405 lines
51 KiB
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405 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="6968FCAC35DEF0E8EDBE1F3B29071214" ID-CLB-Dataset="299555" ID-DOI="10.1017/wsc.2020.85" ID-GBIF-Dataset="43f44600-ebe5-4438-9ec7-05ec6733ffe2" ID-ISSN="1550-2759" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12534111" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1719333558340" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ferrero, Aldo, Fogliatto, Silvia, Barberi, Andrea & Vidotto, Francesco" docDate="2021" docId="03ACF950FFD2FF9DFCCAFC08D35A05E5" docLanguage="en" docName="WeedSci.69.5.565-574.pdf" docOrigin="Weed Science (Cambridge, England) 69 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2020.85" docStyle="DocumentStyle:20ADD785541A3D843141F7EB39AF2D44.1:WeedSci.2018-.journal_article.open" docStyleId="20ADD785541A3D843141F7EB39AF2D44" docStyleName="WeedSci.2018-.journal_article.open" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Oryza sativa Infestation" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="570" masterDocId="FF958128FFD6FF98FFFAFFFED209035A" masterDocTitle="Relationship between weedy rice (Oryzo sotivo) infestation level and agronomic practices in Italian rice farms" masterLastPageNumber="574" masterPageNumber="565" pageNumber="569" updateTime="1720127719130" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E1276976D25EE2BE8158B2252876CD82">Relationship between weedy rice (Oryzo sotivo) infestation level and agronomic practices in Italian rice farms</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6A009F5F91EAF3FBD0451E33C2413068">Ferrero, Aldo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4876D9780C0D3B079686EBAF69D297C3">Full Professor, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DA4EA6646E0B84D884931A21CD8A6D55">Fogliatto, Silvia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="954BBC3742E00FB3616BEEAFAE957D86">Postdoctoral Fellow, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="241350BDDC58E98B3004B135D8474145">Barberi, Andrea</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D24AC71D5B90BFA2C70673D940AC1AE8">Field Researcher, Innova-Tech s. r. l., Frugarolo (AL), Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="144E5A2D4AE963148595276139028F2F">Vidotto, Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B71BD308052A061C0D03F137F80378F8">Associate Professor, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="A94150855DF6F7437098164196A4278F">Weed Science</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B30E2DD7AE48C4BB9ED6CE9F6C146078">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03ACF950FFD2FF9DFCCAFC08D35A05E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12659166" ID-GBIF-Taxon="234444053" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12659166" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACF950FFD2FF9DFCCAFC08D35A05E5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACF950FFD2FF9DFCCAFC08D35A05E5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="570" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
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<subSubSection id="C31F1BCDFFD2FF9CFCCAFC08D7880756" box="[816,1409,1014,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD2FF9CFCCAFC08D7880756" blockId="4.[816,1409,1014,1036]" box="[816,1409,1014,1036]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
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<heading id="D0F2FF2AFFD2FF9CFCCAFC08D7880756" box="[816,1409,1014,1036]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFCCAFC08D7880756" bold="true" box="[816,1409,1014,1036]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
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Agronomic Practices and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFBB8FC08D6C10756" ID-CoL="6SZF3" authority="Infestation" authorityName="Infestation" box="[1090,1224,1014,1036]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">Oryza sativa</taxonomicName>
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Infestation Level
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD2FF9CFCCAFBDFD6F606ED" blockId="4.[816,1481,1057,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
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The farms that adopted plowing to prepare their rice seedbeds mainly showed low
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFBFBFBC1D655070C" box="[1025,1116,1087,1110]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFBFBFBC1D655070C" box="[1025,1116,1087,1110]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infestations (44%), but 39% of the farms showed medium infestations (
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<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD2FF9CFB66FBA2D70D072E" box="[1180,1284,1116,1140]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
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). Most of the farms that performed minimum tillage had a medium
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFAE6FB87D77F07CA" box="[1308,1398,1145,1168]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFAE6FB87D77F07CA" box="[1308,1398,1145,1168]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infestation (47%), while 40% of the farms recorded a low infestation. The farms that adopted both techniques showed a prevalence of low infestations in rice fields (67%) (
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<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD2FF9CFB85FB2FD6E007B3" box="[1151,1257,1233,1257]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">Figure 2C</figureCitation>
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). The plowing of rice fields is a common preparatory tillage practice in many areas in the world, as was also demonstrated in a similar survey on rice cultivation techniques adopted in the
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<collectingCountry id="F31208D6FFD2FF9CFB73FAD7D706061B" box="[1161,1295,1321,1345]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">United States</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD2FF9CFAE1FAD7D1680605" author="Kanapeckas KL & Tseng T-M & Vigueira CC & Ortiz A & Bridges WC & Burgos NR & Fischer AJ & Lawton-Rauh A" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" pagination="1404 - 1415" refId="ref8177" refString="Kanapeckas KL, Tseng T-M, Vigueira CC, Ortiz A, Bridges WC, Burgos NR, Fischer AJ, Lawton-Rauh A (2018) Contrasting patterns of variation in weedy traits and unique crop features in divergent populations of US weedy rice (Oryza sativa sp.) in Arkansas and California. Pest Manag Sci 74: 1404 - 1415" type="journal article" year="2018">Kanapeckas et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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). Plowing moves the shed
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFB8FFAB9D6C60604" box="[1141,1231,1351,1374]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFB8FFAB9D6C60604" box="[1141,1231,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seeds deep into the soil, which results in a lower weed emergence, while shallow tillage generally concentrates
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFC02FA7FD65D06C2" box="[1016,1108,1409,1432]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFC02FA7FD65D06C2" box="[1016,1108,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seeds close to the soil surface, thus favoring their emergence (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD2FF9CFBC7FA61D6F806ED" author="Zhang Z & Gao P & Dai W & Song X & Hu F & Qiang S" box="[1085,1265,1438,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" pagination="1914 - 1923" refId="ref9014" refString="Zhang Z, Gao P, Dai W, Song X, Hu F, Qiang S (2019) Effect of tillage and burial depth and density of seed on viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice. J Integr Agric 18: 1914 - 1923" type="journal article" year="2019">Zhang et al. 2019</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD2FF9CFCAAFA42D6A3044F" blockId="4.[816,1481,1057,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
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The preponderance of the farms recorded a low
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFAC8FA42D7830689" box="[1330,1418,1468,1491]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFAC8FA42D7830689" box="[1330,1418,1468,1491]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infestation level when either dry seeding or water seeding was performed, while a dominance of medium
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFB36FA09D72E0554" box="[1228,1319,1527,1550]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFB36FA09D72E0554" box="[1228,1319,1527,1550]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infestation was shown for the farms that adopted both practices. Nevertheless, about 25% of the farms that adopted dry seeding reported a high infestation level of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFC08F9B1D645053C" box="[1010,1100,1615,1638]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFC08F9B1D645053C" box="[1010,1100,1615,1638]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD2FF9CFBA0F9B1D6CC053D" box="[1114,1221,1615,1639]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">Figure 2D</figureCitation>
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). According to the literature, the dry seeding of rice favors
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFB7DF992D6D605D9" box="[1159,1247,1644,1667]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFB7DF992D6D605D9" box="[1159,1247,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infestations, and farmers who apply this seeding method tend to compensate for this disadvantage by performing crop rotation (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD2FF9CFAFCF959D7CA05E5" author="Gealy DR & Saldain NE & Talbert RE" box="[1286,1475,1702,1727]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" pagination="406 - 412" refId="ref8007" refString="Gealy DR, Saldain NE, Talbert RE (2000) Emergence of red rice (Oryza sativa) ecotypes under dry-seeded rice (Oryza sativa) culture. Weed Technol 14: 406 - 412" type="journal article" year="2000">Gealy et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD2FF9CFCCAF93AD1D70586" author="Wang W & Peng S & Liu H & Tao Y & Huang J & Cui K & Nie L" box="[816,990,1732,1756]" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" pagination="310 - 320" refId="ref8907" refString="Wang W, Peng S, Liu H, Tao Y, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L (2017) The possibility of replacing puddled transplanted flooded rice with dry seeded rice in central China: a review. Field Crops Res 214: 310 - 320" type="journal article" year="2017">Wang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). In our study, only a few farmers applied both dry seeding and crop rotation, as monocropping is more traditional for rice cultivation in the area.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD2FF9DFCAAF8E2D0CA025E" blockId="4.[816,1481,1057,1991]" lastBlockId="5.[108,773,177,1727]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="570" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">
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A small prevalence of low
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFBAFF8E2D6A40469" box="[1109,1197,1820,1843]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
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<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFBAFF8E2D6A40469" box="[1109,1197,1820,1843]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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infestation (about 45%) was found on farms that cultivated rice with continuous flooding, while 38% had a medium
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<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD2FF9CFC01F8A9D65D0434" box="[1019,1108,1879,1902]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="4" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD2FF9CFC01F8A9D65D0434" box="[1019,1108,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD2FF9CFB29F8A9D7330435" box="[1235,1338,1879,1903]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="569">Figure 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Intermittent irrigation and the application of both continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation showed a prevalence of medium infestations, although this result cannot be considered robust, as fewer than five farms applied these practices. Permanent flooding is largely adopted in many areas of the world, as it can reduce weed emergence and growth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD3FF9DFE9EFF12D3F2025E" author="Chauhan BS" box="[356,507,236,260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" pagination="272 - 280" refId="ref7396" refString="Chauhan BS (2013) Effect of shade on growth and yield of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) biotypes and a rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar from Asia. J Crop Improv 27: 272 - 280" type="journal article" year="2013">Chauhan 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD3FF9DFDF2FF12D0BF025E" author="Wang W & Peng S & Liu H & Tao Y & Huang J & Cui K & Nie L" box="[520,694,236,260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" pagination="310 - 320" refId="ref8907" refString="Wang W, Peng S, Liu H, Tao Y, Huang J, Cui K, Nie L (2017) The possibility of replacing puddled transplanted flooded rice with dry seeded rice in central China: a review. Field Crops Res 214: 310 - 320" type="journal article" year="2017">Wang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7A18CEFFD3FF9DFCD6FF48D63203A2" ID-Table-UUID="DF7A18CEFFD3FF9DFCD6FF48D63203A2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A18CEFFD3FF9DFCD6FF48D63203A2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" startId="5.[812,861,182,199]" targetBox="[833,1460,274,786]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFCD6FF48D63203A2" blockId="5.[812,1484,182,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFCD6FF48D17A039D" bold="true" box="[812,883,182,199]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Results of the ordinal logistic regression, significance of the variables, parameter estimates (log odds),odds ratios, and confidence intervals (lower and upper limits of the odds ratios).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFF76FEF7D03602EE" blockId="5.[108,773,177,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
In this study, almost 88% of the farms purchased certified rice seeds, and almost an equal number (about 40%) of them recorded either low or medium
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFEB1FEBAD3AA0201" box="[331,419,324,347]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFEB1FEBAD3AA0201" box="[331,419,324,347]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation levels (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD3FF9DFDA1FEBAD0B60206" box="[603,703,324,348]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Figure 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most of the farms that self-produced their rice seeds or used both certified and self-produced seeds also showed low infestations, but only about 10 farms fell within to these categories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFCBBFEBCD7A901A0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<table id="F905BAE6FFD30067FCBBFEECD7BD0048" box="[833,1460,274,786]" gridcols="5" gridrows="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFEECD7BB020E" box="[833,1458,274,340]" gridrow="0" isHeader="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFEECD1EE020E" box="[833,999,274,340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Variable</th>
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFEECD67C020E" box="[1041,1141,274,340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Significance</th>
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFEECD6D6020E" box="[1174,1247,274,340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Estimate (log odds)</th>
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FEECD727020E" box="[1282,1326,274,340]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Odds ratio</th>
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FEECD7BD020E" box="[1362,1460,274,340]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Confidence interval</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFE99D7BD0220" box="[833,1460,359,378]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFE99D1EE0220" box="[833,999,359,378]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Tillage (minimum)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFE99D67C0220" box="[1041,1141,359,378]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.880</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFE99D6D60220" box="[1174,1247,359,378]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">−0.09</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FE99D7270220" box="[1282,1326,359,378]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.91</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FE99D7BD0220" box="[1362,1460,359,378]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.26
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFE96D7770222" box="[1396,1406,360,376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
3.14
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFE81D7BD02C8" box="[833,1460,383,402]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFE81D1EE02C8" box="[833,999,383,402]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Tillage (mixed)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFE81D67C02C8" box="[1041,1141,383,402]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.167</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFE81D6D602C8" box="[1174,1247,383,402]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">−1.50</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FE81D72702C8" box="[1282,1326,383,402]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.22</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FE81D7BD02C8" box="[1362,1460,383,402]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.02
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFE7ED77702CA" box="[1396,1406,384,400]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
1.88
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFE66D7BD02F0" box="[833,1460,408,426]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFE66D1EE02F0" box="[833,999,408,426]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Sowing (dry)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFE66D67C02F0" box="[1041,1141,408,426]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.296</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFE66D6D602F0" box="[1174,1247,408,426]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.51</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FE66D72702F0" box="[1282,1326,408,426]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">1.66</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FE66D7BD02F0" box="[1362,1460,408,426]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.64
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFE67D77702F3" box="[1396,1406,409,425]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
4.31
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFE51D7BD029B" box="[833,1460,431,449]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFE51D1EE029B" box="[833,999,431,449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Sowing (mixed)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFE51D67C029B" box="[1041,1141,431,449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.851</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFE51D6D6029B" box="[1174,1247,431,449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.15</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FE51D727029B" box="[1282,1326,431,449]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">1.16</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FE51D7BD029B" box="[1362,1460,431,449]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.24
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFE4ED777029A" box="[1396,1406,432,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
5.69
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFE36D7BD0280" box="[833,1460,456,474]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFE36D1EE0150" box="[833,999,456,522]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Water management (continuous flooding)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFE36D67C0280" box="[1041,1141,456,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.642</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFE36D6D60280" box="[1174,1247,456,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.95</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FE36D7270280" box="[1282,1326,456,474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">2.59</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FE36D7BD0280" box="[1362,1460,456,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.05
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFE36D7770282" box="[1396,1406,456,472]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
142.98
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFDEED7BD0178" box="[833,1460,528,546]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFDEED1EE0108" box="[833,999,528,594]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Water management (intermittent irrigation)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFDEED67C0178" box="[1041,1141,528,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.463</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFDEED6D60178" box="[1174,1247,528,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">1.83</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FDEED7270178" box="[1282,1326,528,546]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">6.23</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FDEED7BD0178" box="[1362,1460,528,546]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.05
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFDEED777017A" box="[1396,1406,528,544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
825.79
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFDA6D7BD01DB" box="[833,1460,600,641]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFDA6D1EE01DB" box="[833,999,600,641]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Seed origin (purchased)a</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFDA6D67C01DB" box="[1041,1141,600,641]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.967</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFDA6D6D601DB" box="[1174,1247,600,641]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.03</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FDA6D72701DB" box="[1282,1326,600,641]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">1.03</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FDA6D7BD01DB" box="[1362,1460,600,641]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.23
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFDA7D7770133" box="[1396,1406,601,617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
4.62
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFD76D7BD01C0" box="[833,1460,648,666]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFD76D1EE01E8" box="[833,999,648,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Crop rotation (monocropping)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFD76D67C01C0" box="[1041,1141,648,666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.90</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFD76D6D601C0" box="[1174,1247,648,666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">-0.08</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FD76D72701C0" box="[1282,1326,648,666]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.92</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FD76D7BD01C0" box="[1362,1460,648,666]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.26
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFD76D77701C2" box="[1396,1406,648,664]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
3.27
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFD49D7BD0190" box="[833,1460,695,714]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFD49D1EE0190" box="[833,999,695,714]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Stale seedbed (no)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFD49D67C0190" box="[1041,1141,695,714]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.017</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFD49D6D60190" box="[1174,1247,695,714]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">−1.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FD49D7270190" box="[1282,1326,695,714]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.33</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FD49D7BD0190" box="[1362,1460,695,714]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.13
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFD47D7770193" box="[1396,1406,697,713]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
0.82
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFD31D7BD01B8" box="[833,1460,719,738]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFD31D1EE01B8" box="[833,999,719,738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Imazamox use (no)</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFD31D67C01B8" box="[1041,1141,719,738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.110</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFD31D6D601B8" box="[1174,1247,719,738]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">−0.87</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FD31D72701B8" box="[1282,1326,719,738]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.42</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FD31D7BD01B8" box="[1362,1460,719,738]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.14
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFD2ED77701BA" box="[1396,1406,720,736]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
1.22
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35354A04FFD30067FCBBFD18D7BD01A0" box="[833,1460,742,762]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<th id="76E42378FFD30067FCBBFD18D1EE0048" box="[833,999,742,786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFCBBFD18D18301A3" box="[833,906,742,761]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sotivo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFCBBFD18D18301A3" box="[833,906,742,761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE312E81FFD3FF9DFCBBFD18D15901A3" box="[833,848,742,761]" degrees="1.22" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" precision="555" value="-1.22">O</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. sotivo
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resistance to imazamox (no)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FBEBFD18D67C01A0" box="[1041,1141,742,762]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.144</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FB6CFD18D6D601A0" box="[1174,1247,742,762]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">−0.68</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAF8FD18D72701A0" box="[1282,1326,742,762]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">0.51</td>
|
||
<td id="76E42378FFD30067FAA8FD18D7BD01A0" box="[1362,1460,742,762]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
0.20
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFA8EFD16D77701A2" box="[1396,1406,744,760]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">–</emphasis>
|
||
1.26
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFF76FE44D10D00B8" blockId="5.[108,773,177,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
The majority of the rice farms (about 57%) that adopt crop rotation showed a medium
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE98FE29D3B402B4" box="[354,445,471,494]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE98FE29D3B402B4" box="[354,445,471,494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation, while among farms that practiced cultivated rice monocropping, most (about 46%) showed a low infestation, and 37% had a medium infestation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD3FF9DFF89FDD1D2D2011D" box="[115,219,559,583]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Figure 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Crop rotation is considered a practice useful to reduce weed dominance, while monocropping has the opposite effect (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD3FF9DFF89FD94D30701D8" author="Chauhan BS" box="[115,270,618,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" pagination="272 - 280" refId="ref7396" refString="Chauhan BS (2013) Effect of shade on growth and yield of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) biotypes and a rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar from Asia. J Crop Improv 27: 272 - 280" type="journal article" year="2013">Chauhan 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The medium infestation shown in our study by most of the farms that adopted crop rotation, together with the fact that only about 14% of the farms adopted rotation (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6877DFDFFD3FF9DFF89FD3CD2C90180" box="[115,192,706,730]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[112,161,182,199]" captionTargetBox="[133,755,226,1098]" captionTargetId="graphics-940@4.[112,776,211,1102]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 1. Agronomic practices and frequency of adopting a certain practice." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7A18CEFFD2FF9CFF8AFF48D0FC0392" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" tableUuid="DF7A18CEFFD2FF9CFF8AFF48D0FC0392">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), would appear to be an indication that rotation is introduced as a last resort when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE81FD21D3DA01AC" box="[379,467,735,758]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE81FD21D3DA01AC" box="[379,467,735,758]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation is quite significant. However, high numbers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE7AFD03D3D0004E" box="[384,473,765,788]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE7AFD03D3D0004E" box="[384,473,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestations were recorded in almost 17% of the farms that cultivated rice by means of monocropping and in only about 7% of the farms that rotated rice with other crops (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD3FF9DFF16FCAAD35F0036" box="[236,342,852,876]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Figure 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The introduction of at least another crop in the rotation was found to reduce
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE29FC8CD02500D3" box="[467,556,882,905]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE29FC8CD02500D3" box="[467,556,882,905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation in a study conducted in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31208D6FFD3FF9DFEFBFC71D32700FD" box="[257,302,911,935]" name="Italy" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
in which rice was alternated with soybean, where a 97% reduction of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE5FFC52D0090099" box="[421,512,940,963]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE5FFC52D0090099" box="[421,512,940,963]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seeds present in the first
|
||
<quantity id="4CFDE5A3FFD3FF9DFF96FC34D2A200BA" box="[108,171,969,994]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
of the seedbank was observed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD3FF9DFE14FC34D0FF00B8" author="Ferrero A & Vidotto F" box="[494,758,970,994]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" refId="ref7687" refString="Ferrero A, Vidotto F (1997) Influence of the rotation on seed bank evolution of red rice (Oryza sativa L. var. sylvatica). Pages 232 - 240 in Proceedings of International Symposium on Rice Quality: " Quality and Competitiveness of European Rices. " Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations" type="proceedings" year="1997">Ferrero and Vidotto 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFCD6FCDCD17B0013" blockId="5.[812,1444,802,841]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
<tableNote id="76E349C8FFD3FF9DFCD6FCDCD17B0013" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" targetBox="[833,1460,274,786]" targetPageId="5">aMixed seed was omitted, as all the farms had low infestations and thus no variability emerged.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFF76FC19D33A065D" blockId="5.[108,773,177,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
Farms that used a stale seedbed (about 50% of the total) mainly reported medium
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFEDFFBFAD3770741" box="[293,382,1028,1051]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFEDFFBFAD3770741" box="[293,382,1028,1051]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation levels, while the farms that did not adopt this practice more frequently reported low infestation levels (about 56% of the farms) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD3FF9DFE20FBC1D04D070D" box="[474,580,1087,1111]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Figure 2H</figureCitation>
|
||
). This result can be explained by considering that the stale seedbed practice is specifically performed to control
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE86FB84D3DC07CB" box="[380,469,1146,1169]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE86FB84D3DC07CB" box="[380,469,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it is likely that the farms that had more
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFF23FB69D33D07F4" box="[217,308,1175,1198]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFF23FB69D33D07F4" box="[217,308,1175,1198]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation problems adopted this technique and thus had higher weed infestation levels. On the other hand, the farms that did not use a stale seedbed had fewer initial
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFF96FB11D2CF065C" box="[108,198,1263,1286]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFF96FB11D2CF065C" box="[108,198,1263,1286]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
problems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFF76FAF3D0EA0555" blockId="5.[108,773,177,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
A similar result was observed on the farms that used imazamox for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFF68FAD4D2E4061B" box="[146,237,1322,1345]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFF68FAD4D2E4061B" box="[146,237,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
control, a practice that is linked to the adoption of Clearfieldº varieties. The prevalent level of infestation on these farms was medium (about 47%), while a prevalence of low
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFD57FA9BD10D0626" box="[685,772,1381,1404]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFD57FA9BD10D0626" box="[685,772,1381,1404]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestations was observed on the farms where imazamox was not applied (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD3FF9DFF3EFA61D32D06ED" box="[196,292,1439,1463]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Figure 2I</figureCitation>
|
||
). This technique was specifically developed for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFF96FA43D2CD068E" box="[108,196,1469,1492]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFF96FA43D2CD068E" box="[108,196,1469,1492]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
control, and it is therefore also conceivable that the farms with higher amounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFE98FA24D3B506AB" box="[354,444,1498,1521]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFE98FA24D3B506AB" box="[354,444,1498,1521]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestations decided to cultivate Clearfieldº rice varieties (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD3FF9DFE95FA09D0170555" author="Milan M & Ferrero A & Fogliatto S & De Palo F & Vidotto F" box="[367,542,1527,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" pagination="431 - 443" refId="ref8338" refString="Milan M, Ferrero A, Fogliatto S, De Palo F, Vidotto F (2017) Imazamox dissipation in two rice management systems. J Agric Sci 155: 431 - 443" type="journal article" year="2017">Milan et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9435B7FFD3FF9DFDD1FA09D0DC0555" author="Singh V & Singh S & Black H & Boyett V & Basu S & Gealy D & Gbur E & Pereira A & Scott RC & Caicedo A & Burgos NR" box="[555,725,1527,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" pagination="13 - 23" refId="ref8812" refString="Singh V, Singh S, Black H, Boyett V, Basu S, Gealy D, Gbur E, Pereira A, Scott RC, Caicedo A, Burgos NR (2017) Introgression of ClearfieldTM rice crop traits into weedy red rice outcrosses. Field Crops Res 207: 13 - 23" type="journal article" year="2017">Singh et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBA4846FFD3FF9DFF76F9EBD35A05E5" blockId="5.[108,773,177,1727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">
|
||
The spread of imazamox resistance has been linked to the use of Clearfieldº varieties; again, in this case, more than 57% of the farmers who had resistance problems declared they had a medium level of infestation, while those who did not have resistance problems and did not apply imazamox reported low prevalence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0533C5FFD3FF9DFD51F974D10D05FB" box="[683,772,1674,1697]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="5" pageNumber="570" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9719454FFD3FF9DFD51F974D10D05FB" box="[683,772,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">O. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infestation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133E54C3FFD3FF9DFF1FF959D34E05E5" box="[229,327,1703,1727]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[108,160,1805,1821]" captionTargetBox="[287,1297,178,1777]" captionTargetId="graphics-169@3.[344,773,856,1095]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Percentage of rice farms with different Oryzo sotivo infestation levels (low,medium,and high) on the basis of the adopted cultivation practices.(A) Total farm area and average farm area per class; (B) total farm area cultivated with ClearfieldṜ (CL) varieties and average farm area per class;(C) tillage;(D) sowing;(E) water management; (F) seed origin; (G) crop rotation; (H) stale seedbed; (I) imazamox use; and (J) O. sotivo resistance to imazamox." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12534115" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12534115/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="570">Figure 2J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |