206 lines
30 KiB
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206 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="1BE791E767432E6A3A7E29ACFB4101BD" ID-DOI="10.5252/g2015n2a5" ID-ISSN="1638-9395" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535125" ID-ZooBank="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0117CBA4-4CE0-4431-B5F6-721F998C72C7" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613058030568" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste, Fosse, Philippe, Fernandez, Philippe & Antoine, Pierre-Olivier" docDate="2015" docId="038087D7FFE3FF9BFC60F8BCFD243729" docLanguage="en" docName="Geodiversitas.37.2.237-266.pdf" docOrigin="Geodiversitas 37 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2015n2a5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4DA100580BA89F561A6D37CADC50A8FD.3:Geodiversitas.2015-2017.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="4DA100580BA89F561A6D37CADC50A8FD" docStyleName="Geodiversitas.2015-2017.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Crocuta crocuta subsp. spelaea" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="250" masterDocId="FFB9FFAFFFE8FF96FFEEFFAEFFA53307" masterDocTitle="Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den" masterLastPageNumber="266" masterPageNumber="237" pageNumber="248" updateTime="1698870744442" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC0-1.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC0-1.0">
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<mods:title id="29F3CD2816B80E1B0B928E07EC6B6AF2">Large mammals of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Haute-Saône, France): a glimpse into a Late Pleistocene hyena den</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E61BDE94FFA60AA0A5BBD5B1A56EAC42">Fourvel, Jean-Baptiste</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8583ED02FE74A6B74EE7FCA0C3F9F7B7">Fosse, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="496168C8A6D9B4750BBEF2347895ACAC">Fernandez, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31C4C644D7765CD35EEEEAB957F547FD">Antoine, Pierre-Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="559FF61739F606CBD7D6D9CF82B06A34">Geodiversitas</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="00E124D13867082C10E9E24324FF8F43">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="07D42670D8242F623E2AC5C631FCDEBC">2015-06-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FD05DCA63F72961C1D6857F67C6EEFBA">37</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="EC78E859BE41E58F19CD417443CD8436" type="DOI">10.5252/g2015n2a5</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038087D7FFE3FF9BFC60F8BCFD243729" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087D7FFE3FF9BFC60F8BCFD243729" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087D7FFE3FF9BFC60F8BCFD243729" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
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<subSubSection id="C333654AFFE3FF9DFC60F8BCFAE8342B" box="[910,1357,1809,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE3FF9DFC60F8BCFAE8342B" blockId="11.[910,1357,1809,1836]" box="[910,1357,1809,1836]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
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<heading id="D0DE81ADFFE3FF9DFC60F8BCFAE8342B" box="[910,1357,1809,1836]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE3FF9DFC60F8BCFAE8342B" authority="(Goldfuss, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[910,1357,1809,1836]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="crocuta" subSpecies="spelaea">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE3FF9DFC60F8BCFB2B342B" bold="true" box="[910,1166,1809,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">Crocuta crocuta spelaea</emphasis>
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(Goldfüss, 1832)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C333654AFFE3FF9DFCC3F8E1FAA034ED" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE3FF9DFCC3F8E1FAAC3460" blockId="11.[811,1455,1870,2027]" box="[813,1289,1870,1895]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
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MATERIAL EXAMINED. —
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<collectionCode id="ED38AE04FFE3FF9DFBCBF8E0FBF83461" box="[1061,1117,1870,1894]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">NISP</collectionCode>
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=850;
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<collectionCode id="ED38AE04FFE3FF9DFB75F8E1FB743460" box="[1179,1233,1871,1895]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">MNI</collectionCode>
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=121.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE3FF9DFCC3F8C7FAA034ED" blockId="11.[811,1455,1870,2027]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE3FF9DFCC3F8C7FC083486" bold="true" box="[813,941,1897,1921]" pageId="11" pageNumber="248">1842 sample:</emphasis>
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2 left mandibles; 1 atlas; 3 cervical vertebrae; 3 thoracic vertebrae; 1 left humerus; 1 left radius; 1 left ulna; 1 left metacarpal II; 1 right metacarpal
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<collectionCode id="ED38AE04FFE3FF9DFBEAF830FBB234B2" box="[1028,1047,1950,1973]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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; 1 right innominate; 1 left innominate; 1 left femur; 2 right tibiae; 1 right calcaneus; 1 left calcaneus; 1 left talus; 1 right metatarsal IV; 1 right metatarsal
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<collectionCode id="ED38AE04FFE3FF9DFB1EF87DFAA734ED" box="[1264,1282,2003,2026]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="11" pageNumber="248" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="DF566649FFE4FF9AFF69FB76FBEE3606" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535137" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4535137" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535137/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" startId="12.[135,146,1240,1258]" targetBox="[132,1456,217,1203]" targetPageId="12">
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE4FF9AFF69FB76FBEE3606" blockId="12.[135,1455,1239,1281]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
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FIG. 6. — Cave lion
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE4FF9AFEC2FB76FE0237ED" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1810" box="[300,423,1239,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="262" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spelaea" subGenus="Leo">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE4FF9AFEC2FB76FE0237ED" box="[300,423,1239,1258]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">P. (leo) spelaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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upper (P4) and lower (M1) carnassial Breadth and Length ratio compared to extant and extinct populations. Measurements in mm. The male and female lions areas figure the maximum range obtained for each variables (breadth and length).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C333654AFFE4FF9BFF6AFA9CFD243729" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE4FF9AFF6AFA9CFE583447" blockId="12.[131,777,1330,1856]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE4FF9AFF6AFA9CFEE6364D" bold="true" box="[132,323,1330,1354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">1989-1992 sample:</emphasis>
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6 skull fragments (occipital); 2 right maxillae; 1 left maxilla; 4 right DI3; 6 left DI3; 8 right DC; 6 left DC; 5 right D2; 3 left D2; 4 right D3; 14 left D3; 3 right D4; 6 left D4; 1 right I1; 2 left I1; 2 right I1-2; 2 left I1-2; 15 right I2; 17 left I2; 16 right I3; 9 left I3; 8 right C; 8 left C; 7 right P1; 13 left P1; 8 right P2; 6 left P2; 9 right P3; 14 left P3; 14 right P4; 20 left P4; 11 right mandibles; 8 left mandibles; 5 mandibles?; 2 right dc; 7 left dc; 5 right d2; 9 left d2; 10 right d3; 11 left d3; 11 right d4; 20 left d4; 2 right d1; 5 left i1; 1 left i1-2; 5 right i2; 5 left i2; 1 right i2-3; 1 left i2-3; 20 right i3; 21 left i3; 22 right c; 21 left c; 7 left p2; 21 left p3; 20 right p3; 34 right p4; 35 left p4; 33 right m1; 23 left m1; 140 tooth fragments; 1 atlas; 1 cervical vertebra; 2 lumbar vertebrae; 4 caudal vertebrae; 3 right humeri; 4 left humeri; 2 left radius; 1 radius; 1 left ulna; 1 right scapholunar; 1 left scapholunar; 1 left pisiform; 1 pisiform; 2 right metacarpals II; 1 femur?; 1 patella?; 1 left tibia; 1 tibia?; 1 right fibula; 1 left fibula; 2 right tali; 1 left cuboid; 1 right metatarsal II; 1 left metatarsal II; 1 left metatarsal III; 1 left metatarsal V; 3 sesamoids?; 2 metapodials?; 9 first phalanges; 6 second phalanges; 6 third phalanges.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE4FF9AFF6AF8DCFCA034EC" blockId="12.[130,775,1906,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">DESCRIPTION Cave hyena is represented by 850 bone remains originating from both 1842 (NISP=24) and 1989-1992 (NISP=826) samples. This material represents about 6% of the complete collection,</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE4FF9BFCC5FA9DFD503137" blockId="12.[810,1457,1331,2028]" lastBlockId="13.[130,777,215,561]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="250" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">
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about 25% of the NISP and 77% of the carnivores.Cave hyena remains are related to 121 individuals, ranging from juvenile to old adults (Fourvel
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE4FF9AFBF1FADAFBF6368A" box="[1055,1107,1395,1421]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">et al.</emphasis>
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submitted); this series is among the largest ones for Late Pleistocene cave hyenas in Europe. Morphological characters (
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE4FF9AFBA2FA1DFB1B36CA" box="[1100,1214,1459,1485]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="6.[135,146,1962,1980]" captionTargetBox="[245,1365,213,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-15@6.[205,1382,184,1847]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIG. 3. — Cave hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfüss, 1832) remains from Fouvent-Saint-Andoche: A-D, left mandibles 1842.16 (A, B) and G6.82 (C, D); E-J, right G7.168 (E, F), H9.B.72 (G, H) and left G6.9 (I, J) lower carnassials; K-P, left upper carnassial F11.C.281 (K, L), no number (M, N) and G9.B.444 (O, P); Q, R, left humerus 1842.10; S-T, left radius 1842.90; U-V, right tibia 1842.141. Scale bar: 20 mm. Pictures by JBF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535131" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535131/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Fig. 3A, V</figureCitation>
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) and measurements of both teeth and postcranial elements (
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<tableCitation id="C6AB037AFFE4FF9AFB2AFA7DFABD36EA" box="[1220,1304,1491,1517]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="11.[132,143,1473,1491]" captionText="TABLE 8. — Dental measurements of the cave hyena Crocuta crocuta spelaea (Goldfüss, 1832) (both permanent and deciduous). Measurements in mm." pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Table 8</tableCitation>
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) recovered in Fouvent closely match the descriptions of late Pleistocene
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE4FF9AFCC0F9BDFBBA352B" baseAuthorityName="Goldfuss" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[814,1055,1554,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="crocuta" subSpecies="spelaea">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE4FF9AFCC0F9BDFBBA352B" box="[814,1055,1554,1581]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Crocuta crocuta spelaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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published in the literature (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFAA4F9BCFCC2354A" author="REYNOLDS S. H." pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref27578" refString="REYNOLDS S. H. 1902. - Monograph of the British Pleistocene Mammalia. II, 1. The Cave Hyaena. Palaeontographical Society 56: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1902">Reynolds 1902</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFC9AF99CFC42354A" author="CLOT A." box="[884,999,1586,1613]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" refId="ref23956" refString="CLOT A. 1980. - La grotte de la Carriere (Gerde, Haute-Pyrenes, France). Stratigraphie et Paleontologie des Carnivores. Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 239 p." type="book" year="1980">Clot 1980</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFC1CF99DFBCA354B" author="TESTU A." box="[1010,1135,1586,1613]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" refId="ref27954" refString="TESTU A. 2006. - Etude paleontologique et biostratigraphique des Felidae et Hyaenidae pleistocenes de l'Europe mediterraneenne (sites de la Caune de l'Arago, Orgnac 3, le Portel-Ouest, Bize-Tournal, l'Hortus, la Crouzade en France, la Cova de l'Arbreda en Espagne, KaraIn E en Turquie). These de Doctorat, Faculte des Lettres et Sciences Humaines Universite de Perpignan, 359 p." type="book" year="2006">Testu 2006</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFB95F99CFAB0354A" author="BARYCKA E." box="[1147,1301,1586,1613]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" refId="ref22774" refString="BARYCKA E. 2008. - Middle and late Pleistocene Felidae and Hyaenidae of Poland. Fauna Poloniae, New Series, 2. Warszawska Dzukarnia Naukowa, Warszawa, 228 p." type="book" year="2008">Barycka 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). The extreme morphological variability of referred dental remains most probably coincides with ecomorphotypic variations, thus precluding any use of cave hyenas in a biochronological purpose (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFCC0F91CFC1D35CB" author="KURTEN B." box="[814,952,1714,1740]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="224 - 234" refId="ref26283" refString="KURTEN B. 1963. - The Cave Hyena, an essay in statistical analysis. in MOROTHWELL D. & HIGGS E. (eds), Science in Archaeology: 224 - 234." type="book chapter" year="1963">Kurtén 1963</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFC2FF91CFB7635CB" author="KURTEN B. & POULIANOS A. N." box="[961,1235,1714,1740]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="47 - 130" refId="ref26364" refString="KURTEN B. & POULIANOS A. N. 1977. - New stratigraphic and faunal material from Petralona cave, with special reference to the Carnivora. Anthropos 4: 47 - 130." type="journal article" year="1977">Kurtén & Poulianos 1977</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFB32F91CFA0835CB" author="KLEIN R. G. & SCOTT K." box="[1244,1453,1714,1740]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="88 - 95" refId="ref26152" refString="KLEIN R. G. & SCOTT K. 1989. - Glacial / Interglacial Size Variation in Fossil Spotted Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) from Britain. Quaternary Research 32: 88 - 95." type="journal article" year="1989">Klein & Scott 1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE4FF9AFCC5F97CFC5735EB" author="BARYSHNIKOV G." box="[811,1010,1746,1772]" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" pagination="155 - 174" refId="ref22807" refString="BARYSHNIKOV G. 1999. - Chronological and geographical variability of Crocuta spelaea (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the Pleistocene of Russia. Deinsea 6: 155 - 174." type="journal article" year="1999">Baryshnikov 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). However, Würmian cave hyenas seem to differ from other representatives of
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE4FF9AFB48F95CFB5D340B" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[1190,1272,1778,1804]" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="249" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE4FF9AFB48F95CFB5D340B" box="[1190,1272,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Crocuta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in having a large size, especially as regards dentition. In Fouvent, upper and lower carnassials are at the same time large, robust, and highly metrically variable.
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE4FF9AFC10F8FFFBF2346B" box="[1022,1111,1873,1900]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[208,1363,214,1928]" captionTargetId="graphics-416@14.[319,1263,954,1646]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Cave hyena C. c. spelaea (Goldfüss, 1832): Upper (P4) and lower (M1) carnassial Breadth and Length ratios compared to extant and extinct populations. Measurements in mm. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535139/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Figure 7</figureCitation>
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shows breadth/length ratios for upper and lower carnassials (P4:
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE4FF9AFB63F8DFFAA3348C" box="[1165,1286,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[208,1363,214,1928]" captionTargetId="graphics-416@14.[319,1263,954,1646]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Cave hyena C. c. spelaea (Goldfüss, 1832): Upper (P4) and lower (M1) carnassial Breadth and Length ratios compared to extant and extinct populations. Measurements in mm. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535139/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Fig. 7A; m</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE4FF9AFAE8F8DFFAB4348C" box="[1286,1297,1905,1931]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="2.[198,209,1118,1136]" captionTargetBox="[167,1420,215,1078]" captionTargetId="graphics-847@2.[167,1397,215,1078]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIG. 1. — Geographical location of Fouvent-Saint-Andoche, NE France. Map realized using Geoatlas software and Geoportail open-access site." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535127" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535127/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">1</figureCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE4FF9AFAF2F8DFFACE348B" box="[1308,1387,1905,1932]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[132,143,1985,2003]" captionTargetBox="[208,1363,214,1928]" captionTargetId="graphics-416@14.[319,1263,954,1646]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Cave hyena C. c. spelaea (Goldfüss, 1832): Upper (P4) and lower (M1) carnassial Breadth and Length ratios compared to extant and extinct populations. Measurements in mm. Confidence ellipses with confidence interval (0.95) are figured." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535139" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535139/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="249">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
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) from Fouvent, compared to various Late Pleistocene and modern spotted hyena populations. Hyena teeth from Fouvent reveal strong size variability. However, this material has more large dimensions (B/L) than Middle Pleistocene hyenas (
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE5FF9BFD5BFF76FE9A3216" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="crocuta" subSpecies="intermedia">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFD5BFF76FE9A3216" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Crocuta crocuta intermedia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Lunel-Viel
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<quantity id="4CD19B24FFE5FF9BFE01FF59FDB23216" box="[495,535,247,273]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" unit="in" value="1.0">
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1
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFDECFF56FDB23216" box="[514,535,248,273]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">in</emphasis>
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</quantity>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFDF0FF59FD0B3216" author="BONIFAY M." box="[542,686,247,273]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" refId="ref23155" refString="BONIFAY M. 1971. - Carnivores quaternaires du Sud-Est de la France. Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 334 p. (Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ser. C - Sciences de la Terre (1950 - 1992); 21 (2 ))." type="book" year="1971">Bonifay 1971</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE5FF9BFD59FF56FE9E3236" class="Mammalia" family="Hyaenidae" genus="Crocuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="crocuta" subSpecies="praespelaea">
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFD59FF56FE9E3236" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Crocuta crocuta praespelaea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Petralona
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFE32FEB6FE543236" box="[476,497,280,305]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">in</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFE16FEB9FCA63236" author="KURTEN B. & POULIANOS A. N." box="[504,771,279,305]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" pagination="47 - 130" refId="ref26364" refString="KURTEN B. & POULIANOS A. N. 1977. - New stratigraphic and faunal material from Petralona cave, with special reference to the Carnivora. Anthropos 4: 47 - 130." type="journal article" year="1977">Kurtén & Poulianos 1977</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFF6CFE99FF1E3256" author="KURTEN B. & POULIANOS A. N." box="[130,187,311,337]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" pagination="9 - 56" refId="ref26399" refString="KURTEN B. & POULIANOS A. N. 1981. - Fossil Carnivora of Petralona Cave: Status of 1980. Anthropos: 9 - 56." type="book chapter" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
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) and similar proportions than many OIS3 populations (Jaurens
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFF0FFEF6FF523276" box="[225,247,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">in</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFF12FEF9FE2B3276" author="BALLESIO R." box="[252,398,343,369]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" pagination="25 - 55" refId="ref22676" refString="BALLESIO R. 1979. - Le gisement pleistocene superieur de la grotte de Jaurens a Nespouls, Correze, France. Les Carnivores (Mammalia, Carnivora). I. Canidae et Hyaenidae. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Lyon 17: 25 - 55." type="journal article" year="1979">Ballesio 1979</bibRefCitation>
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; Cueva de las Hienas
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|
<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFD80FEF6FD213276" box="[622,644,344,369]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">in</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFD64FEF9FCA73276" author="FOSSE P." box="[650,770,343,369]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" pagination="15 - 54" refId="ref25372" refString="FOSSE P. 1997. - Variabilite des assemblages osseux crees par la hyene des cavernes. Paleo 9: 15 - 54." type="journal article" year="1997">Fosse 1997</bibRefCitation>
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; Labeko Koba
|
|
<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFEF5FED9FE943297" box="[283,305,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">in</emphasis>
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFED6FED9FD223296" author="ALTUNA J. & MARIEZKURRENA K." box="[312,647,375,401]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" pagination="107 - 181" refId="ref22256" refString="ALTUNA J. & MARIEZKURRENA K. 2000. - Macromamiferos del yacimiento de Labeko Koba (Arrasate, Pais Vasco). Munibe- Antropologia-Arkeologia 52: 107 - 181." type="journal article" year="2000">Altuna & Mariezkurrena 2000</bibRefCitation>
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; Conives
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<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFD1FFED9FCA23297" box="[753,775,375,400]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">in</emphasis>
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|
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFF6AFE38FEBF32B6" author="FOURVEL J. - B." box="[132,282,406,433]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" refId="ref25427" refString="FOURVEL J. - B. 2008. - Etude paleontologique et taphonomique des vestiges osseux d'une taniere d'hyene tachetee fossile (Crocuta crocuta spelaea) du Pleistocene Superieur: Conives (Indre, France). Universite de Toulouse, Memoire de Maitrise, unpublished, 135 p." type="book" year="2008">Fourvel 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Other teeth and postcranial elements are in perfect agreement with the observation as detailed here above. Morphological and metric features of the Fouvent cave hyena coincide with the large and robust hyenas as recorded in the OIS3 (between more or less 57 and 29 ky;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B30FFE5FF9BFDBAFDB8FD4F3137" author="FOURVEL J. - B." box="[596,746,534,560]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" refId="ref25477" refString="FOURVEL J. - B. 2012. - Hyenides modernes et fossiles d'Europe et d'Afrique: taphonomie comparee de leurs assemblages osseux. Universite de Toulouse, These de Doctorat, 615 p." type="book" year="2012">Fourvel 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE5FF9BFF34FDD8FD3231B7" blockId="13.[218,689,630,688]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Super-Order UNGULATA Linnaeus, 1766 [description by JBF, PFos, PFer, POA]</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE5FF9BFF6AFD7BFE393068" blockId="13.[130,777,725,880]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
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Eight ungulate species have been recognized (2219 NISP, 192 MNI). The collection is truly remarkable with a high frequency of mega-herbivores (8 mammoths and 39 woolly rhinoceroses) and large species (16 giant deers, 31 large bovids and 62 horses) (
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE5FF9BFEC0FCFBFED43068" box="[302,369,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="18.[132,143,1740,1758]" captionTargetBox="[256,1346,230,1697]" captionTargetId="figure-134@18.[748,1293,683,1239]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIG. 8. — Woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis (Blumenbach,1799) remains from Fouvent-Saint-Andoche (Coelodonta antiquitatis): A, D1; B-E, D2; F-H, D3; I-N, D4; O. d2; P, Q, d3; R-T, d4; U, V, M1; W, X, M2; Y, M3; Z, AA, humerus shaft cylinders; AB, AC, tibia shaft cylinders. Scale bar: 20 mm. Pictures by JBF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535143" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535143/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Figs 8</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13122A44FFE5FF9BFE90FCFBFE2B3068" box="[382,398,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="20.[132,143,1917,1935]" captionTargetBox="[264,1349,228,1810]" captionTargetId="figure-15@20.[206,1382,173,1836]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIG. 9.— Ungulates (other than rhinoceros) remains from Fouvent: A, B, giant deer Megaloceros giganteus Blumenbach,1799:right 1842.14 (A) and left 1842.13 (B) mandibles; C-E, red deer Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758: basal part of right antler 1842.109 (C) and ingested left talus 1842.97 (D, palmar view; E, dorsal view); F-H, horse Equus germanicus Nehring,1884:right metacarpal 1842.2 (F), first 1842.6 (G) and third H9.A.1 (H) phalanges;I-L, large bovid Bovidae:right calcaneum 1842.78 (I), first phalange G10.E/A.9 (J, dorsal view; K, lateral view) and metapodial distal portion F11.A.50 (L); M-O reindeer Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus, 1758): basal part of left antler 1842.106 (M), portion of right antler F10.B.329 (N) and right metatarsal G9.24 (O). Scale bar: 20 mm. Pictures by JBF." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4535145" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4535145/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">9</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE5FF9BFF14FC1BFD3430C8" blockId="13.[249,658,949,1070]" box="[250,657,949,975]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
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|
Order
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE5FF9BFEADFC1BFD3430C8" authority="Illiger, 1811" authorityName="Illiger" authorityYear="1811" box="[323,657,949,975]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">PROBOSCIDEA Illiger, 1811</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE5FF9BFEE5FC7AFD2530E8" blockId="13.[249,658,949,1070]" box="[267,640,980,1007]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
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|
Family
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|
<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE5FF9BFEB3FC7BFD2530E8" authority="Gray, 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[349,640,981,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ELEPHANTIDAE Gray, 1821</taxonomicName>
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE5FF9BFF17FC5AFD373708" blockId="13.[249,658,949,1070]" box="[249,658,1012,1039]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
|
|
Subfamily
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE5FF9BFE80FC5BFD373708" authority="Gray, 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[366,658,1013,1039]" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elephantinae">ELEPHANTINAE Gray, 1821</taxonomicName>
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|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8B9636C1FFE5FF9BFEE4FBBAFD243729" blockId="13.[249,658,949,1070]" box="[266,641,1044,1070]" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">
|
|
Genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C294D42FFE5FF9BFEB9FBBAFD243729" authority="Brookes, 1828" authorityName="Brookes" authorityYear="1828" box="[343,641,1044,1070]" class="Mammalia" family="Elephantidae" genus="Mammuthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proboscidea" pageId="13" pageNumber="250" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B95DEAD3FFE5FF9BFEB9FBBAFE783729" box="[343,477,1044,1070]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="250">Mammuthus</emphasis>
|
|
Brookes, 1828
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |