196 lines
23 KiB
XML
196 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A602DFC0FB948A97A90BC34A553B3DCD">Re-examining the rare and the lost: a review of fossil Tortricidae (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="3651CC7473569FD950BBE03DD102CF39">Heikkilä, Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="48913D403CD8D24FE8BD0D67B6245B5B">Brown, John W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="D1168CC0CE4E92A2779ACE9EAA56E6F5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D2987D965D0BAB8CD061CC29E99D1D83">Baixeras, Joaquin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BF7356EB0F59FE9FEC6226F0D60C5E8C">Mey, Wolfram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="74CF1AD9A21E6407D8F4FB7055CA7DF2">Kozlov, Mikhail V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5567663F182096A4E8CE8DEDB204EBE3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="F8AE842BAF8A86A57D8916CFB95130E7">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C0661D660F0D31AB7132E57936D89450">2018-03-13</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0771DEF78FD5EADD731483FBB571F6AE">4394</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03B2FF08FFC21401FF548406175EF95B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5981098" ID-GBIF-Taxon="157232485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5981098" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2FF08FFC21401FF548406175EF95B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2FF08FFC21401FF548406175EF95B" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFC21401FF5484061158FDFE" box="[151,634,546,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF5484061158FDFE" blockId="11.[151,634,546,606]" box="[151,634,546,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<heading id="D0ECF972FFC21401FF5484061158FDFE" bold="true" box="[151,634,546,572]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FF5484061158FDFE" ID-CoL="94LXL" authority="Skalski, 1992" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1992" box="[151,634,546,572]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistiforma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submerga">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF5484061158FDFE" bold="true" box="[151,634,546,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF54840612ECFDFE" bold="true" box="[151,462,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistiforma submerga</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFC21401FE1684061158FDFE" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[469,634,546,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref14220" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1992) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part III. Two new genera and species of Tortricidae from the Baltic amber. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 3, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="1992">Skalski, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFC21401FF5484611086FCBF" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF5484611231FD9C" blockId="11.[151,634,546,606]" box="[151,275,581,606]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<figureCitation id="1320529BFFC21401FF54846113FEFD9C" box="[151,220,581,606]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,946,968]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,441,924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,441,924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1992. ZMCD (HT: 12-4/1957=LEP.SUCC.88 UZMC/AWS). Baltic amber. a. Dorsal view. Length of forewing 3 mm. b. Ventral view. For details of venation see Skalski (1992). Photos: Maria Heikkilä." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3094749/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Figs 4</figureCitation>
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a–b.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF5484A911F0FD2F" blockId="11.[151,1437,653,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF5484A91166FD64" bold="true" box="[151,580,653,678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Excavation locality and depository:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B734443FFC21401FD8E84AA13F6FD2C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243026659" collectionCode="ZMCD" collectorName="Copenhagen & Prussian Fm." county="Lutetian" location="Baltic Region" municipality="Baltic Amber" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectionCode id="ED0AD6DBFFC21401FD8E84AA11BCFD64" box="[589,670,654,678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">ZMCD</collectionCode>
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFC21401FD6484A91011FD64" box="[679,819,653,678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Copenhagen</collectorName>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54A0F0BCFFC21401FC8784A91090FD64" box="[836,946,653,678]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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: 12-4/1957=LEP.SUCC.88 UZMC/AWS) /
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<location id="8EC418C5FFC21401FF5484951211FD08" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B2FF08FFC21401FF548406175EF95B:8EC418C5FFC21401FF5484951211FD08" box="[151,307,689,714]" county="Lutetian" municipality="Baltic Amber" name="Baltic Region" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Baltic Region</location>
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(
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BC0D464FFC21401FE81849512FCFD08" box="[322,478,689,714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Baltic Amber</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFC21401FE298495115EFD08" box="[490,636,689,714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Prussian Fm.</collectorName>
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)/
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<collectingCounty id="62C53692FFC21401FD4F849511CCFD08" box="[652,750,689,714]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Lutetian</collectingCounty>
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, Middle Eocene. The specimen was borrowed and examined at the
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="3B734443FFC21401FF1884F211EDFD2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2243026661" box="[219,719,725,750]" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="Richard L. Brown" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<collectionCode id="ED0AD6DBFFC21401FF1884F2120EFD2C" box="[219,300,726,750]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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by JWB, MH and
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<collectorName id="26EE2BC8FFC21401FDC384F111EDFD2F" box="[512,719,725,750]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Richard L. Brown</collectorName>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF0484DD1762FCD0" blockId="11.[151,1437,653,1689]" box="[199,1088,761,786]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF0484DD12FFFCD0" bold="true" box="[199,477,761,786]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Published illustrations:</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFC21401FE2784DD1192FCD0" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[484,688,761,786]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref14220" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1992) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part III. Two new genera and species of Tortricidae from the Baltic amber. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 3, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="1992">Skalski 1992: 142</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 6 (photographs and drawings).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF0485391086FCBF" blockId="11.[151,1437,653,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF048539126AFCF4" bold="true" box="[199,328,797,822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Condition:</emphasis>
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The moth is in a 7 × 9 ×
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<quantity id="4CE3E3FBFFC21401FDB7853A1195FCF7" box="[628,695,798,822]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
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piece of Baltic amber. The head, abdomen and legs are missing; only the thorax and the wings have been preserved. Forewing length is
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<quantity id="4CE3E3FBFFC21401FC74856610D9FC9B" box="[951,1019,834,858]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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. The presence of a single acanthus in the frenulum suggests the moth is a male and belongs to Heteroneura.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3011D95FFC21401FF0485AD175EF95B" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF0485AD127CFBBF" blockId="11.[151,1437,653,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF0485AD1273FC60" bold="true" box="[199,337,905,930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Comments:</emphasis>
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The first mention of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FD8D85AD1050FC60" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1992" box="[590,882,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistiforma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="submerga">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FD8D85AD1050FC60" box="[590,882,905,930]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistiforma submerga</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFC21401FC6285AD176AFC60" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[929,1096,905,930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" pagination="195 - 208" refId="ref14182" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1976) Les lepidopteres fossiles de l'ambre, Etat actuel de nos connaissances (2 me partie). Linneana Belgica, 6 (8), 195 - 208." type="journal article" year="1976">Skalski (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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must be considered a nomen nudum since it lacks a description. However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFC21401FD768589107CFC04" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[693,862,941,966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref14220" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1992) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part III. Two new genera and species of Tortricidae from the Baltic amber. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 3, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="1992">Skalski (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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subsequently validated the name by providing a description.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFC21401FEE185F512E5FC28" author="Skalski, A. W." box="[290,455,977,1002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref14220" refString="Skalski, A. W. (1992) Studies on the Lepidoptera from fossil resins. Part III. Two new genera and species of Tortricidae from the Baltic amber. Annals of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, Entomology, 3, 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="1992">Skalski (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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tentatively placed the fossil moth in the tribe
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FC0C85F5171AFC28" box="[975,1080,977,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tortricini">Tortricini</taxonomicName>
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based on purported similarities in the wing venation with the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FDFC85D1104AFBCC" authority="Meyrick, 1907" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[575,872,1013,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FDFC85D11191FBCC" box="[575,691,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistis</emphasis>
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Meyrick, 1907
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</taxonomicName>
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. According to Skalski, among recent
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FAD885D116BAFBCC" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1307,1432,1013,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
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, only
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FF0C823D1266FBF0" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[207,324,1049,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FF0C823D1266FBF0" box="[207,324,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has M
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<subScript id="179F4C5BFFC21401FE4C820C12B5FBF4" attach="left" box="[399,407,1064,1078]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">3</subScript>
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and CuA
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<subScript id="179F4C5BFFC21401FDC2820C112BFBF4" attach="left" box="[513,521,1064,1078]" fontSize="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">1</subScript>
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veins stalked in both the fore and hindwing. However, Skalski acknowledged that the wing shape and at least two venational features of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FD388264108AFB9B" authorityName="Skalski" authorityYear="1992" box="[763,936,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistiforma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FD388264108AFB9B" box="[763,936,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistiforma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are different from those found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FAE4826416BEFB9B" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[1319,1436,1088,1113]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FAE4826416BEFB9B" box="[1319,1436,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and allied genera.
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF0482AC114AF9EF" blockId="11.[151,1437,653,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
|
||
There are no characters that convincingly assign the specimen to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FC6582AC1706FB63" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[934,1060,1160,1185]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and there are subtle features that suggest it is not a tortricid. The overall shapes of both the forewing and hindwing are not particularly characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FF7482F41217FB2B" baseAuthorityName="Horak" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[183,309,1232,1257]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tortricidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the forewing the termen is strongly angled inward, giving it an appearance that is more tineoid than tortricoid. In most tortricids, especially
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FD6982D01031FACF" box="[682,787,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tortricini">Tortricini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FC2582D01747FACF" baseAuthorityName="Horak & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[998,1125,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the termen is oblique or slightly angled inward, giving the forewing a much more triangular appearance. Plus, the forewing pattern (which appears to be somewhat intact) is reminiscent of a tineid and not a tortricid. The unusual, long, slender scales from the costa of the forewing are present in no known tortricids, but we know of no other family with such forewing scales. The hindwing, likewise, has a shape that is more typical of Tineoidea and/or Yponomeutoidea (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FF54838C1230FA03" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1845" box="[151,274,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Plutellidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plutellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FEDF838C12F3FA03" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" box="[284,465,1448,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Yponomeutidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Yponomeutidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), somewhat broadly lanceolate-rounded. In
|
||
<figureCitation id="1320529BFFC21401FC7B838C1725FA03" box="[952,1031,1448,1473]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,946,968]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,441,924]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1435,441,924]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Spatalistiforma submerga Skalski, 1992. ZMCD (HT: 12-4/1957=LEP.SUCC.88 UZMC/AWS). Baltic amber. a. Dorsal view. Length of forewing 3 mm. b. Ventral view. For details of venation see Skalski (1992). Photos: Maria Heikkilä." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3094749/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
|
||
the vague presence on the hindwing of a darker patch reminiscent of male secondary scales found in many tortricids is actually a detached leg with a tibial spur. Overall, the specimen bears little resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FC9B83D410EFF9CB" authorityName="Meyrick" authorityYear="1907" box="[856,973,1520,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" genus="Spatalistis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FC9B83D410EFF9CB" box="[856,973,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">Spatalistis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a strongly oblique forewing termen and raised scales on the forewing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA44E1EFFC21401FF04801C175EF95B" blockId="11.[151,1437,653,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">
|
||
This fossil was used as a calibration point in the divergence time study by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8A33EFFFC21401FB86801D1605F992" author="Fagua, G. & Condamine, F. L. & Horak, M. & Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H." box="[1093,1319,1592,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" pagination="449 - 466" refId="ref12375" refString="Fagua, G., Condamine, F. L., Horak, M., Zwick, A. & Sperling, F. A. H. (2017) Diversification shifts in leafroller moths linked to continental colonization and the rise of angiosperms. Cladistics, 33 (5), 449 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12185" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Fagua
|
||
<emphasis id="B96F920CFFC21401FB56801D17F0F993" box="[1173,1234,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="52">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to give a minimum age to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1B359DFFC21401FE96807812F1F9B7" baseAuthorityName="Horak & Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[341,467,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Tortricidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tortricinae">Tortricinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on the reasons given above, we find the original interpretation of the fossil as a tortricid unwarranted and its use as a calibration point for the purpose intended incorrect.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |