º39’31”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FAD7FB16FA34FB6F" box="[1355,1431,1231,1256]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.07" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="607.0">607 m</quantity>
, Coll. R/V 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FE8CFB2DFEE8FA8A" box="[272,331,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Alvin</emphasis>
(1 dry spec. R=5.0, r=2.9); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FD08FB2DFD46FA8B" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[660,741,1268,1292]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FD72FB2DFCE6FA8B" box="[750,837,1268,1292]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30704" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30704</accessionNumber>
Baltimore Canyon 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FBB5FB2DFB06FA8B" box="[1065,1189,1268,1292]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="38.160835">38°9’39”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB32FB2DFA9DFA8B" box="[1198,1342,1268,1292]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="-73.80361">73°48’13”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FAD0FB2DFA3FFA8B" box="[1356,1436,1268,1292]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FAD0FB2DFA3BFA8B" box="[1356,1432,1268,1292]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.07" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="307.0">307 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
coll. 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FF4CFAC1FEBAFAB7" box="[208,281,1304,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">DSRV</collectionCode>
Alvin (1 dry spec. R=6.9, r=3.0); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FD03FAC1FD53FAB7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[671,752,1304,1328]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FD64FACEFCECFAB7" box="[760,847,1303,1328]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E30690" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E30690</accessionNumber>
Baltimore Canyon 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FBB2FACEFB09FAB7" box="[1070,1194,1303,1328]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="38.165558">38°9’56”N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB2DFACEFAE2FAB7" box="[1201,1345,1303,1328]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="-73.86278">73°51’46”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FAD1FACEFA3FFAB7" box="[1357,1436,1303,1328]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FAD1FACEFA3BFAB7" box="[1357,1432,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
coll. 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FF53FAE5FEB4FAD3" box="[207,279,1340,1364]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">DSRV</collectionCode>
Johnson Sea Link (1 dry spec. R=5.7, r=3.1); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FC82FAE5FCCCFAD3" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[798,879,1340,1364]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FCE9FAE5FC73FAD2" box="[885,976,1340,1365]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E50124" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E50124</accessionNumber>
, North of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. (5 dry specs. R=3.7, r=1.5; R=3.9, r=2.1; R=4.5, r=2.5; R=3.7, r=2.7; R=3.0, r=1.0); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FB16FAB9FB78FAFF" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1162,1243,1376,1400]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="946569C995408735FB7AFA86FA9EFAFF" box="[1254,1341,1375,1400]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/E50125" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="EnaNcbi">E50125</accessionNumber>
East of Virginia Beach, North Atlantic. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FD94FA5DFDCAFA1A" box="[520,617,1412,1437]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="36.666668">36°40’N</geoCoordinate>
74°40’, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FD4CFA5DFC82FA1B" box="[720,801,1412,1437]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FD4CFA5DFCBFFA1B" box="[720,796,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="335.0">335 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. RV Columbus Iselin. (3 dry specs. R=4.5, r=2.6; R=4.0, r=2.2; R=4.1, r=2.2). 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FD9CFA71FDF2FA47" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[512,593,1448,1472]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
18496 Paralectotype- 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995408735FCC5FA70FBBFFA47" box="[857,1052,1449,1472]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="insignis">
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FCC5FA70FBBFFA47" box="[857,1052,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Porania insignis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FBAFFA7EFB2FFA47" box="[1075,1164,1447,1472]" name="Norfolk Island" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Norfolk</collectingCountry>
Virginia. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FA92FA71FA34FA47" box="[1294,1431,1448,1472]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="37.055553">37º03’20”N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FF0BFA15FE80FA63" box="[151,291,1484,1508]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="15" value="-74.52778">74º31’40”W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FEADFA15FE22FA63" box="[305,385,1484,1508]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FEADFA15FEDEFA63" box="[305,381,1484,1508]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="190.0">190 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
(1 dry spec. R=0.9, r=0.5 and fragments). 
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FCF1FA15FB25FA62" bold="true" box="[877,1158,1484,1509]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">East Atlantic (Europe).</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FB13FA15FB43FA63" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[1167,1248,1484,1508]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
0 8391 Millport, Firth of Clyde, 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FED9FA36FE08F98F" box="[325,427,1519,1544]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Scotland</collectingCountry>
. Coll. J.L. Parkhurst. (1 dry spec. R=4.1, r=3.3); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FC4EFA29FB80F98F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[978,1059,1520,1544]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">USNM</collectionCode>
E15952 Bay of Biscay, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FAA8FA29FA34F98F" box="[1332,1431,1520,1544]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="47.666668">47°40’N</geoCoordinate>
, 5° W, 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FF78F9CDFE96F9AB" box="[228,309,1556,1580]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FF78F9CDFE92F9AB" box="[228,305,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="119.0">119 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
Coll. J. Allen, 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FE72F9CDFD9DF9AB" box="[494,574,1556,1580]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/btw5-epas" name="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">WHOI</collectionCode>
. (1 dry spec. R=3.0, r=2.5); 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FC0EF9CCFC44F9AB" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[914,999,1557,1580]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">MNHN</collectionCode>
no #. Celtic Sea 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FB26F9CDFAB9F9AA" box="[1210,1306,1556,1581]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="51.366665">51º22’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FAB6F9CDFA3BF9AB" box="[1322,1432,1556,1580]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-11.7">11º 42’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FF0BF9E1FEB8F9D7" box="[151,283,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.705" metricValueMax="8.03" metricValueMin="7.38" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="770.5" valueMax="803.0" valueMin="738.0">
738– 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FF4CF9E1FEB8F9D7" box="[208,283,1592,1616]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">803 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Coll. Cosel aboard N. 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FDBEF9E1FD9AF9D7" box="[546,569,1592,1616]" name="Iceland" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">O</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995408735FDD9F9EEFD09F9D7" box="[581,682,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Thalassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FDD9F9EEFD09F9D7" box="[581,682,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Thalassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, PROCELT 1, st. K 196 (1 dry spec. R=4.9, r=3.7) 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FA9FF9E0FAFBF9D7" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[1283,1368,1593,1616]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">MNHN</collectionCode>
no #. Celtic Sea 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FE8FF985FED7F9F2" box="[275,372,1628,1653]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="51.8">51º48’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FE1DF985FE4EF9F3" box="[385,493,1628,1652]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-11.616667">11º 37’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FE66F985FDD6F9F3" box="[506,629,1628,1652]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.055" metricValueMax="3.07" metricValueMin="3.04" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="305.5" valueMax="307.0" valueMin="304.0">
304– 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FDA8F985FDD6F9F3" box="[564,629,1628,1652]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">307m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. Coll. Cosel aboard N. 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FCE6F985FC32F9F3" box="[890,913,1628,1652]" name="Iceland" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">O</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995408735FC01F985FBA1F9F2" box="[925,1026,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Thalassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FC01F985FBA1F9F2" box="[925,1026,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Thalassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, PROCELT 1, st. K 19 (1 dry spec. R=4.1, r=2.5). 
<collectionCode id="ED276CEF95408735FED4F958FE3EF91F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" box="[328,413,1665,1688]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">MNHN</collectionCode>
no #. Gofe de Gascogne 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FD44F959FC9AF91F" box="[728,825,1664,1688]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="44.116665">44º07’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0292ED95408735FCD6F959FC03F91F" box="[842,928,1664,1688]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" precision="925" value="-4.0666666">4º04’W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="4CCE59CF95408735FC2DF9A6FB9BF91F" box="[945,1080,1663,1688]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" metricValueMax="9.7" metricValueMin="5.9" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" unit="m" value="780.0" valueMax="970.0" valueMin="590.0">
590– 
<specimenCount id="9D303FA395408735FC75F9A6FB9BF91F" box="[1001,1080,1663,1688]" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" type="generic">970 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
. coll C. Cabioch aboard N. 
<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA95408735FA1EF959FA3AF91F" box="[1410,1433,1664,1688]" name="Iceland" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">O</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995408735FF0BF97DFF5FF93A" box="[151,252,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Thalassa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B942283895408735FF0BF97DFF5FF93A" box="[151,252,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="349">Thalassa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
st. W393 (1 dry spec. R=3.1, r=1.8) (arms upturned)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>