210 lines
25 KiB
XML
210 lines
25 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5E1501AF55D9BD83B693ED8FA91BA6F6">Re-examining the rare and the lost: a review of fossil Tortricidae (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A4D2B3B13767209A8ED85A6403220645">Heikkilä, Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B002067028E163282F26790A4BF1C90">Brown, John W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="777870ECBE39F0A9AF32168554CFA3B6">Baixeras, Joaquin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="857533AE1E6C4140BC329F02BDA0E7F6">Mey, Wolfram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B7C3A0C6E40138E9A5F44CBBC910889">Kozlov, Mikhail V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="4F4AEEFEFEDEC9F3CA83367486A9E92E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C3A8A408775C1D888FC350A8DD4BFA62">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="66BAA6B19B751B08B34FF51D222F54C1">2018-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="5469767C0397410D91346EFFA2D4BF18">4394</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B2FF08FFCF140DFF5482A2129CFD45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5981078" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157232475" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5981078" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2FF08FFCF140DFF5482A2129CFD45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2FF08FFCF140DFF5482A2129CFD45" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCF140CFF5482A211A0FB62" box="[151,642,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140CFF5482A211A0FB62" blockId="6.[151,642,1158,1184]" box="[151,642,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<heading id="D0ECF972FFCF140CFF5482A211A0FB62" bold="true" box="[151,642,1158,1184]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFF5482A211A0FB62" authority="Poinar & Brown, 1993" authorityName="Poinar & Brown" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,642,1158,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Polyvena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horatis">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFF5482A211A0FB62" bold="true" box="[151,642,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFF5482A21240FB62" bold="true" box="[151,354,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Polyvena horatis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFEAB82A211A0FB62" author="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W." box="[360,642,1158,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="25 - 29" refId="ref13827" refString="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W. (1993) A new fossil tortricid (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Dominican amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 23, 25 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631293 X 00028" type="journal article" year="1993">Poinar & Brown, 1993</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCF140CFF5482E910D9FAEF" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140CFF5482E910D9FAEF" blockId="6.[151,1437,1229,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFF5482E91174FB24" bold="true" box="[151,598,1229,1254]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Excavation locality and depository:</emphasis>
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George Poinar, Jr. private collection (
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFCF140CFBF282E917BDFB24" box="[1073,1183,1229,1254]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: L-3-24)/
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<collectingCountry id="F30C0E8EFFCF140CFADC82E91223FAC8" name="Dominican Republic" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
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: Cordillera Septentrional between Santiago and
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<collectingRegion id="49DF80FCFFCF140CFCDB82D61081FAC8" box="[792,931,1265,1290]" country="Dominican Republic" name="Puerto Plata" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Puerto Plata</collectingRegion>
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, La Toca group of mines (Dominican Amber, La Toca Fm.)/Burdigalian, Early Miocene. The fossil was examined by JWB.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCF140CFF04831D1752FA20" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140CFF04831D1091FA90" blockId="6.[151,1437,1229,2013]" box="[199,947,1337,1362]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFF04831D12FFFA90" bold="true" box="[199,477,1337,1362]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Published illustrations:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFE27831D1039FA90" author="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W." box="[484,795,1337,1362]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="25 - 29" refId="ref13827" refString="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W. (1993) A new fossil tortricid (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Dominican amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 23, 25 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631293 X 00028" type="journal article" year="1993">Poinar and Brown 1993: 26</bibRefCitation>
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, 28, figs 1–3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140CFF0483791752FA20" blockId="6.[151,1437,1229,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFF048379126AFAB4" bold="true" box="[199,328,1373,1398]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Condition:</emphasis>
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The amber piece is roughly elliptical in shape (27 × 16 ×
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<quantity id="4CE3E3FBFFCF140CFC12837A1735FAB4" box="[977,1047,1374,1398]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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). The fossil is an adult male with a forewing length of
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<quantity id="4CE3E3FBFFCF140CFEB283A512E9FA5B" box="[369,459,1409,1434]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
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. The specimen is entirely intact with most of the mouthparts and legs visible, and it is exceptional in that the wings are spread allowing the examination of the venation and showing a hint of raised scales. The elongate external portion of the valvae of the genitalia can also be observed.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFCF140DFF0483C9129CFD45" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140CFF0483C913FAF923" blockId="6.[151,1437,1229,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFF0483C91273F9C4" bold="true" box="[199,337,1517,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Comments:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFE9B83C91157F9C4" author="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W." box="[344,629,1517,1542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="25 - 29" refId="ref13827" refString="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W. (1993) A new fossil tortricid (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Dominican amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 23, 25 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631293 X 00028" type="journal article" year="1993">Poinar and Brown (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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provide a detailed description and illustrations of the moth. The authors place the fossil with certainty in the extant subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFCE28035109CF9E8" box="[801,958,1553,1578]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
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based on the presence of the following characters: a generalized wing venation with hindwing veins M
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<subScript id="179F4C5BFFCF140CFCAC80601055F990" attach="left" box="[879,887,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">2</subScript>
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and M
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<subScript id="179F4C5BFFCF140CFC08806010F1F990" attach="left" box="[971,979,1604,1618]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">3</subScript>
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widely distant, raised scale tufts on the forewing, and elongate valvae. Unfortunately, the most compelling morphological character that supports the monophyly of the subfamily is the presence of a deep longitudinal invagination on the male valva holding a hairpencil arising from the eighth abdominal segment (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFCCE8080172CF97E" author="Horak, M. & Brown, R. L." box="[781,1038,1700,1725]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="23 - 48" refId="ref12775" refString="Horak, M. & Brown, R. L. (1991) 1.2 Taxonomy and phylogeny. In: van der Geest, L. P. S. & Evenhuis, H. H. (Eds.), Tortricid pests, their biology, natural enemies and control. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., Amsterdam, pp. 23 - 48." type="book chapter" year="1991">Horak & Brown 1991</bibRefCitation>
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), which is not visible on the fossil moth.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140CFF0480C91138F87B" blockId="6.[151,1437,1229,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
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In the molecular phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFD8280C81199F8C7" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[577,699,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFD3180C810C1F8C6" author="Regier, J. C. & Brown, J. W. & Mitter, C. & Baixeras, J. & Cho, S. & Cummings, M. P. & Zwick, A." box="[754,995,1772,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="35574" refId="ref14004" refString="Regier, J. C., Brown, J. W., Mitter, C., Baixeras, J., Cho, S., Cummings, M. P. & Zwick, A. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its implications for classification and life history evolution. PLoS ONE, 7 (4), e 35574. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035574" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Regier
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFC8A80C910AAF8C7" box="[841,904,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2012)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFC3780C817B3F8C7" box="[1012,1169,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
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was not recovered as monophyletic, and a paraphyletic
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFDE9813411E5F8EB" box="[554,711,1808,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
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was chosen as the working hypothesis.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFB73813416BEF8EA" author="Regier, J. C. & Brown, J. W. & Mitter, C. & Baixeras, J. & Cho, S. & Cummings, M. P. & Zwick, A." box="[1200,1436,1808,1833]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="35574" refId="ref14004" refString="Regier, J. C., Brown, J. W., Mitter, C., Baixeras, J., Cho, S., Cummings, M. P. & Zwick, A. (2012) A molecular phylogeny for the leaf-roller moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and its implications for classification and life history evolution. PLoS ONE, 7 (4), e 35574. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0035574" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Regier
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFAC481351667F8EB" box="[1287,1349,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2012)
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</bibRefCitation>
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confirmed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFE81811012FDF88F" box="[322,479,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
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(as monophyletic or paraphyletic) are the most basal tortricid lineage and recognized the division of the subfamily into three tribes:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFD5C817C103FF8B3" box="[671,797,1880,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
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plus a monophyletic
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFBCD817C1791F8B3" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1977" box="[1038,1203,1880,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hilarographini">Hilarographini</taxonomicName>
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+ Chlidanotini, with
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFF5481581237F857" box="[151,277,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
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as the first lineage to diverge.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFDB881591077F856" author="Fagua, G. & Condamine, F. L. & Horak, M. & Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H." box="[635,853,1916,1941]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="449 - 466" refId="ref12375" refString="Fagua, G., Condamine, F. L., Horak, M., Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2017) Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms. Cladistics, 33 (5), 449 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12185" type="journal article" year="2017">
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Fagua
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCF140CFD0B81591020F857" box="[712,770,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">et al.</emphasis>
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(2017)
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</bibRefCitation>
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also recovered a paraphyletic
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFB7781581673F857" box="[1204,1361,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
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as the basal-most lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFE5B81841134F87B" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[408,534,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCF140DFF0481E0128CFE49" blockId="6.[151,1437,1229,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,647]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCF140CFF0481E012C1F81E" author="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W." box="[199,483,1988,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" pagination="25 - 29" refId="ref13827" refString="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W. (1993) A new fossil tortricid (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Dominican amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 23, 25 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631293 X 00028" type="journal article" year="1993">Poinar and Brown (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
exclude the moth from Chlidanotini and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCF140CFC7281E01774F81F" authorityName="Diakonoff" authorityYear="1977" box="[945,1110,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hilarographini">Hilarographini</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of differences in the morphology diagnostic of these tribes (e.g., members of these tribes lack raised scales of the forewing and most have conspicuously thickened antennae). Characters indicating that the moth likely belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFB0786981660FF17" box="[1220,1346,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the termination of vein R
|
||
<subScript id="179F4C5BFFCE140DFE7086CA1299FF3E" attach="left" box="[435,443,238,252]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">5</subScript>
|
||
before the apex of the wing found in many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFC6F86FB170CFF3A" box="[940,1070,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
; the presence of raised scales on the forewing, and the presence of elongate valvae in the male genitalia. However, the authors consider the assignment of the fossil specimen to this tribe tentative because the most convincing synapomorphies of the tribe are in the male genitalia, which are not visible in the fossil specimen. Nonetheless, we consider this specimen to be a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFEE88756128BFE49" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[299,425,370,395]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCE140DFF0487B212D5FDD9" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFF0487B212A5FE6D" authorityName="Poinar & Brown" authorityYear="1993" box="[199,391,406,431]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Polyvena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horatis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCE140DFF0487B212A5FE6D" box="[199,391,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Polyvena horatis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCE140DFDEB87BC1026FE6D" author="Fagua, G. & Condamine, F. L. & Horak, M. & Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H." box="[552,772,406,432]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" pagination="449 - 466" refId="ref12375" refString="Fagua, G., Condamine, F. L., Horak, M., Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2017) Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms. Cladistics, 33 (5), 449 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12185" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Fagua
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCE140DFDB587BC1193FE6D" box="[630,689,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to give a minimum age to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFB8187B217C1FE6D" box="[1090,1251,406,431]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This use of the fossil is problematic because, as noted above, the subfamily is not monophyletic.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCE140DFBE7879F17D5FE11" author="Fagua, G. & Condamine, F. L. & Horak, M. & Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H." box="[1060,1271,442,467]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" pagination="449 - 466" refId="ref12375" refString="Fagua, G., Condamine, F. L., Horak, M., Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2017) Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms. Cladistics, 33 (5), 449 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12185" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Fagua
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCE140DFBAC879817BDFE11" box="[1135,1183,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
chose to place the calibration point at the crown of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFD8787FA11E0FE35" box="[580,706,478,503]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
following the suggestion by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFCE140DFBD587FA161EFE35" author="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W." box="[1046,1340,478,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" pagination="25 - 29" refId="ref13827" refString="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, J. W. (1993) A new fossil tortricid (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Dominican amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 23, 25 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187631293 X 00028" type="journal article" year="1993">Poinar and Brown (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
that the moth could belong in this tribe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFCE140DFF048402129CFD45" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFE8384021122FDFD" authorityName="Poinar & Brown" authorityYear="1993" box="[320,512,550,575]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Polyvena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="horatis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFCE140DFE8384021122FDFD" box="[320,512,550,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Polyvena horatis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the most thoroughly described fossil tortricids. Although the specimen does not display the full suite of characters characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFCFB846E10F7FDA1" box="[824,981,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chlidanotinae">Chlidanotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFCE140DFC39846E1759FDA1" box="[1018,1147,586,611]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Polyorthini">Polyorthini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the visible characters are in favor of this placement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |