treatments-xml/data/03/EF/DD/03EFDD5DF6D068C4D915FA8019E9FCCC.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6971356" approvalRequired="59" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="59" checkinTime="1659882917898" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Beck, Robin M. D., Voss, Robert S. &amp; Jansa, Sharon A." docDate="2022" docId="03EFDD5DF6D068C4D915FA8019E9FCCC" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHist.2022.457.1-350.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2022 (457)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-457/issue-1/0003-0090.457.1.1/Craniodental-Morphology-and-Phylogeny-of-Marsupials/10.1206/0003-0090.457.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6.8:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleId="915933466F796C9C739DF4DB6B8DCFA6" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.1cover.type1" docStyleVersion="8" docTitle="Burramyoidea Broom 1898" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="237" masterDocId="FFD6A525F63B6829DA0BFFAE1A62FFC7" masterDocTitle="Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials" masterLastPageNumber="353" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="235" updateTime="1659987007554" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title>Craniodental Morphology And Phylogeny Of Marsupials</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Beck, Robin M. D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>School of Science, Engineering and Environment University of Salford, U. K. &amp; School of Biological, Earth &amp; Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales, Australia &amp; Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Division of Vertebrate Zoology (Mammalogy) American Museum of Natural History</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Jansa, Sharon A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Bell Museum and Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName authority="Broom, 1898" authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1898" box="[798,1101,1326,1351]" pageId="235" pageNumber="235" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Burramyoidea">Burramyoidea Broom, 1898</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection box="[716,1205,1381,1405]" pageId="235" pageNumber="235" type="synonymic_list">
<paragraph blockId="235.[684,1213,1381,1736]" box="[716,1205,1381,1405]" pageId="235" pageNumber="235">
CONTENTS: 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[842,942,1382,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="235" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[842,942,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="235" pageNumber="235">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 46) and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1083,1198,1381,1404]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="235" pageNumber="235" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1083,1198,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="235" pageNumber="235">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="235" pageNumber="235" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="235.[684,1213,1381,1736]" pageId="235" pageNumber="235">STEM AGE: 29.9 Mya (95% HPD: 25.8–35.4 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="235.[684,1213,1381,1736]" pageId="235" pageNumber="235">CROWN AGE: 21.6 Mya (95% HPD: 13.5–26.2 Mya).</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="235.[684,1213,1381,1736]" pageId="235" pageNumber="235">
UNAMBIGUOUS CRANIODENTAL SYNAPOMORPHIES: Scars of 
<taxonomicName box="[847,1070,1579,1603]" class="Mammalia" family="Didelphidae" genus="Metachirus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Didelphimorphia" pageId="235" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="origin">M. temporalis origin</taxonomicName>
on braincase not fused middorsally to form sagittal crest in adults (char. 27: 1→0; ci = 0.059) and presphenoid exposed in roof of nasopharyngeal fossa above posterior palate (char. 43: 1→0; ci = 0.091).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="236.[108,1212,1678,1732]" pageId="236" pageNumber="236">
FIG. 46. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[203,380,1679,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="236" pageNumber="236" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
<emphasis box="[203,380,1679,1702]" italics="true" pageId="236" pageNumber="236">Burramys parvus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1866" box="[396,548,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="236" pageNumber="236" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Diprotodontia</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[562,698,1678,1702]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="236" pageNumber="236" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Burramyidae</taxonomicName>
; based on MVZ 161313, a captive-bred adult of unknown sex).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="237" pageNumber="237" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="237.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">
COMMENTS: 
<bibRefCitation author="Archer, M." box="[286,460,226,250]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="633 - 808" refId="ref190081" refString="Archer, M. 1984 c. The Australian marsupial radiation. In M. Archer and G. Clayton (editors), Vertebrate zoogeography and evolution in Australasia: 633 - 808. Perth: Hesperian Press." type="book chapter" year="1984">Archer (1984c)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Aplin, K. P. &amp; M. Archer" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="xv - lxxii" refId="ref189347" refString="Aplin, K. P., and M. Archer. 1987. Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: xv - lxxii. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Aplin and Archer (1987)</bibRefCitation>
gave detailed summaries of the various attempts to unravel the affinities of “pygmy possums.” Briefly, 
<taxonomicName box="[431,579,325,349]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Burramyidae</taxonomicName>
was first recognized as a distinct family by 
<bibRefCitation author="Kirsch, J. A. W." pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="43 - 45" refId="ref211428" refString="Kirsch, J. A. W. 1968 a. The serological affinities of Burramys and related possums (Marsupialia: Phalangeroidea). Australian Journal of Science 31: 43 - 45." type="journal article" year="1968">
Kirsch (1968 
<bibRefCitation author="Kirsch, J. A. W." box="[173,270,391,415]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="418 - 420" refId="ref211463" refString="Kirsch, J. A. W. 1968 b. Prodromus of the comparative serology of Marsupialia. Nature 217: 418 - 420." type="journal article" year="1968">a, 1968b</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
), who included within it 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[172,300,424,447]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[172,300,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[377,485,424,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" genus="Acrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[377,485,424,448]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Acrobates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Kirsch, J. A. W. &amp; J. H. Calaby" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="9 - 26" refId="ref211548" refString="Kirsch, J. A. W., and J. H. Calaby. 1977. The species of living marsupials: an annotated list. In B. Stone- house and D. Gilmore (editors), The biology of marsupials: 9 - 26. New York: Macmillan Press Ltd." type="book chapter" year="1977">Kirsch and Calaby (1977)</bibRefCitation>
subsequently also classified 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1874" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" genus="Distoechurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Distoechurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a burramyid, based on its morphological resemblance to the other three genera. However, 
<bibRefCitation author="Aplin, K. P. &amp; M. Archer" box="[227,524,556,580]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="xv - lxxii" refId="ref189347" refString="Aplin, K. P., and M. Archer. 1987. Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: xv - lxxii. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Aplin and Archer (1987)</bibRefCitation>
removed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desmarest" authorityYear="1818" box="[108,213,589,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" genus="Acrobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[108,213,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Acrobates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1874" box="[273,415,589,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" genus="Distoechurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[273,415,589,613]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Distoechurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to their newly created family 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aplin" authorityYear="1987" box="[269,411,622,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acrobatidae</taxonomicName>
(see 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aplin" authorityYear="1987" box="[495,636,622,646]" class="Mammalia" family="Acrobatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acrobatidae</taxonomicName>
below), leaving 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[282,388,656,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[282,388,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[442,566,656,679]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[442,566,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as the sole known constituent genera of 
<taxonomicName box="[485,632,688,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Burramyidae</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation author="Aplin, K. P. &amp; M. Archer" box="[109,380,722,746]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="xv - lxxii" refId="ref189347" refString="Aplin, K. P., and M. Archer. 1987. Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: xv - lxxii. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Aplin and Archer (1987)</bibRefCitation>
placed 
<taxonomicName box="[465,609,722,746]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Burramyidae</taxonomicName>
in its own superfamily, Burramyoidea, based on “the degree of morphological distinction of the burramyids and of their apparently wide phyletic separation from other possums” (
<bibRefCitation author="Aplin, K. P. &amp; M. Archer" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="xv - lxxii" refId="ref189347" refString="Aplin, K. P., and M. Archer. 1987. Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: xv - lxxii. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Aplin and Archer, 1987</bibRefCitation>
: lxi). 
<bibRefCitation author="Aplin, K. P. &amp; M. Archer" box="[364,632,887,911]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="xv - lxxii" refId="ref189347" refString="Aplin, K. P., and M. Archer. 1987. Recent advances in marsupial systematics with a new syncretic classification. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: xv - lxxii. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Aplin and Archer (1987</bibRefCitation>
: lx) remarked that monophyly of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[501,609,921,944]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[501,609,921,944]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[108,234,953,976]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[108,234,953,976]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was “not certainly known” at that time, but subsequent molecular studies have consistently recovered this clade with strong support (
<bibRefCitation author="Phillips and Pratt" box="[212,488,1052,1076]" firstAuthor="Phillips" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="594 - 605" refId="ref221205" refString="Phillips, M. J., and R. C. Pratt. 2008. Family-level relationships among the Australasian marsupial &quot; herbivores &quot; (Diprotodontia: koala, wombats, kangaroos and possums). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46: 594 - 605." type="journal article" year="2008">Phillips and Pratt, 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Meredith, R. W. &amp; M. Westerman &amp; M. S. Springer" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="554 - 571" refId="ref216642" refString="Meredith, R. W., M. Westerman, and M. S. Springer. 2009 a. A phylogeny of Diprotodontia (Marsupialia) based on sequences for five nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51 (3): 554 - 571." type="journal article" year="2009">Meredith et al., 2009a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Mitchell, K. J." box="[227,451,1085,1109]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="2322 - 2330" refId="ref217043" refString="Mitchell, K. J., et al. 2014. Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and habitat preference evolution of marsupials. Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (9): 2322 - 2330." type="journal article" year="2014">Mitchell et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="May-Collado, L. J. &amp; C. W. Kilpatrick &amp; I. Agnarsson" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="805" refId="ref216304" refString="May-Collado, L. J., C. W. Kilpatrick, and I. Agnarsson. 2015. Mammals from ' down under': a multi-gene species-level phylogeny of marsupial mammals (Mammalia, Metatheria). PeerJ 3: e 805." type="journal article" year="2015">May-Collado et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Duchene, D. A." box="[217,449,1118,1143]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="400 - 412" refId="ref200659" refString="Duchene, D. A., et al. 2018. Analysis of phylogenomic tree space resolves relationships among marsupial families. Systematic Biology 67 (3): 400 - 412." type="journal article" year="2018">Duchêne et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Alvarez-Carretero, S." pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="263 - 267" refId="ref188636" refString="Alvarez-Carretero, S., et al. 2021. A species-level timeline of mammal evolution integrating phylogenomic data. Nature 602: 263 - 267." type="journal article" year="2021">Álvarez-Carretero et al., 2021</bibRefCitation>
), and it is strongly supported in our molecular (figs. 27–29) and total-evidence (figs. 32, 
<figureCitation box="[211,239,1218,1242]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="181.[108,150,938,959]" captionTargetId="figure-12@181.[241,1216,224,1485]" captionTargetPageId="181" captionText="FIG. 33. (opposite page and at right) Fifty-per- cent majority rule consensus of post-burn-in trees that results from dated Bayesian analysis (using combined tip-and-node dating and separate Independent Gamma Rates [IGR] clock models for the molecular and morpho- logical partitions) of our total evidence data- set. Black dots at nodes indicate ≥0.95 Bayesian posterior probability (“strong support”); dark gray dots indicate 0.75–0.94 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“moderate support”); light gray dots indicate 0.50–0.74 Bayesian poste- rior probability (“weak support”). Nodes with- out dots were constrained a priori so that their ages could be calibrated (see tables 6, 13). Orange bars represent 95% Highest Posterior Density (HPD) intervals on the ages of nodes. For clarity, 95% HPD intervals are not shown for the ages of fossil terminals." pageId="237" pageNumber="237">33</figureCitation>
) analyses, although not in our craniodental analyses (figs. 30, 31).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="237.[108,638,226,1738]" lastBlockId="237.[684,1214,226,779]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">
Fragmentary remains of burramyids are known from the late Oligocene of 
<collectingCountry box="[483,585,1317,1341]" name="Australia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and these have been referred to the modern genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[108,213,1384,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[108,213,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Pledge" box="[226,382,1383,1407]" firstAuthor="Pledge" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="725 - 728" refId="ref221628" refString="Pledge, N. S. 1987 b. A new species of Burramys Broom (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) from the middle Miocene of South Australia. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: 725 - 728. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987" yearSuffix="b">Pledge, 1987b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Brammall, J. R. &amp; M. Archer" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="247 - 268" refId="ref194993" refString="Brammall, J. R., and M. Archer. 1997. A new OligoMiocene species of Burramys (Marsupialia, Burramyidae) from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41: 247 - 268." type="journal article" year="1997">Brammall and Archer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
). Fossil material of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[409,535,1416,1439]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[409,535,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has not been formally described to date, but fossils have apparently been recovered from early to middle Miocene deposits at Riversleigh World Heritage Area (
<bibRefCitation author="Brammall, J. R. &amp; M. Archer" box="[178,496,1548,1572]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="24 - 25" refId="ref195035" refString="Brammall, J. R., and M. Archer. 1999. Living and extinct petaurids, acrobatids, tarsipedids and burramyids (Marsupialia): relationships and diversity through time. Australian Mammalogy 21: 24 - 25." type="journal article" year="1999">Brammall and Archer, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Archer, M. &amp; S. J. Hand" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="575 - 646" refId="ref190275" refString="Archer, M., and S. J. Hand. 2006. The Australian marsupial radiation. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey, and M. S. Y. Lee (editors), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates: 575 - 646. Sydney: Auscipub Pty Ltd." type="book chapter" year="2006">Archer and Hand, 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Black, K. H. &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand &amp; H. Godthelp" box="[250,457,1581,1605]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="983 - 1078" refId="ref194115" refString="Black, K. H., M. Archer, S. J. Hand, and H. Godthelp. 2012 b. The rise of Australian marsupials: a synopsis of biostratigraphic, phylogenetic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic understanding. In J. A. Talent (editor), Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time: 983 - 1078. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag." type="book chapter" year="2012">Black et al., 2012b</bibRefCitation>
). Earlier reports of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[140,265,1615,1638]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[140,265,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like fossils from the late Oligocene of central 
<collectingCountry box="[293,395,1647,1671]" name="Australia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Australia</collectingCountry>
(e.g., 
<bibRefCitation author="Tedford" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tedford" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref229749" refString="Tedford, R. H., et al. 1977. The discovery of Miocene vertebrates, Lake Frome area, South Australia. Bureau of Mineral Resources Journal of Australian Geology and Geophysics 2: 53 - 57." type="journal article" year="1977">Tedford et al., 1977</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Rich" box="[175,355,1680,1705]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rich" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="526 - 572" refId="ref223635" refString="Rich, T. H., et al. 1982. Australian Tertiary mammal localities. In P. V. Rich and E. V. Thompson (editors), The fossil vertebrate record of Australasia: 526 - 572. Clayton: Monash University Offset Printing." type="book chapter" year="1982">Rich et al., 1982</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Woodburne" box="[367,628,1680,1704]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Woodburne" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="347 - 365" refId="ref235284" refString="Woodburne, M. O., et al. 1985. Biochronology of the continental mammal record of Australia and New Guinea. South Australian Department of Mines and Energy Special Publication 5: 347 - 365." type="journal article" year="1985">Woodburne et al., 1985</bibRefCitation>
) actually represent † 
<taxonomicName box="[341,500,1714,1738]" class="Mammalia" family="Pilkipildridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Pilkipildridae</taxonomicName>
, an extinct phalangeridan family of uncertain relationships (
<bibRefCitation author="Archer, M. &amp; R. H. Tedford &amp; T. H. Rich" box="[693,896,259,283]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="607 - 627" refId="ref190522" refString="Archer, M., R. H. Tedford, and T. H. Rich. 1987. The Pilkipildridae, a new family and four new species of? petauroid possums (Marsupialia: Phalangerida) from the Australian Miocene. In M. Archer (editor), Possums and opossums: studies in evolution: 607 - 627. Sydney: Surrey Beatty and Sons." type="book chapter" year="1987">Archer et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Brammall, J. R. &amp; M. Archer" box="[906,1209,259,283]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="24 - 25" refId="ref195035" refString="Brammall, J. R., and M. Archer. 1999. Living and extinct petaurids, acrobatids, tarsipedids and burramyids (Marsupialia): relationships and diversity through time. Australian Mammalogy 21: 24 - 25." type="journal article" year="1999">Brammall and Archer, 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Long, J. A. &amp; M. Archer &amp; T. F. Flannery &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[684,868,292,316]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" refId="ref213561" refString="Long, J. A., M. Archer, T. F. Flannery, and S. J. Hand. 2002. Prehistoric mammals of Australia and New Guinea: one hundred million years of evolution, Sydney: UNSW Press." type="book" year="2002">Long et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Archer, M. &amp; S. J. Hand" box="[879,1141,292,316]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="575 - 646" refId="ref190275" refString="Archer, M., and S. J. Hand. 2006. The Australian marsupial radiation. In J. R. Merrick, M. Archer, G. M. Hickey, and M. S. Y. Lee (editors), Evolution and biogeography of Australasian vertebrates: 575 - 646. Sydney: Auscipub Pty Ltd." type="book chapter" year="2006">Archer and Hand, 2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Black, K. H. &amp; M. Archer &amp; S. J. Hand &amp; H. Godthelp" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="983 - 1078" refId="ref194115" refString="Black, K. H., M. Archer, S. J. Hand, and H. Godthelp. 2012 b. The rise of Australian marsupials: a synopsis of biostratigraphic, phylogenetic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiogeographic understanding. In J. A. Talent (editor), Earth and life: global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time: 983 - 1078. Dordrecht: Springer Verlag." type="book chapter" year="2012">Black et al., 2012b</bibRefCitation>
). The apparent presence of as yet undescribed 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[829,952,358,381]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[829,952,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens in the early or middle Miocene, as discussed above, is roughly congruent with our late Oligocene to middle Miocene estimate for the time of divergence between 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[861,967,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[861,967,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[1029,1154,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1029,1154,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The late Oligocene 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[846,951,524,547]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[846,951,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens may predate our estimate, but their phylogenetic relationship to extant 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[792,897,590,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[792,897,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[957,1166,589,613]" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis box="[957,1080,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
has not been rigorously tested (the phylogenetic analysis presented by 
<bibRefCitation author="Brammall, J. R. &amp; M. Archer" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" pagination="247 - 268" refId="ref194993" refString="Brammall, J. R., and M. Archer. 1997. A new OligoMiocene species of Burramys (Marsupialia, Burramyidae) from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 41: 247 - 268." type="journal article" year="1997">Brammall and Archer, 1997</bibRefCitation>
, assumed a priori that 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Broom" authorityYear="1896" box="[990,1095,689,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Burramys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[990,1095,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Burramys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including the fossil species, is monophyletic to the exclusion of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[769,891,755,778]" class="Mammalia" family="Burramyidae" genus="Cercartetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="237" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[769,891,755,778]" italics="true" pageId="237" pageNumber="237">Cercartetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>