328 lines
43 KiB
XML
328 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="5D5402A324ECA059CE5E9E18BBC1450B" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2023.2231579" ID-GBIF-Dataset="e5722b77-b42d-4587-905f-74adcf50f09a" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8273542" ID-ZooBank="6302611C-B300-4965-AD6A-C99711048B69" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1692609481841" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Fianco, Marcos" docDate="2023" docId="039F87E5FF80FFAF5A90A6B9FDB36220" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.57.17-20.1080-1137.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 57 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2231579" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Undetermined undetermined" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="1097" masterDocId="FFA6FF9DFF8FFFBE5B28A700FFB06762" masterDocTitle="Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Guartelá State Park, State of Paraná, Southern Brazil: diversity, bioacoustics and description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="1137" masterPageNumber="1080" pageNumber="1095" updateTime="1731353915084" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="F22E6B12134F4B4E8582DDE01B7F8C15">Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from Guartelá State Park, State of Paraná, Southern Brazil: diversity, bioacoustics and description of five new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8D562578F74633F0B91970DFDD5CE1C4">Fianco, Marcos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D9BA4ECAB5B7BF21E06AB9A1AF59857">Programa de Pós- Graduação em Entomologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="EE0200ACED2739B45A654995F276C48F">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7AC6BC405ABA6A5BC11D6A2D1D33683A">
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<mods:date id="05788342B1244376B49499054530C252">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3CC4D8CB274447DB5F670C5ADC8EEC33">2023-07-24</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="C92F0327B6371A4CD7943A73D0D6783B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2EC5DA29E9BBBBCDEA3AE85A9A846ABD">57</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="15AC91F24B1D22BE4190AC32D9227B3F">1080</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="B972C0B28C45FEB0B194A5B8BFF9A773">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2023.2231579</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="74308C5EDCB13CABFF1C2BB417DDA9C2">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="79DAD463C89B771B91CE4E4FB4037DEC" type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2023.2231579</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039F87E5FF80FFAF5A90A6B9FDB36220" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273988" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212449745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8273988" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F87E5FF80FFAF5A90A6B9FDB36220" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F87E5FF80FFAF5A90A6B9FDB36220" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1097" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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<subSubSection id="C32C6578FF80FFB15A90A6B9FCDB66B1" box="[440,875,441,467]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15A90A6B9FCDB66B1" blockId="15.[440,875,441,467]" box="[440,875,441,467]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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<heading id="D0C1819FFF80FFB15A90A6B9FCDB66B1" box="[440,875,441,467]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" reason="6">
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<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB15A90A6B9FDDC66B1" ID-CoL="8PSZV" ID-ENA="391876" box="[440,620,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Conocephalini">
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<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15A90A6B9FDDC66B1" bold="true" box="[440,620,441,467]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Conocephalini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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gen. et. sp. unknown
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32C6578FF80FFB1597DA6E9FD7E6561" box="[597,718,489,515]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB1597DA6E9FD7E6561" blockId="15.[597,718,489,515]" box="[597,718,489,515]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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(
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<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF80FFB15975A6E9FD766561" box="[605,710,489,515]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="10.[160,225,1432,1455]" captionTargetBox="[163,1153,142,1415]" captionTargetId="figure-23@10.[163,1153,142,1415]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 5. Species of Conocephalini found in Guartelá State Park. (a) female (top) and male (bottom) of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) goianus; (b) male (top) and female (bottom) of C. (A.) guartela sp. nov.; (c) male (top) and female (bottom) of C. (A.) saltator; (d) male of C. (A.) truncatus; (e) male of C. (Opeastylus) longipes; (f) male and female of an unknown genus and species of Conocephalini; (g) male of C. (A.) goianus; (h) male of C. (A.) saltator; (i) female of C. (O.) longipes." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273554/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Figure 5f</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32C6578FF80FFAF5B88A542FDB36220" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="1097" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15B88A542FEAE653E" blockId="15.[160,1156,578,847]" box="[160,286,578,604]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15B88A542FEAE653E" bold="true" box="[160,286,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15B88A566FC7F642D" blockId="15.[160,1156,578,847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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This species may belong to an undescribed genus, and is definitively a new species. The reasons for not describing this species or a new genus is due to the need for a phylogenetic approach in
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<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB15AC4A5ABFD2065A6" box="[492,656,683,708]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Conocephalini">Conocephalini</taxonomicName>
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. A study of the systematics of the tribe is highly needed, and only this will bring the correct genus delimitation and relation, to truly understand whether this species belongs to a new genus, or to test the monophyly of the other genera of
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<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB15A7DA413FE49644E" box="[341,505,787,812]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Conocephalini">Conocephalini</taxonomicName>
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. The male cercus is falciform, with a long spine on its end, differing from most genera of the tribe that have a spine on the middle.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15B88A47EFE3064FA" blockId="15.[160,1156,894,1127]" box="[160,384,894,920]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15B88A47EFE3064FA" bold="true" box="[160,384,894,920]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Examined material</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15B88A4A1FE316305" blockId="15.[160,1156,894,1127]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
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<materialsCitation id="3B5E3CAEFF80FFB15B88A4A1FD66649D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4399047385" collectingDate="2021-02-10" collectingDateMax="2021-02-13" collectingDateMin="2021-02-10" collectorName="M. Fianco & D. N. \ Barbosa & P. W. Engelking" country="Brazil" isTailEnumeration="true" latitude="-24.566" location="Parque \ Estadual do Guartela" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-50.2561" municipality="Tibagi" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="PR">
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<specimenCount id="9D30FD7AFF80FFB15B88A4A1FE9A64D8" box="[160,298,929,954]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Three males</specimenCount>
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||
and
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<specimenCount id="9D30FD7AFF80FFB15A4FA4A1FE4464D8" box="[359,500,929,954]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="female">two females</specimenCount>
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||
, ′
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<collectingCountry id="F3217663FF80FFB1592DA4A1FDF464D8" box="[517,580,929,954]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Brasil</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion id="49F2F811FF80FFB15978A4A1FDDF64D8" box="[592,623,929,954]" country="Brazil" name="Para" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">PR</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BEDAC89FF80FFB15953A4A1FD7264D8" box="[635,706,929,954]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Tibagi</collectingMunicipality>
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||
,
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||
<location id="8EE96028FF80FFB159E7A4A1FBA464D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F87E5FF80FFAF5A90A6B9FDB36220:8EE96028FF80FFB159E7A4A1FBA464D8" box="[719,1044,929,954]" country="Brazil" latitude="-24.566" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-50.2561" municipality="Tibagi" name="Parque \ Estadual do Guartela" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" stateProvince="PR">Parque\Estadual do Guartelá</location>
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||
[Guartelá State Park]\
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE025034FF80FFB15A37A4C4FE2164BF" box="[287,401,964,989]" degrees="24.5660" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" precision="5" value="-24.566">24.5660°S</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE025034FF80FFB15AB2A4C4FDAB64BF" box="[410,539,964,989]" degrees="50.2561" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" precision="5" value="-50.2561">50.2561°W</geoCoordinate>
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<date id="FF881033FF80FFB15933A4C4FD1364BF" box="[539,675,964,989]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" value="2021-02-10" valueMax="2021-02-13" valueMin="2021-02-10">
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<collectingDate id="EFCCE9DBFF80FFB15933A4C4FD1364BF" box="[539,675,964,989]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" value="2021-02-10" valueMax="2021-02-13" valueMin="2021-02-10">10–13.ii.2021</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
Coleta ativa\noturna [nocturnal active collection]
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||
<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB15BD3A4E6FED9649D" box="[251,361,998,1023]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">M. Fianco</collectorName>
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||
,
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<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB15A5CA4E6FDB5649D" box="[372,517,998,1023]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">D.N.\Barbosa</collectorName>
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||
&
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<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB1590CA4E6FD60649D" box="[548,720,998,1023]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">P.W. Engelking</collectorName>
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';
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B5E3CAEFF80FFB159F4A4E6FCA26340" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4399047385" collectingDate="2020-12-09" collectingDateMax="2020-12-12" collectingDateMin="2020-12-09" collectorName="M. Fianco & N. \ Szinwelski" country="Brazil" isTailEnumeration="true" latitude="-24.566" location="Estadual do Guartela" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-50.2561" municipality="Parque" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Para">
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||
<specimenCount id="9D30FD7AFF80FFB159F4A4E6FCF5649D" box="[732,837,998,1023]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="male">one male</specimenCount>
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||
and
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||
<specimenCount id="9D30FD7AFF80FFB15857A4E6FBB0649D" box="[895,1024,998,1023]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="female">one female</specimenCount>
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||
, same data, except ′
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||
<date id="FF881033FF80FFB15BD2A309FE2C6340" box="[250,412,1033,1058]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" value="2020-12-09" valueMax="2020-12-12" valueMin="2020-12-09">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFCCE9DBFF80FFB15BD2A309FE2C6340" box="[250,412,1033,1058]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" value="2020-12-09" valueMax="2020-12-12" valueMin="2020-12-09">09–12.xii.2020</collectingDate>
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||
</date>
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||
' and ′
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||
<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB15ACAA309FDE06340" box="[482,592,1033,1058]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">M. Fianco</collectorName>
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||
&
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||
<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB1595CA309FCBC6340" box="[628,780,1033,1058]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">N.\Szinwelski</collectorName>
|
||
';
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||
</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B5E3CAEFF80FFB15833A309FE316305" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4399047385" collectingDate="2021-03-08" collectingDateMax="2021-03-11" collectingDateMin="2021-03-08" collectorName="M. Fianco & D. N. \ Barbosa & H. Preis" country="Brazil" isTailEnumeration="true" latitude="-24.566" location="Estadual do Guartela" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-50.2561" municipality="Parque" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" specimenCount="5" specimenCount-female="5" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Para">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D30FD7AFF80FFB15833A309FC166340" box="[795,934,1033,1058]" count="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" type="female">five females</specimenCount>
|
||
, same data, except ′
|
||
<date id="FF881033FF80FFB15B8EA32CFEF96327" box="[166,329,1068,1093]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" value="2021-03-08" valueMax="2021-03-11" valueMin="2021-03-08">
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<collectingDate id="EFCCE9DBFF80FFB15B8EA32CFEF96327" box="[166,329,1068,1093]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" value="2021-03-08" valueMax="2021-03-11" valueMin="2021-03-08">08–11.iii.2021</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
', ′Coleta ativa\diurna [diurnal active collection]' and ′
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||
<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB158E7A32CFBF46327" box="[975,1092,1068,1093]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">M. Fianco</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB15F7CA32CFEB36305" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">D.N. \Barbosa</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName id="26C35325FF80FFB15A09A34EFECB6305" box="[289,379,1102,1127]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">H. Preis</collectorName>
|
||
'.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15B88A396FB9163D2" blockId="15.[160,1157,1174,1685]" box="[160,1057,1174,1200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15B88A396FB9163D2" bold="true" box="[160,1057,1174,1200]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15B88A396FC1463D2" bold="true" box="[160,932,1174,1200]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
|
||
Statistical analysis of calling songs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB1594CA396FC1463D2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[612,932,1174,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anisoptera">Conocephalus (Anisoptera)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
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<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF80FFB1589CA396FBA963D2" box="[948,1049,1174,1200]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-66@16.[163,1153,142,1231]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different;different letters represent isolated differences.The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo = C. (A.) goianus; Cgu = C. (A.) guartela sp. nov., Csa = C. (A.) saltator; and Ctr = C. (A.) truncatus. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Figure 7</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFB15B88A3B9FE2F62E2" blockId="15.[160,1157,1174,1685]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
|
||
When the PCA was carried out, it was possible to observe that only two dimensions correspond to 79.21% of data exploration, so these two components were used to develop the analysis. The first dimension corresponds precisely to the main variables used in the katydid 's sound descriptions (the pulse duration, the echeme duration and the peak frequency), whereas the second dimension corresponds to the mute interval and the bandwidth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF80FFB15A01A267FE2362E2" box="[297,403,1383,1408]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-66@16.[163,1153,142,1231]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different;different letters represent isolated differences.The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo = C. (A.) goianus; Cgu = C. (A.) guartela sp. nov., Csa = C. (A.) saltator; and Ctr = C. (A.) truncatus. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Figure 7a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF80FFAE5BE8A289FE7161FC" blockId="15.[160,1157,1174,1685]" lastBlockId="16.[160,1156,1530,1694]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="1096" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">
|
||
According to the calling songs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB15968A289FCC762C0" authority="Fianco, 2023" authorityName="Fianco" authorityYear="2023" box="[576,887,1417,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guartela" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15968A289FD6E62C0" box="[576,734,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Conocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB159D8A289FD4F62C0" box="[752,767,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15831A289FCC762C0" box="[793,887,1417,1442]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">guartela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A271579AFF80FFB158A9A289FC6E62C0" box="[897,990,1417,1442]" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB15AB8A2ACFDE062A7" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[400,592,1452,1477]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15AB8A2ACFE2F62A7" box="[400,415,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15A92A2ACFE7962A7" box="[442,457,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15ACEA2ACFDE062A7" box="[486,592,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its echeme duration and peak frequency, both inversely proportional; additionally, in the analysis none of the sound variables of these two species were statistically equal, except bandwidth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF80FFB158C2A2F2FBC66169" box="[1002,1142,1522,1547]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-66@16.[163,1153,142,1231]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different;different letters represent isolated differences.The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo = C. (A.) goianus; Cgu = C. (A.) guartela sp. nov., Csa = C. (A.) saltator; and Ctr = C. (A.) truncatus. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Figure 7a–h</figureCitation>
|
||
). The pulse duration is much higher in the new species, as is the mute interval and echeme duration, and the peak frequency is much higher in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB158A3A137FBF76132" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[907,1095,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB158A3A137FC2A6132" box="[907,922,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB1589BA137FC726132" box="[947,962,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB158F5A137FBF76132" box="[989,1095,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The pulse duration was statistically equal in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB159A9A15AFC996111" box="[641,809,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goianus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB159A9A15AFD206111" box="[641,656,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15980A15AFD076111" box="[680,695,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB159F8A15AFC996111" box="[720,809,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">goianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB15841A15AFB926111" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[873,1058,1626,1651]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15841A15AFCC86111" box="[873,888,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB158B8A15AFC2F6111" box="[912,927,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB15890A15AFB926111" box="[952,1058,1626,1651]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the echeme duration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF80FFB15AF2A17CFDDA61F7" box="[474,618,1660,1685]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-66@16.[163,1153,142,1231]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different;different letters represent isolated differences.The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo = C. (A.) goianus; Cgu = C. (A.) guartela sp. nov., Csa = C. (A.) saltator; and Ctr = C. (A.) truncatus. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">Figure 7d–e</figureCitation>
|
||
) which can differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF80FFB1588BA17CFBE661F7" authority="Fianco, 2023" authorityName="Fianco" authorityYear="2023" box="[931,1110,1660,1685]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guartela" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB1588BA17CFC0261F7" box="[931,946,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">C</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB158E5A17CFC6C61F7" box="[973,988,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF80FFB158D0A17CFBE661F7" box="[1016,1110,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095">guartela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A271579AFF80FFAE5F4BA17CFF636171" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="1096" pageId="15" pageNumber="1095" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from all other species, as can the mute interval of echemes, and peak frequency (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF9FFFAE5A00A11DFE6F6154" box="[296,479,1565,1590]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-66@16.[163,1153,142,1231]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different;different letters represent isolated differences.The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo = C. (A.) goianus; Cgu = C. (A.) guartela sp. nov., Csa = C. (A.) saltator; and Ctr = C. (A.) truncatus. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Figure 7e–f, 7h</figureCitation>
|
||
). Peak frequency was the only variable that can distinguish all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9FFFAE5AA7A13FFD70613A" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[399,704,1599,1624]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5AA7A13FFD9D613A" box="[399,557,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Conocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5917A13FFD08613A" box="[575,696,1599,1624]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Anisoptera</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenus from the GSP, although all other variables can, in some way, differentiate one or another species of the given subgenus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130D2A76FF9FFFAE5A0CA185FE0461FC" box="[292,436,1669,1694]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" captionTargetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" captionTargetId="figure-66@16.[163,1153,142,1231]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 7. Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of Conocephalus (Anisoptera) species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different;different letters represent isolated differences.The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo = C. (A.) goianus; Cgu = C. (A.) guartela sp. nov., Csa = C. (A.) saltator; and Ctr = C. (A.) truncatus. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Figure 7d–h</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF49667BFF9FFFAE5B88A3E0FBB462C5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273560" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8273560" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8273560/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" startId="16.[160,225,1248,1271]" targetBox="[164,1152,144,1228]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF9FFFAE5B88A3E0FBB462C5" blockId="16.[160,1156,1248,1447]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5B88A3E0FF496395" bold="true" box="[160,249,1248,1271]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Principal component analysis: (a) variation of data in each component (b–c), and box plots of sound variables of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9FFFAE5A77A3FDFDEF6276" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[351,607,1277,1300]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5A77A3FDFE546276" box="[351,484,1277,1300]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Conocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5ADAA3FDFDE86276" box="[498,600,1277,1300]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">Anisoptera</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Same letters indicate data are not statistically different; different letters represent isolated differences. The two principal components exploit 79.21% of the data. (a–b) PF = peak frequency; BW = bandwidth 90%; PD = pulse duration; ED = echeme duration; MI = mute interval. (b–h) Cgo =
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE596CA255FDE1620E" box="[580,593,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9FFFAE5974A255FD7E620E" box="[604,718,1365,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="goianus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE594BA255FDC0620E" box="[611,624,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE59ABA255FD7E620E" box="[643,718,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">goianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Cgu =
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5836A255FC9B620E" box="[798,811,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9FFFAE581EA255FC1E620E" authority="Fianco, 2023" authorityName="Fianco" authorityYear="2023" box="[822,942,1365,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guartela" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5815A255FCFA620E" box="[829,842,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5876A255FC1E620E" box="[862,942,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">guartela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A271579AFF9FFFAE589CA255FBB3620E" box="[948,1027,1365,1388]" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, Csa =
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5F62A255FBE7620E" box="[1098,1111,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9FFFAE5F4BA255FF5962EB" baseAuthorityName="Saussure" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saltator" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5F42A255FBC7620E" box="[1130,1143,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5B88A272FF5962EB" box="[160,233,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">saltator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and Ctr =
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5A7DA272FED262EB" box="[341,354,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9FFFAE5A44A272FE5B62EB" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[364,491,1394,1417]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="truncatus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5A5BA272FE3062EB" box="[371,384,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">A</emphasis>
|
||
.)
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9FFFAE5AB9A272FE5B62EB" box="[401,491,1394,1417]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="1096">truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In box plots, middle line shows median; upper and lower box limits indicate first and third quartiles, respectively; and whiskers show the non-outlier range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF9EFFAF5BE8A78EFDB265CD" blockId="17.[160,1157,142,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">
|
||
Since acoustic behaviour can be understood as a trait of a given species, it influences the fitness of the individual that is singing, be it through sexual or natural selection. The sexual selection of sounds will affect only male–female interactions, with females perceiving the male 's fitness and choosing them as a sexual partner, whereas natural selection will affect the male–male and female– female intraspecific interactions, and male/female interspecific interactions, as is the case for acoustic oriented parasitoids to singing insects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5899A65EFEF966F8" author="Drosopoulos S & Claridge MF" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="552" refId="ref25680" refString="Drosopoulos S, Claridge MF. 2006. Insect sounds and communication: physiology, behaviour, ecology and evolution. London: Taylor & Francis; p. 552." type="book chapter" year="2006">Drosopoulos and Claridge 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The calling songs may be affected by both sexual and natural selection, and as the peak frequency was the most important interspecific discriminant variable, we may infer the great importance of this sound property: katydids are a common prey for insectivorous bats, and bats have high hearing sensitivity peaks in their range of echolocation frequency (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5840A50CFB8E6547" author="Geipel I & Lattenkamp EZ & Dixon MM & Wiegrebe L & Page RA" box="[872,1086,524,549]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="2024943118" refId="ref26309" refString="Geipel I, Lattenkamp EZ, Dixon MM, Wiegrebe L, Page RA. 2021. Hearing sensitivity: an underlying mechanism for niche differentiation in gleaning bats. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 118 (36): e 2024943118. doi: 10.1073 / pnas. 2024943118." type="journal article" year="2021">
|
||
Geipel
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF58E8A50CFC456547" box="[960,1013,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2021
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and are passive listeners, being attracted to the tettigoniid 's calling songs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5F22A52EFF686508" author="Falk JJ & ter Hofstede HM & Jones PL & Dixon MM & Faure PA & Kalko EK & Page RA" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="20150520" refId="ref25750" refString="Falk JJ, ter Hofstede HM, Jones PL, Dixon MM, Faure PA, Kalko EK, Page RA. 2015. Sensory-based niche partitioning in a multiple predator - multiple prey community. Proc R Soc B. 282 (1808): 20150520. doi: 10.1098 / rspb. 2015.0520." type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
Falk
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5F6FA52EFBCE6525" box="[1095,1150,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); on the other hand, female katydids are predominantly attracted to the male peak frequency but use other sound variables for mate choice (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF58B6A574FF6865CD" author="Bailey WJ & Gwynne DT" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="202 - 223" refId="ref24985" refString="Bailey WJ, Gwynne DT. 1988. Mating system, mate choice and ultrasonic calling in a zaprochiline katydid (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Behaviour. 105 (3 - 4): 202 - 223. doi: 10.1163 / 156853988 X 00025." type="journal article" year="1988">Bailey and Gwynne 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5BC2A596FE4565CD" author="Tuckerman JF & Gwynne DT & Morris GK" box="[234,501,662,687]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="106 - 113" refId="ref27702" refString="Tuckerman JF, Gwynne DT, Morris GK. 1993. Reliable acoustic cues for female mate preference in a katydid (Scudderia curvicauda, Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). Behav Ecol. 4 (2): 106 - 113. doi: 10. 1093 / beheco / 4.2.106." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Tuckerman
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5A5EA596FE1C65CD" box="[374,428,662,687]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF9EFFAF5BE8A5B9FD306485" blockId="17.[160,1157,142,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">
|
||
All
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9EFFAF5BC3A5B9FDAB65B0" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[235,539,697,722]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5BC3A5B9FE3665B0" box="[235,390,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">Conocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5AB4A5B9FDA365B0" box="[412,531,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">Anisoptera</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are meadow katydids, and they are more exposed to bat predation since they are more often found and collected in open areas, and sing for long periods of time. On the contrary, forest katydids have calling songs with a narrow bandwidth and sing for short periods (see sound descriptions in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5B88A444FEC9643F" author="Fianco M & Szinwelski N & Faria LRR" box="[160,377,836,861]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="1 - 72" refId="ref26265" refString="Fianco M, Szinwelski N, Faria LRR. 2022. Katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) from the Iguacu National Park, Brazil. Zootaxa. 5136 (1): 1 - 72. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5136.1.1." type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Fianco
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5BD0A444FE9E643F" box="[248,302,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and field explorations done by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF582EA444FB8C643F" author="Belwood JJ & Morris GK" box="[774,1084,836,861]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="64 - 67" refId="ref25032" refString="Belwood JJ, Morris GK. 1987. Bat predation and its influence on calling behavior in neotropical katydids. Science. 238 (4823): 64 - 67. doi: 10.1126 / science. 238.4823.64." type="journal article" year="1987">Belwood and Morris 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is interesting that the bandwidth of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C364D70FF9EFFAF5958A466FC10641D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[624,928,870,895]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Conocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anisoptera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5958A466FCBB641D" box="[624,779,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">Conocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B942EAE1FF9EFFAF5809A466FC28641D" box="[801,920,870,895]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">Anisoptera</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species was quite broad, ranging from 14 to more than 20 kHz, and bats have a preference for narrowband katydid calls. Could this broad band be an escape mechanism for bat predation moulded by natural selection?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8936F3FF9EFFAF5BE8A4F1FDB36220" blockId="17.[160,1157,142,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5BE8A4F1FDED6368" author="Lehmann GUC & Lehmann AW" box="[192,605,1009,1034]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="569 - 578" refId="ref26614" refString="Lehmann GUC, Lehmann AW. 2014. Bushcricket song as a clue for spermatophore size? Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 62 (4): 569 - 578. doi: 10.1007 / s 00265 - 007 - 0481 - 4." type="journal article" year="2014">Lehmann and Lehmann (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
point out that the female choice for a determinate male seems to be severe and unidirectional since these characteristics are often the most fundamental and influence several biological aspects of the organisms, therefore reflecting greater physical aptitude. These findings strengthen the fact that insect sounds are subject to intense sexual selection. Thus, sound characteristics are fundamental in the biology of katydids, and their analysis is an important tool in taxonomy since they are useful to differentiate species, as proposed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5AFEA3E4FDCC639F" author="Walker TJ" box="[470,636,1252,1277]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref27754" refString="Walker TJ. 1964. Cryptic species among sound-producing ensiferan Orthoptera (Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae). Q Rev Biol. 39 (4): 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1964">Walker (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Often, katydids are not described or are wrongly synonymised due to the lack of a description of their calling songs, as highlighted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA74B02FF9EFFAF5A73A229FE4F6220" author="Walker TJ" box="[347,511,1321,1346]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1097" pagination="345 - 355" refId="ref27754" refString="Walker TJ. 1964. Cryptic species among sound-producing ensiferan Orthoptera (Gryllidae and Tettigoniidae). Q Rev Biol. 39 (4): 345 - 355." type="journal article" year="1964">Walker (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |