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<mods:title id="553631411CD3F47065B3D3A738479D09">Description Of A New Genus With Six New Species From Southern Brazil, Uruguay And Argentina, With A Discussion Of A Putative Characid Clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF06BFE019902C4E1198262F4AFFA547">Malabarba, Luiz R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F2EE515019CA51E13063BDFA3CB544D6">Weitzman, Stanley H.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="038087938006FFE9CDE8F9BDFA71F712" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10810785" ID-GBIF-Taxon="222887502" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10810785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038087938006FFE9CDE8F9BDFA71F712" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038087938006FFE9CDE8F9BDFA71F712" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<subSubSection id="C333650E8006FFF6CDE8F9BDFD16F9AD" box="[233,711,1618,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9636858006FFF6CDE8F9BDFD16F9AD" blockId="6.[233,711,1618,1655]" box="[233,711,1618,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<heading id="D0DE81E98006FFF6CDE8F9BDFD16F9AD" bold="true" box="[233,711,1618,1655]" fontSize="9" level="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978006FFF6CDE8F9BDFD16F9AD" bold="true" box="[233,711,1618,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068006FFF6CDE8F9BDFE1EF9AD" ID-CoL="3XNH" ID-ENA="681908" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[233,463,1618,1655]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978006FFF6CDE8F9BDFE1EF9AD" bold="true" box="[233,463,1618,1655]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Relationships
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C333650E8006FFE9CC32F972FA71F712" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9636858006FFF6CC32F972FA9CF78F" blockId="6.[232,1482,1693,2250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
The phylogenetic analysis presented below is not an in-depth phyloge ­ ny of characid species. Instead, it is an up-dated presentation of previously published hypotheses of relationships among characids plus their relationships with
<emphasis id="B95DEA978006FFF6CC9CF8DBFDADF881" box="[413,636,1844,1883]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068006FFF6CC9CF8DBFDA5F881" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[413,628,1844,1883]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Only characters found to be consistent in hypothe - sizing relationships and diagnosing monophyletic groups among characids are discussed. This excludes several ambiguous characters presented in the hypotheses of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748006FFF6CCE3F824FD1EF828" author="Lucena, C. A. S." box="[482,719,1995,2034]" journalOrPublisher="Unpubl. Ph. D. Diss., Universidad edeSa oPaulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="121" refId="ref26751" refString="---------. 1993. Estudo filogenetico da familia Characidae com uma discussao dos gruposnaturaispropostos (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Characiformes). Unpubl. Ph. D. Diss., Universidad edeSa oPaulo, 121 p." title="Estudo filogenetico da familia Characidae com uma discussao dos gruposnaturaispropostos (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Characiformes)" type="book" year="1993">Lucena (1993)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748006FFF6CE33F824FB6CF828" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[818,1213,1995,2034]" editor="Malabarba, L. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="6" pageNumber="73" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref26002" refString="Buckup, P. A. 1998. Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). P. 123 - 144, in: Malabarba, L.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Buckup (1998: 125- 134)</bibRefCitation>
. The simplified cladogram presented in
<figureCitation id="13122A008006FFF6CF6EF813FD18F7F9" box="[623,713,2044,2083]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" captionTargetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M. Malabarba (1998); B - Malabarba (1998); C - Lucena (1998); D - Reis (1989) and E - Vari (1977). Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all Aphyocharax species; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under “Cyanocharax relationships&quot;)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
summarizes current knowledge about characid phylogeny, with the addition of a few characters we found informative.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858006FFF7CDEAF79EFC74F926" blockId="6.[232,1482,1693,2250]" lastBlockId="7.[245,1497,280,2238]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978006FFF6CDEAF79EFC82F742" bold="true" box="[235,851,2161,2200]" pageId="6" pageNumber="73">1) The presence of hooks on fin rays.</emphasis>
The presence ofhooks on the anal-and pelvic-fin rays of males, often on the caudal fin and rarely on the dorsal and/or pectoral fins has been described in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE3AFEF7FB98FE9A" box="[827,1097,280,320]" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C966FEF7FAA7FE9A" author="Weitzman, S. H." box="[1127,1398,280,320]" journalOrPublisher="Stanford Ichthyol. Bull." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="213 - 263" part="4" refId="ref28591" refString="Weitzman, S. H. 1954. The osteology and the relationships of South American characid fishes of the subfamily Gasteropelecinae. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. 4 (4): 213 - 263." title="The osteology and the relationships of South American characid fishes of the subfamily Gasteropelecinae" type="journal article" year="1954">Weitzman, 1954</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C88DFEF7FE72FEA8" author="Collette, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Symp. zool. Soc. Lond." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="225 - 268" part="39" refId="ref26130" refString="Collette, B. B. 1977. Epidermal breeding tubercles and bony contact organs in fishes. Symp. zool. Soc. Lond. (39): 225 - 268." title="Epidermal breeding tubercles and bony contact organs in fishes" type="journal article" year="1977">Collette, 1977</bibRefCitation>
), Serrasalminae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CFBDFEA5FC2BFEA8" author="Jegu, M. &amp; Santos, G. M. dos &amp; Ferreira, E." box="[700,1018,330,370]" journalOrPublisher="Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="49 - 62" part="22" refId="ref26585" refString="Jegu, M.; Santos, G. M. dos &amp; Ferreira, E. 1989. Une nouvelle espece du genre Mylesinus (Pisces, Serrasalmidae), M. paraschomburgkii, decrite des bassins du Trombetas et du Uatuma (Bresil, Amazonie). Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 22 (1): 49 - 62." title="Une nouvelle espece du genre Mylesinus (Pisces, Serrasalmidae), M. paraschomburgkii, decrite des bassins du Trombetas et du Uatuma (Bresil, Amazonie)" type="journal article" year="1989">Jégu et al., 1989:56</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008007FFF7C911FEA5FBBBFEA8" box="[1040,1130,330,370]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[343,446,1223,1274]" captionTargetBox="[376,2321,206,866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax macropinna showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 16382,43.5 mm SL). K" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813456/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
) and in several repre ­ sentatives of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF05FE92FD65FE79" box="[516,692,381,419]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
such as Cheirodontinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C94EFE92FA8BFE79" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[1103,1370,381,419]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C875FE92FD5AFE0D" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="4" part="112" refId="ref27580" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. 1999. A new genus and new species of South American fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a derived caudal fin, together with comments on internally inseminated Cheirodontines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 112 (2): 4 10 - 432." title="A new genus and new species of South American fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a derived caudal fin, together with comments on internally inseminated Cheirodontines" type="journal article" year="1999">Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 1999</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF9CFE5FFD20FE0D" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[669,753,432,471]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="315 - 326" part="11" refId="ref27528" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 11 (4): 315 - 326." title="Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
), Glandulocaudinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C947FE5FFA14FE0D" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V." box="[1094,1477,432,471]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 121" part="421" refId="ref28822" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V. 1985. Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes. Smithsonian Contr. Zoology, 421: 1 - 121." title="Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes" type="journal article" year="1985">Weitzman &amp; Fink, 1985</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CDF6FE0CFD09FDD0" author="Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." box="[247,728,483,522]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="380 - 426" part="103" refId="ref27898" refString="Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. 1990. Two new species of Mi m agoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudina e), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of Brazil and Paraguay. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 103 (2): 380 - 426." title="Two new species of Mi m agoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudina e), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of Brazil and Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1990">Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CFF3FE0CFBB8FDD0" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, M. J." box="[754,1129,483,522]" editor="Vanzolini, P &amp; Heyer, W. R." journalOrPublisher="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="379 - 427" refId="ref29173" refString="Weitzman, S. H.; Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, M. J. 1988. Phylogenetic Biogeog - raphy of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with com - ments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil. P. 379 - 427, in: Vanzolini, P &amp; Heyer, W. R. (eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical distribution patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ci e ncias, Rio de Janeiro." title="Phylogenetic Biogeog - raphy of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with com - ments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical distribution patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ci e ncias" year="1988">
Weitzman
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CEA4FE0CFC20FDD0" box="[933,1009,483,522]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">et al</emphasis>
., 1988
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C983FE0CFAEEFDD0" author="Gery, J." bookContentInfo="672 p." box="[1154,1343,483,522]" journalOrPublisher="TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" refId="ref26427" refString="--------. 1977. Characoids ofthe World. TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City. 672 p." title="Characoids ofthe World" type="book" year="1977">Géry, 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C859FE0CFE99FDE6" author="Nelson, K." journalOrPublisher="Univ. California Pub. Zoology" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="59 - 152" part="75" refId="ref28031" refString="Nelson, K. 1964. Behavior and morphology in the glandulocaudine fishes (Ostariophysi, Characidae). Univ. California Pub. Zoology, 75 (2): 59 - 152." title="Behavior and morphology in the glandulocaudine fishes (Ostariophysi, Characidae)" type="journal article" year="1964">Nelson, 1964</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CC6CFDF9FC43FDE6" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Thomerson, J. E." box="[365,914,534,572]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="139 - 156" part="38" refId="ref29269" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Thomerson, J. E. 1970. A new species of glandulocaudine characid fish, Hysteronotus myersi, from Peru. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 38 (8): 139 - 156." title="A new species of glandulocaudine characid fish, Hysteronotus myersi, from Peru" type="journal article" year="1970">Weitzman &amp; Thomerson, 1970</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CEBCFDF9FA6EFDE6" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A." box="[957,1471,534,572]" editor="Malabarba, L. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Edipucrs, Porto Alegre" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="171 - 192" refId="ref29008" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. 1998. Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P. 171 - 192, in: Malabarba, L.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre." title="Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes" year="1998">Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), Stethaprioninae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF0CFDA7FD12FDAA" author="Reis, R. E." box="[525,707,584,624]" journalOrPublisher="Zool." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="3 - 86" part="2" refId="ref28066" refString="Reis, R. E. 1989. Systematic revision of the Neotropical characid subfamily Stethaprioninae (Pisces, Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Ci e nc. PUCRS, S e r. Zool., 2 (6): 3 - 86." title="Systematic revision of the Neotropical characid subfamily Stethaprioninae (Pisces, Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Ci e nc. PUCRS, S e r" type="journal article" year="1989">Reis, 1989</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CFEBFDA7FC8DFDAA" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[746,860,584,624]" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CFEBFDA7FC8DFDAA" box="[746,860,584,624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Charax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related genera (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C9C2FDA7FE98FD78" authority=", Lucena, 1987" authorityName=", Lucena" authorityYear="1987" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C9C2FDA7FAEEFDAA" box="[1219,1343,584,624]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Charax,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C857FDA7FE98FD78" author="Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="5 - 124" part="40" refId="ref26702" refString="Lucena, C. A. S. 1987. Revisao e redefinicao do genero Neotropical Charax Scopoli, 1777 com a descricao de quatro especies novas (Pisces; Characiformes; Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, 40: 5 - 124." title="Revisao e redefinicao do genero Neotropical Charax Scopoli, 1777 com a descricao de quatro especies novas (Pisces; Characiformes; Characidae)" type="journal article" year="1987">Lucena, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CC5FFD94FBF5FD78" authority=", Malabarba &amp; Lucena, 1995" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Lucena" authorityYear="1995" box="[350,1060,635,674]" family="Characidae" genus="Phenacogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CC5FFD94FD82FD78" box="[350,595,635,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Phenacogaster,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF62FD94FBF5FD78" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S." box="[611,1060,635,674]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="337 - 344" part="6" refId="ref27416" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. 1995. Phenacogaster jancupa, new species, with comments on the relationships and a new diagnosis of the genus (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 6 (4): 337 - 344." title="Phenacogaster jancupa, new species, with comments on the relationships and a new diagnosis of the genus (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyol. Explor" type="journal article" year="1995">Malabarba &amp; Lucena, 1995</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C939FD94FE7CFD0F" authority=", Weitzman &amp; Vari, 1987" authorityName=", Weitzman &amp; Vari" authorityYear="1987" family="Characidae" genus="Priocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C939FD94FB25FD78" box="[1080,1268,635,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Priocharax,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C805FD94FE7CFD0F" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Vari, R. P." journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="640 - 652" part="100" refId="ref29315" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Vari, R. P. 1987. Two new species and a new genus of minia - ture characid fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes) from northern South America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 100 (3): 640 - 652." title="Two new species and a new genus of minia - ture characid fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes) from northern South America" type="journal article" year="1987">Weitzman &amp; Vari, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CCCBFD41FBD1FD0F" authority=", Lucena 2000 a, 2000 b" authorityName=", Lucena 2000 a" authorityYear="2000" box="[458,1024,686,725]" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CCCBFD41FDA7FD0F" box="[458,630,686,725]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Roeboides,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF91FD41FCADFD0F" author="Lucena, C. A. S." box="[656,892,686,725]" journalOrPublisher="Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. PUCRS, Se r. Zool." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="3 - 63" part="13" refId="ref26833" refString="---------. 2000 a. Revisao taxonomica e filogenia das especies transandinas do generoRoeboides Gunther (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. PUCRS, Se r. Zool., 13: 3 - 63." title="Revisao taxonomica e filogenia das especies transandinas do generoRoeboides Gunther (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes). Comun" type="journal article" year="2000">
Lucena 2000
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CE6AFD41FBD1FD0F" author="Lucena, C. A. S." box="[875,1024,686,725]" journalOrPublisher="Biociencias" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="153 - 162" part="8" refId="ref26878" refString="---------. 2000 b. Duas novas especies do genero Roeboides Gunther das bacias dos riosOrinoco eAmazonas (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae). Biociencias 8 (2): 153 - 162." title="Duas novas especies do genero Roeboides Gunther das bacias dos riosOrinoco eAmazonas (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae)" type="journal article" year="2000">a, 2000b</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), Aphyocharacinae
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C852FD41FEBAFCD2" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">
(
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C85EFD41FD23FCD2" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette, 1970" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
Aphyocharax,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CC78FD0FFD23FCD2" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." box="[377,754,736,776]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette, 1970</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE11FD0FFC2FFCD2" box="[784,1022,736,776]" pageId="7" pageNumber="147" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iguanodectinae">Iguanodectinae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C918FD0FFB22FCD2" author="Bohlke, J." box="[1049,1267,736,776]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="97 - 104" part="7" refId="ref25960" refString="---------. 1954. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 6. A synopsis of the Iguanodectinae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 12), 7: 97 - 104." title="Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 6. A synopsis of the Iguanodectinae" type="journal article" year="1954">Böhlke, 1954</bibRefCitation>
), Rhoadsiinae (pers. obs.), and several Tetragonopterinae and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CEF3FCFCFB1BFCE1" box="[1010,1226,787,827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">incertae sedis</emphasis>
characid genera (the literature cited is not exhaustive):
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE87FCA9FAF2FCB6" authority=", Garutti (1990)" authorityName=", Garutti" authorityYear="1990" box="[902,1315,838,876]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CE87FCA9FBC7FCB6" box="[902,1046,838,876]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Astyanax</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C935FCA9FAF2FCB6" author="Garutti, V." box="[1076,1315,838,876]" journalOrPublisher="Naturalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="109 - 119" part="15" refId="ref26328" refString="Garutti, V. 1990. Carater sexual secundario em Astyanax bimaculatus (Ostariophysi, Characidae) relacionado as nadadeiras anal e pelvicas. Naturalia, 15: 109 - 119." title="Carater sexual secundario em Astyanax bimaculatus (Ostariophysi, Characidae) relacionado as nadadeiras anal e pelvicas" type="journal article" year="1990">Garutti (1990)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C83AFCA9FD8EFC45" authority=", Vari &amp; Ortega (2000)" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C83AFCA9FA00FCB6" box="[1339,1489,838,876]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Attonitus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CDF7FC97FD8EFC45" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Ortega, H." box="[246,607,888,927]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="13 - 140" part="11" refId="ref28535" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Ortega, H. 2000. Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 11 (2): l 13 - 140." title="Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Vari &amp; Ortega (2000)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF7AFC97FBFDFC45" authority=", Bohlke (1952)" authorityName=", Bohlke" authorityYear="1952" box="[635,1068,888,927]" family="Characidae" genus="Aulixidens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CF7AFC97FCF8FC45" box="[635,809,888,927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Aulixidens,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CE3DFC97FBFDFC45" author="Bohlke, J." box="[828,1068,888,927]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="775 - 777" part="5" refId="ref25846" refString="Bohlke, J. 1952. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 1. A new genus of cheirodontine characids from the Canal de Casiquiare and adjacent waters in Venezuela and Northern Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 12), 5 (56): 775 - 777." title="Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 1. A new genus of cheirodontine characids from the Canal de Casiquiare and adjacent waters in Venezuela and Northern Brazil" type="journal article" year="1952">Böhlke (1952)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C942FC97FEB2FC08" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Bario" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C942FC97FB75FC45" box="[1091,1188,888,927]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Bario,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C9B9FC97FEB2FC08" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CC7EFC44FCD0FC08" authority=", Gery (1966)" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[383,769,939,978]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CC7EFC44FDC8FC08" box="[383,537,939,978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Boehlkea,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF31FC44FCD0FC08" author="Gery, J." box="[560,769,939,978]" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyol. Aquarium J." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="211 - 236" part="37" refId="ref26360" refString="Gery, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J., 37: 211 - 236." title="A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera" type="journal article" year="1966">Géry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE1DFC44FC27FC08" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1877" box="[796,1014,939,978]" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CE1DFC44FC27FC08" box="[796,1014,939,978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Bramocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C9E5FC44FD94FBDE" authority=", Jegu et al. (1991: 780" authorityName="Jegu" authorityYear="1991" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C9E5FC44FA01FC08" box="[1252,1488,939,978]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Bryconexodon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CDF7FC32FD94FBDE" author="Jegu, M. &amp; Santos, G. M. dos &amp; Ferreira, E." box="[246,581,989,1028]" journalOrPublisher="Joum. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="773 - 782" part="25" refId="ref26649" refString="Jegu, M.; Santos, G. M. dos &amp; Ferreira, E. 1991. Une nouvelle espece de Brycoexodon (Pisces: Characidae) decrite du bassin du Trombetas (Para, Bresil). Joum. Nat. Hist., 25: 773 - 782." title="Une nouvelle espece de Brycoexodon (Pisces: Characidae) decrite du bassin du Trombetas (Para, Bresil)" type="journal article" year="1991">Jégu et al. (1991:780</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008007FFF7CF5CFC32FD67FBDE" box="[605,694,989,1028]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[358,459,1291,1327]" captionTargetBox="[354,2311,281,952]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax alegretensis showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 11232,39.3 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813280/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CFDDFC32FA1AFBDE" authority=", Malabarba &amp; Weitzman (1999)" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1999" box="[732,1483,989,1028]" family="Characidae" genus="Brittanichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CFDDFC32FC13FBDE" box="[732,962,989,1028]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Brittanichthys,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CED0FC32FA1AFBDE" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." box="[977,1483,989,1028]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="4" part="112" refId="ref27580" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. 1999. A new genus and new species of South American fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a derived caudal fin, together with comments on internally inseminated Cheirodontines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 112 (2): 4 10 - 432." title="A new genus and new species of South American fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a derived caudal fin, together with comments on internally inseminated Cheirodontines" type="journal article" year="1999">Malabarba &amp; Weitzman (1999)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CDF6FBFFFEB6FBED" box="[247,359,1040,1079]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CDF6FBFFFEB6FBED" box="[247,359,1040,1079]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Flávio Lima, pers. comm, and unpublished M.Sc. thesis);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C88FFBFFFC15FBB0" authority=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel (1995)" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C88FFBFFFE19FBB0" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Bryconamericus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CCE0FBACFC15FBB0" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Kindel, A." box="[481,964,1091,1130]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="679 - 686" part="108" refId="ref27367" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Kindel, A. 1995. A new species of the genus Bryconamericus Eigenmann, 1907 from Southern Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 108 (4): 679 - 686." title="A new species of the genus Bryconamericus Eigenmann, 1907 from Southern Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae)" type="journal article" year="1995">Malabarba &amp; Kindel (1995)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CEE3FBACFE8FFB46" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CEE3FBACFB43FBB0" box="[994,1170,1091,1130]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Bryconops,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C9ADFBACFE8FFB46" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CC79FB9AFBD9FB46" authority=", Malabarba &amp; Vari (2000)" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[376,1032,1141,1180]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CC79FB9AFDB0FB46" box="[376,609,1141,1180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Caiapobrycon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF71FB9AFBD9FB46" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[624,1032,1141,1180]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="315 - 326" part="11" refId="ref27528" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 11 (4): 315 - 326." title="Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Malabarba &amp; Vari (2000)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C923FB9AFEB2FB15" authority=", Vari &amp; Harold (2001)" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C923FB9AFB0DFB46" box="[1058,1244,1141,1180]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Creagrutus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C9EBFB9AFEB2FB15" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zool." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 239" part="613" refId="ref28478" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 2001. Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contr. Zool., (613): 1 - 239." title="Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species" type="journal article" year="2001">Vari &amp; Harold (2001)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CC76FB47FD86FB15" authorityName="Fink" authorityYear="1976" box="[375,599,1192,1231]" family="Characidae" genus="Eretmobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CC76FB47FD86FB15" box="[375,599,1192,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Eretmobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE31FB47FC21FB15" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[816,1008,1192,1231]" family="Characidae" genus="Genycharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CE31FB47FC21FB15" box="[816,1008,1192,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Genycharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C9C6FB47FA03FB15" box="[1223,1490,1192,1231]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Gynmocorymbus</emphasis>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CCC3FB34FBE1FAD8" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[450,1072,1243,1282]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CCC3FB34FD5CFAD8" box="[450,653,1243,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Hemibrycon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF9EFB34FBE1FAD8" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." box="[671,1072,1243,1282]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C945FB34FE39FAEE" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Hemigrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C945FB34FAE7FAD8" box="[1092,1334,1243,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Hemigrammus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C849FB34FE39FAEE" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF05FAE3FD25FAEE" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1910" box="[516,756,1292,1332]" family="Characidae" genus="Hollandichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CF05FAE3FD25FAEE" box="[516,756,1292,1332]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Hollandichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CED1FAE3FE66FABD" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CED1FAE3FB31FAEE" box="[976,1248,1292,1332]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Hyphessobrycon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C9F3FAE3FE66FABD" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CCCAFAAFFC81FABD" authority=", Zanata (1997)" authorityName=", Zanata" authorityYear="1997" box="[459,848,1344,1383]" family="Characidae" genus="Jupiaba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CCCAFAAFFD84FABD" box="[459,597,1344,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Jupiaba,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CF69FAAFFC81FABD" author="Zanata, A. M." box="[616,848,1344,1383]" journalOrPublisher="Iheringia, Ser. Zool., Porto Alegre" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="99 - 136" part="83" refId="ref29451" refString="Zanata, A. M. 1997. Jupiaba, um novo ge nero de Tetragonopterinae com osso p e lvico em forma de espinho (Characidae, Characiformes). Iheringia, Ser. Zool., Porto Alegre (83): 99 - 136." title="Jupiaba, um novo ge nero de Tetragonopterinae com osso p e lvico em forma de espinho (Characidae, Characiformes)" type="journal article" year="1997">Zanata (1997)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE69FAAFFC31FABD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[872,992,1344,1383]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CE69FAAFFC31FABD" box="[872,992,1344,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Knodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C9C3FAAFFDC9FA40" authority=", M. Malabarba (1998)" authorityName=", M. Malabarba" authorityYear="1998" family="Triportheidae" genus="Lignobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C9C3FAAFFA45FABD" box="[1218,1428,1344,1383]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Lignobrycon,</emphasis>
M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CDF9FA9CFDC9FA40" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[248,536,1395,1434]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba (1998)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF2BFA9CFBBFFA40" authority=", Bohlke (1953)" authorityName=", Bohlke" authorityYear="1953" box="[554,1134,1395,1434]" family="Characidae" genus="Microschemobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CF2BFA9CFCA6FA40" box="[554,887,1395,1434]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Microschemobrycon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CE86FA9CFBBFFA40" author="Bohlke, J." box="[903,1134,1395,1434]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="84" part="6" refId="ref25907" refString="---------. 1953. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 4. A review of the genus Microschemobrycon with descriptions of two new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 12), 6 (71): 84 1 - 849." title="Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 4. A review of the genus Microschemobrycon with descriptions of two new species" type="journal article" year="1953">Böhlke (1953)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C980FA9CFA92FA40" author="Gery, J." box="[1153,1347,1395,1434]" journalOrPublisher="Stud. Neotr. Fauna" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="81 - 137" part="8" refId="ref26397" refString="---------. 1973. New and little-known Aphyoditeina (Pisces, Characoidei) from the Amazon basin. Stud. Neotr. Fauna, 8: 81 - 137." title="New and little-known Aphyoditeina (Pisces, Characoidei) from the Amazon basin" type="journal article" year="1973">Géry (1973)</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C85AFA9CFCCAFA17" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C85AFA9CFEB6FA17" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Moenkhausia,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CC7FFA4AFCCAFA17" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." box="[382,795,1445,1485]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE3AFA4AFA19FA17" authority=", Weitzman et al. (1986)" authorityName="Weitzman" authorityYear="1986" box="[827,1480,1445,1485]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CE3AFA4AFBFAFA17" box="[827,1067,1445,1485]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Nematocharax,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C940FA4AFA19FA17" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. &amp; Britski, H. A." box="[1089,1480,1445,1485]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="335 - 346" part="99" refId="ref29112" refString="Weitzman, S. H., Menezes, N. A. &amp; Britski, H. A. 1986. Nematocharax venustus, a new genus and species of fish from the Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Bra - zil. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 99 (2): 335 - 346." title="Nematocharax venustus, a new genus and species of fish from the Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Bra - zil" type="journal article" year="1986">Weitzman et al. (1986)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CDF9FA37FE24F9DA" authorityName="Gomes" authorityYear="1947" box="[248,501,1496,1536]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CDF9FA37FE24F9DA" box="[248,501,1496,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Odontostoechus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CFFAFA37FA5AF9DA" authority=", Wiley &amp; Collette (1970" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[763,1419,1496,1536]" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CFFAFA37FC13F9DA" box="[763,962,1496,1536]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Oligosarcus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CEE3FA37FA5AF9DA" author="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B." box="[994,1419,1496,1536]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="145 - 216" part="143" refId="ref29401" refString="Wiley M. L. &amp; Collette, B. B. 1970. Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 143 (3): 145 - 216." title="Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance" type="journal article" year="1970">Wiley &amp; Collette (1970</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; as
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CDF7F9E3FD1BF9E9" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1940" box="[246,714,1548,1587]" family="Characidae" genus="Acestrorhamphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bolivianus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CDF7F9E3FD1BF9E9" box="[246,714,1548,1587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Acestrorhamphus bolivianus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CFFDF9E3FA19F9E9" authority=", Weitzman &amp; Fink (1983)" authorityName=", Weitzman &amp; Fink" authorityYear="1983" box="[764,1480,1548,1587]" family="Characidae" genus="Paracheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CFFDF9E3FC22F9E9" box="[764,1011,1548,1587]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Paracheirodon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C90FF9E3FA19F9E9" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, W. L." box="[1038,1480,1548,1587]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool." pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="339 - 395" part="150" refId="ref28760" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, W. L. 1983. Relationships of the neon tetras, a group of South American freshwater fishes (Teleostei: Characidae), with comments on the phylogeny of New World characiforms. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 150 (6): 339 - 395." title="Relationships of the neon tetras, a group of South American freshwater fishes (Teleostei: Characidae), with comments on the phylogeny of New World characiforms" type="journal article" year="1983">Weitzman &amp; Fink (1983)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CDF6F9D1FEA8F9BC" box="[247,377,1598,1638]" family="Characidae" genus="Petitella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CDF6F9D1FEA8F9BC" box="[247,377,1598,1638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Petitella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF4EF9D1FCD5F9BC" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1928" box="[591,772,1598,1638]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CF4EF9D1FCD5F9BC" box="[591,772,1598,1638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Piabarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CED9F9D1FA16F9BC" authority=", Van &amp; Harold (2001)" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[984,1479,1598,1638]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CED9F9D1FB8AF9BC" box="[984,1115,1598,1638]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Piabina,</emphasis>
Van &amp; Harold (2001)
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CDF9F980FE1DF94D" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1913" box="[248,460,1647,1687]" family="Characidae" genus="Prionobrama" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CDF9F980FE1DF94D" box="[248,460,1647,1687]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Prionobrama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CFA2F980FAF1F94D" authority=", Weitzman &amp; Cruz (1981)" authorityName="Weitzman &amp; Cruz" authorityYear="1981" box="[675,1312,1647,1687]" family="Characidae" genus="Rachoviscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CFA2F980FCA1F94D" box="[675,880,1647,1687]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Rachoviscus,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CE81F980FAF1F94D" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Cruz, C. A." box="[896,1312,1647,1687]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="997 - 1015" part="93" refId="ref28705" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Cruz, C. A. G da. 1981. The South American fish genus Rachoviscus, with a description of a new species (Teleostei, Characidae). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 93 (4): 997 - 1015." title="The South American fish genus Rachoviscus, with a description of a new species (Teleostei, Characidae)" type="journal article" year="1981">Weitzman &amp; Cruz (1981)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C834F980FEFFF913" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7C834F980FEFFF913" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Rhinobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF05F94DFD17F913" box="[516,710,1698,1737]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinopetitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CF05F94DFD17F913" box="[516,710,1698,1737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Rhinopetitia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.);
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE98F94DFE87F926" authority=", Morais-Filho &amp; Schubart (1955" authorityName=", Morais-Filho &amp; Schubart" authorityYear="1955" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CE98F94DFBFBF913" box="[921,1066,1698,1737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Salminus</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7C940F94DFE87F926" author="Morais-Filho, M. B. &amp; Schubart, O." bookContentInfo="131 p." journalOrPublisher="S a o Paulo, Minist e rio da Agricultura, Divis a o de Ca c a e Pesca" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" refId="ref27962" refString="Morais-Filho, M. B. &amp; Schubart, O. 1955. Contribui ca o ao e studo do dourado (Sa lm inus m axillosus Va l.) do Rio Mogi Guassu (Pisces, Characidae). S a o Paulo, Minist e rio da Agricultura, Divis a o de Ca c a e Pesca. 131 p., 13 pls." title="Contribui ca o ao e studo do dourado (Sa lm inus m axillosus Va l.) do Rio Mogi Guassu (Pisces, Characidae)" type="book" year="1955">Morais-Filho &amp; Schubart (1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs. 2-3),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF0FF93AFC4FF926" authority=", Gery (1973)" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1973" box="[526,926,1749,1788]" family="Characidae" genus="Tyttobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978007FFF7CF0FF93AFD00F926" box="[526,721,1749,1788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">Tyttobrycon,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748007FFF7CFDCF93AFC4FF926" author="Gery, J." box="[733,926,1749,1788]" journalOrPublisher="Stud. Neotr. Fauna" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" pagination="81 - 137" part="8" refId="ref26397" refString="---------. 1973. New and little-known Aphyoditeina (Pisces, Characoidei) from the Amazon basin. Stud. Neotr. Fauna, 8: 81 - 137." title="New and little-known Aphyoditeina (Pisces, Characoidei) from the Amazon basin" type="journal article" year="1973">Géry (1973)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858007FFF8CC42F8E9FACEFCD4" blockId="7.[245,1497,280,2238]" lastBlockId="8.[227,1478,287,782]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="7" pageNumber="74">
Although the fin-ray hooks, almost always secondary sexual characters of males, may greatly differ in shape, position and possibly function among the species of these groups, they are always observed to be a bony spiny process developed on the surface of individual segments of lepidotrichia. We hypothesize that these hooks represent an expression of a gene or genes absent in other American or African characiforms, namely the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C97EF7EEFA5AF7F2" box="[1151,1419,2049,2088]" family="Distichodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Distichodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C8A2F7EEFE48F780" family="Citharinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Citharinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CCABF7DCFDADF780" box="[426,636,2099,2138]" family="Parodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Parodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF8FF7DCFC81F780" box="[654,848,2099,2138]" family="Curimatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Curimatidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE67F7DCFBA1F780" box="[870,1136,2099,2138]" family="Prochilodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Prochilodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C986F7DCFA8CF780" box="[1159,1373,2099,2138]" family="Anostomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anostomidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C86EF7DCFEAEF756" authorityName="Wenz" authorityYear="1938" family="Chilodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Chilodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CC9CF78AFDB6F756" box="[413,615,2149,2188]" family="Crenuchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Crenuchidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF85F78AFCAAF756" box="[644,891,2149,2188]" family="Hemiodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hemiodontidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CE94F78AFBF9F756" box="[917,1064,2149,2188]" family="Alestidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Alestidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C946F78AFAA1F756" box="[1095,1392,2149,2188]" family="Acestrorhynchidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Acestrorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7C890F78AFE56F764" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CC9DF778FDB6F764" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[412,615,2199,2238]" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lebiasinidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CF7AF778FC85F764" box="[635,852,2199,2238]" family="Ctenoluciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenoluciidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068007FFF7CEA8F778FB87F764" box="[937,1110,2199,2238]" family="Hepsetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="74" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hepsetidae</taxonomicName>
. Fin-ray hooks are also absent in siluriforms and cypriniforms, suggesting that the presence of fin hooks is a derived character synapomorphic for certain subgroups of characiforms (
<figureCitation id="13122A008008FFF8CC5BFE6BFE68FE76" box="[346,441,388,428]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" captionTargetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M. Malabarba (1998); B - Malabarba (1998); C - Lucena (1998); D - Reis (1989) and E - Vari (1977). Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all Aphyocharax species; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under “Cyanocharax relationships&quot;)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
), consisting of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CFECFE6BFC2CFE76" box="[749,1021,388,428]" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
and a large part of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8C878FE6BFE89FE05" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
. Outside of these groups, hooks were found only in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8C9ACFE58FA8EFE05" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1907" box="[1197,1375,439,479]" family="Acestrorhynchidae" genus="Gilbertolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8C9ACFE58FA8EFE05" box="[1197,1375,439,479]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Gilbertolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(pers. obs.) and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CC90FE05FDD9FDCB" box="[401,520,490,529]" family="Acestrorhynchidae" genus="Roestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8CC90FE05FDD9FDCB" box="[401,520,490,529]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Roestes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lucena, pers. com.) of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8C9B2FE05FA9CFDCB" box="[1203,1357,490,529]" family="Cynodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Roestinae">Roestinae</taxonomicName>
of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CDE2FDF4FE17FD9E" authorityName="MacDonald" authorityYear="1860" box="[227,454,539,580]" family="Cynodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cynodontidae</taxonomicName>
, but are absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CFFBFDF4FC56FD9E" authorityName="Spix" authorityYear="1829" box="[762,903,539,580]" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8CFFBFDF4FC56FD9E" box="[762,903,539,580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Cynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CEA3FDF4FBB0FD9E" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1829" box="[930,1121,539,580]" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Rhaphiodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8CEA3FDF4FBB0FD9E" box="[930,1121,539,580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Rhaphiodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8C9BBFDF4FAA1FD9E" box="[1210,1392,539,580]" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Hydrolycus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8C9BBFDF4FAA1FD9E" box="[1210,1392,539,580]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Hydrolycus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Toledo-Piza, pers. com.) of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CE70FDA1FB82FDAC" box="[881,1107,590,630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cynodontinae">Cynodontinae</taxonomicName>
. Based on the uniqueness of this character among ostariophysans and the apparent homology be - tween the fin hooks in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CF59FD5BFD22FD01" box="[600,755,692,731]" family="Cynodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Roestinae">Roestinae</taxonomicName>
and the groups listed above, we suggest that a re-analysis of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CCE1FD08FDA9FCD4" box="[480,632,743,782]" family="Cynodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Roestinae">Roestinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CFC9FD08FC74FCD4" box="[712,933,743,782]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cynodontinae">Cynodontinae</taxonomicName>
relationships is needed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D8008FFF8CDE7F95BFE47F76A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" startId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" targetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636858008FFF8CDE7F95BFE47F76A" blockId="8.[227,1482,1716,2224]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8CDE7F95BFEAAF902" bold="true" box="[230,379,1716,1752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748008FFF8C9A5F8FCFA6AF8EC" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[1188,1467,1811,1846]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba (1998)</bibRefCitation>
; B -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748008FFF8CC29F8ADFDEBF8BF" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[296,570,1858,1893]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba (1998)</bibRefCitation>
; C -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748008FFF8CF92F8ADFCA0F8BF" author="Lucena, C. A. S." box="[659,881,1858,1893]" journalOrPublisher="Zool." pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="19 - 59" part="11" refId="ref26789" refString="---------. 1998. Relacoes filogeneticas e definicao do genero Roeboides, Gunther (Ostariophysi; Characiformes; Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. - PUCRS. Se r. Zool., 11: 19 - 59." title="Relacoes filogeneticas e definicao do genero Roeboides, Gunther (Ostariophysi; Characiformes; Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. - PUCRS. Se r" type="journal article" year="1998">Lucena (1998)</bibRefCitation>
; D -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748008FFF8CECDF8ADFBA8F8BF" author="Reis, R. E." box="[972,1145,1858,1893]" journalOrPublisher="Zool." pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="3 - 86" part="2" refId="ref28066" refString="Reis, R. E. 1989. Systematic revision of the Neotropical characid subfamily Stethaprioninae (Pisces, Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Ci e nc. PUCRS, S e r. Zool., 2 (6): 3 - 86." title="Systematic revision of the Neotropical characid subfamily Stethaprioninae (Pisces, Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Ci e nc. PUCRS, S e r" type="journal article" year="1989">Reis (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and E -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748008FFF8C80AF8ADFA6DF8BF" author="Vari, R. P." box="[1291,1468,1858,1893]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 6" part="2612" refId="ref28307" refString="Vari, R. P. 1977. Notes on the characoid subfamily Iguanodectinae, with a description of a new species. Am. Mus. Novitates, 2612: 1 - 6." title="Notes on the characoid subfamily Iguanodectinae, with a description of a new species" type="journal article" year="1977">Vari (1977)</bibRefCitation>
. Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8CC11F83FFD82F82E" box="[272,595,2000,2036]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8CC11F83FFE0BF82E" box="[272,474,2000,2036]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Aphyocharax</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8C982F7B0FAB2F758" bold="true" box="[1155,1379,2143,2178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068008FFF8C994F7B0FAB2F758" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1173,1379,2143,2178]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978008FFF8C994F7B0FAB2F758" bold="true" box="[1173,1379,2143,2178]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="75">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
relationships&quot;).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636858009FFF9CC49FEF2FA01FC57" blockId="9.[248,1503,285,1969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Among the remaining so-called characid fishes, the presence of hooks on the fins is to date unknown in the Agoniatinae, and the following genera:
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CCD4FE68FCF1FE75" box="[469,800,391,431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CCD4FE68FCCDFE75" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1960" box="[469,796,391,431]" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocharacidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphyocharacidium</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE37FE68FC39FE75" box="[822,1000,391,431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE37FE68FC33FE75" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[822,994,391,431]" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyodite" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphyodite</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C903FE68FB3AFE75" box="[1026,1259,391,431]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C903FE68FB36FE75" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1907" box="[1026,1255,391,431]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Astyanacinus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C800FE68FE71FE3E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C800FE68FA03FE75" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" box="[1281,1490,391,431]" family="Characidae" genus="Atopomesus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Atopomesus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CDFAFE52FE71FE3E" box="[251,416,445,484]" family="Characidae" genus="Axelrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Axelrodia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CCBEFE52FD13FE3E" box="[447,706,445,484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CCBEFE52FD6BFE3E" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[447,698,445,484]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconacidnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconacidnus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFD9FE52FC45FE3E" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1965" box="[728,916,445,484]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CFD9FE52FC45FE3E" box="[728,916,445,484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Bryconella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEB1FE52FB68FE3E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[944,1209,445,484]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEB1FE52FB68FE3E" box="[944,1209,445,484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Ceratobranchia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C9D9FE52FAADFE3E" box="[1240,1404,445,484]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C9D9FE52FAA9FE3E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1818" box="[1240,1400,445,484]" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Chalceus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C890FE52FE67FDC1" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C890FE52FE62FDC1" authorityName="Pearson, and Engraulissoma Castro" authorityYear="1924" family="Triportheidae" genus="Clupeacharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Clupeacharax</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CCCBFE1DFD7AFDC1" box="[458,683,498,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CCCBFE1DFD76FDC1" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1966" box="[458,679,498,539]" family="Characidae" genus="Coptobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coptobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CFC1FE1DFC5EFDC1" box="[704,911,498,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFC1FE1DFC56FDC1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1907" box="[704,903,498,539]" family="Characidae" genus="Deuterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deuterodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEA4FE1DFB4AFDC1" box="[933,1179,498,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEA4FE1DFB43FDC1" authorityName="Castro" authorityYear="1981" box="[933,1170,498,539]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Engraulisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Engraulisoma</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C9AEFE1DFAE5FDC1" box="[1199,1332,498,539]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C9AEFE1DFAE0FDC1" authorityName="Müller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[1199,1329,498,539]" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Exodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C84AFE1DFEE3FD94" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C84AFE1DFEFAFD94" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" family="Characidae" genus="Grundulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Grundulus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CC46FDC8FD53FD94" box="[327,642,551,590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CC46FDC8FDABFD94" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1903" box="[327,634,551,590]" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocharacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnocharacinus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CF97FDC8FC48FD94" box="[662,921,551,590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CF97FDC8FC41FD94" authorityName="Fernández-Yépez" authorityYear="1950" box="[662,912,551,590]" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnotichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotichthys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEADFDC8FBA3FD94" box="[940,1138,551,590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEADFDC8FBB8FD94" box="[940,1129,551,590]" family="Characidae" genus="Hasemania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hasemania</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C987FDC8FAA3FD94" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1887" box="[1158,1394,551,590]" family="Characidae" genus="Leptagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C987FDC8FAA3FD94" box="[1158,1394,551,590]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Leptagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C88FFDC8FD1AFD5E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C88FFDC8FD13FD5E" authority=", Lobodeuterodon" authorityName="Lobodeuterodon" family="Characidae" genus="Leptobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptobrycon, Lobodeuterodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CFE0FDB2FC5CFD5E" box="[737,909,605,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFE0FDB2FC55FD5E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1903" box="[737,900,605,644]" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Markiana</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEA3FDB2FBBEFD5E" box="[930,1135,605,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEA3FDB2FBB6FD5E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[930,1127,605,644]" family="Characidae" genus="Microgenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microgenys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C984FDB2FA87FD5E" box="[1157,1366,605,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C984FDB2FA80FD5E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" box="[1157,1361,605,644]" family="Characidae" genus="Mixobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mixobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C86AFDB2FE14FD63" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C86AFDB2FE14FD63" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Monotocheirodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CCEFFD7DFD36FD63" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[494,743,658,697]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CCEFFD7DFD36FD63" box="[494,743,658,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Nematobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE0AFD7DFC36FD63" box="[779,999,658,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE0AFD7DFC0FFD63" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" box="[779,990,658,697]" family="Characidae" genus="Oligobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oligobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C906FD7DFAF8FD63" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" box="[1031,1321,658,697]" family="Characidae" genus="Othonocheirodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C906FD7DFAF8FD63" box="[1031,1321,658,697]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Othonocheirodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C850FD7DFEEFFD34" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C850FD7DFEE4FD34" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1964" family="Characidae" genus="Oxybrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oxybrycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CC55FD29FDE8FD34" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1876" box="[340,569,710,750]" family="Characidae" genus="Paragoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CC55FD29FDE8FD34" box="[340,569,710,750]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Paragoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CF55FD29FCEAFD34" box="[596,827,710,750]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CF55FD29FCE3FD34" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1964" box="[596,818,710,750]" family="Characidae" genus="Parapristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Parapristella</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE50FD29FBDAFD34" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[849,1035,710,750]" family="Characidae" genus="Parecbasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE50FD29FBDAFD34" box="[849,1035,710,750]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Parecbasis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C929FD29FAF9FD34" box="[1064,1320,710,750]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C929FD29FAF1FD34" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Wilson" authorityYear="1914" box="[1064,1312,710,750]" family="Characidae" genus="Phenagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phenagoniates</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C83EFD29FE11FCF9" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C83EFD29FA1FFD34" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[1343,1486,710,750]" family="Characidae" genus="Pristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CDFAFD13FE11FCF9" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[251,448,764,803]" family="Characidae" genus="Probolodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probolodus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CCE4FD13FD7BFCF9" box="[485,682,764,803]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CCE4FD13FD73FCF9" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[485,674,764,803]" family="Characidae" genus="Psalidodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Psalidodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFC9FD13FC00FCF9" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[712,977,764,803]" family="Characidae" genus="Psellogrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CFC9FD13FC00FCF9" box="[712,977,764,803]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Psellogrammus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEF2FD13FAD6FCF9" box="[1011,1287,764,803]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEF2FD13FAD0FCF9" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[1011,1281,764,803]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudochalceus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C827FD13FE91FC82" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C827FD13FEE6FC82" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1959" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Roeboexodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CC54FCDEFDC0FC82" box="[341,529,817,856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CC54FCDEFDDCFC82" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1964" box="[341,525,817,856]" family="Characidae" genus="Schultzites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Schultzites</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CF24FCDEFD74FC82" box="[549,677,817,856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CF24FCDEFD4EFC82" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1864" box="[549,671,817,856]" family="Characidae" genus="Scissor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scissor</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CFBBFCDEFC42FC82" box="[698,915,817,856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFBBFCDEFC5BFC82" authorityName="Vari" authorityYear="1986" box="[698,906,817,856]" family="Characidae" genus="Serrabrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Serrabrycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEA9FCDEFB50FC82" box="[936,1153,817,856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEA9FCDEFBA9FC82" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1903" box="[936,1144,817,856]" family="Characidae" genus="Stichonodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stichonodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C994FCDEFA8DFC82" box="[1173,1372,817,856]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C994FCDEFA84FC82" authorityName="Brittan &amp; Böhlke" authorityYear="1965" box="[1173,1365,817,856]" family="Characidae" genus="Stygichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stygichthys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C874FCDEFE6DFC57" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C874FCDEFE6DFC57" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Tetragonopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CCD7FC89FDB9FC57" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[470,616,870,909]" family="Characidae" genus="Thayeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CCD7FC89FDB9FC57" box="[470,616,870,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Thayeria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CF84FC89FCA3FC57" authorityName="Böhlke" authorityYear="1953" box="[645,882,870,909]" family="Characidae" genus="Thrissobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CF84FC89FCA3FC57" box="[645,882,870,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Thrissobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE91FC89FB58FC57" box="[912,1161,870,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE91FC89FB54FC57" authorityName="Géry &amp; Römer" authorityYear="1997" box="[912,1157,870,909]" family="Characidae" genus="Tucanoichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tucanoichthys</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C9E1FC89FA01FC57" box="[1248,1488,870,909]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C9E1FC89FA17FC57" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1942" box="[1248,1478,870,909]" family="Characidae" genus="Xenagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Xenagoniates</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858009FFF9CC49FC75FA41FAB1" blockId="9.[248,1503,285,1969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Since hooks are usually sexually dimorphic features and in most species are observed only in mature males, we reserve judgment about the lack of hooks in the genera listed above, most of which are represented by a few lots in collections and in which positive identification of the presence of sexually mature males is lacking. However, hooks were consistently reported as absent in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE60FB4BFB5AFB17" authorityName="Gery &amp; Junk" authorityYear="1977" box="[865,1163,1188,1229]" family="Characidae" genus="Inpaichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kerri">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE60FB4BFB5AFB17" box="[865,1163,1188,1229]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Inpaichthys kerri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748009FFF9C9E8FB4BFE87FADB" author="Gery, J. &amp; Junk, W. J." journalOrPublisher="Acta Amazonica" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="17 - 422" part="7" refId="ref26445" refString="Gery, J. &amp; Junk, W. J. 1977. Inpaichthys kerri n. g. n. sp., um novo peixe caracideo do alto rio Aripuana, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 7 (3): 4 17 - 422." title="Inpaichthys kerri n. g. n. sp., um novo peixe caracideo do alto rio Aripuana, Mato Grosso, Brasil" type="journal article" year="1977">Géry &amp; Junk, 1977</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CC7BFB36FD2BFADB" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" box="[378,762,1241,1281]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maromba">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CC7BFB36FD2BFADB" box="[378,762,1241,1281]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Hypobrycon maromba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE5DFB36FB52FADB" authorityName="da Silva &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1996" box="[860,1155,1241,1281]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leptorhynchus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE5DFB36FB52FADB" box="[860,1155,1241,1281]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">H. leptorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748009FFF9C9DEFB36FE1AFAEC" author="Silva, J. P. da &amp; Malabarba, L. R." journalOrPublisher="Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, Ser. Zool." pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="45 - 53" part="9" refId="ref28212" refString="Silva, J. P. da &amp; Malabarba, L. R. 1996. Description of a new species of Hypobrycon from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, Ser. Zool., 9: 45 - 53." title="Description of a new species of Hypobrycon from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Comun" type="journal article" year="1996">Silva &amp; Malabarba, 1996</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CF36FAE0FBADFAEC" authority="(M. Malabarba, 1998)" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[567,1148,1295,1334]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CF36FAE0FD28FAEC" box="[567,761,1295,1334]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Triportheus</emphasis>
(M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748009FFF9CE52FAE0FBA7FAEC" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[851,1142,1295,1334]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. We have examined mature males of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CF1AFAABFD2DFAB1" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1972" box="[539,764,1348,1387]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlastyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CF1AFAABFD2DFAB1" box="[539,764,1348,1387]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Carlastyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with enlarged fin rays that lack hooks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858009FFF9CC49FA96FAE6F8C9" blockId="9.[248,1503,285,1969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
Among these genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFD8FA96FC4DFA7B" authorityName="Géry &amp; Junk" authorityYear="1977" box="[729,924,1401,1441]" family="Characidae" genus="Inpaichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CFD8FA96FC4DFA7B" box="[729,924,1401,1441]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Inpaichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEC1FA96FB70FA7B" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1972" box="[960,1185,1401,1441]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlastyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEC1FA96FB70FA7B" box="[960,1185,1401,1441]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Carlastyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C80AFA96FA09FA7B" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" box="[1291,1496,1401,1441]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C80AFA96FA09FA7B" box="[1291,1496,1401,1441]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Hypobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lack a supraorbital bone (see character 2), and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C9ABFA40FA5AFA0C" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1972" box="[1194,1419,1455,1494]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlastyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C9ABFA40FA5AFA0C" box="[1194,1419,1455,1494]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Carlastyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CDFDFA0CFE1BF9D1" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" box="[252,458,1507,1547]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CDFDFA0CFE1BF9D1" box="[252,458,1507,1547]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Hypobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have dorsal-fin rays reduced to two unbranched plus eight branched elements (see character 3) suggesting that the lack of fin hooks on these genera is probably a reversal.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEE8F9A0FB7AF9AC" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1001,1195,1615,1654]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CEE8F9A0FB7AF9AC" box="[1001,1195,1615,1654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been hypothesized as closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE0AF96DFC31F970" authorityName=", M. Malabarba" authorityYear="1998" box="[779,992,1666,1706]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Lignobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE0AF96DFC31F970" box="[779,992,1666,1706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Lignobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C942F96DFEB2F904" authority="(M. Malabarba, 1998)" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9C942F96DFB69F970" box="[1091,1208,1666,1706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Brycon</emphasis>
(M.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748009FFF9C81CF96DFE86F904" author="Malabarba, L. R." editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and since both of these genera have bony hooks, it is suggested that the absence ofbony hooks in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CE44F903FBD8F8C9" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[837,1033,1772,1811]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CE44F903FBD8F8C9" box="[837,1033,1772,1811]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also a reversal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858009FFF9CC48F8CFFE73F86B" blockId="9.[248,1503,285,1969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CC48F8CFFDFAF892" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[329,555,1824,1864]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CC48F8CFFDFAF892" box="[329,555,1824,1864]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have pelvic- and anal-fin hooks (
<figureCitation id="13122A008009FFF9C825F8CFFA6FF892" box="[1316,1470,1824,1864]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 4" captionStart-2="Figure 5" captionStart-3="Figure 6" captionStart-4="Figure 7" captionStart-5="Figure 8" captionStartId-0="10.[212,315,1644,1679]" captionStartId-1="11.[257,359,1150,1186]" captionStartId-2="11.[259,360,2172,2207]" captionStartId-3="12.[361,462,1248,1287]" captionStartId-4="13.[358,459,1291,1327]" captionStartId-5="14.[343,446,1223,1274]" captionTargetBox-0="[212,1444,947,1566]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1473,277,1096]" captionTargetBox-2="[264,1504,1280,2122]" captionTargetBox-3="[404,2320,265,1034]" captionTargetBox-4="[354,2311,281,952]" captionTargetBox-5="[376,2321,206,866]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="11" captionTargetPageId-3="12" captionTargetPageId-4="13" captionTargetPageId-5="14" captionText-0="Figure 3. Ventral view of the left pelvic fin of a male of Cyanocharax dicropotamicus showing the distribution of the pelvic-fin hooks (MCP 19510, 41.9 mm SL)." captionText-1="Figure 4. Ventral view of the left pelvic fin of a male of Cyanocharax alegretensis showing the distribution of the pelvic-fin hooks (MCP 11232, 39.7 mm SL)." captionText-2="Figure 5. Ventral view of the left pelvic fin of a male of Cyanocharax macropinna showing the distribution of the pelvic-fin hooks (MCP 16382, 46.4 mm SL)." captionText-3="Figure 6. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax dicropotamicus showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 19510,41.9 mm SL)." captionText-4="Figure 7. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax alegretensis showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 11232,39.3 mm SL)." captionText-5="Figure 8. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax macropinna showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 16382,43.5 mm SL). K" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813273" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813275" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813278" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882176" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813280" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813456" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/10813273/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/10813275/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/10813278/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/10882176/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/10813280/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/10813456/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">Figs. 3 -8</figureCitation>
), suggesting they belong to a clade of South American characiforms with fin hooks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858009FFFACDFFF838FD4CFCF8" blockId="9.[252,1498,2007,2255]" lastBlockId="10.[209,1458,283,802]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978009FFF9CDFFF838FCC3F827" bold="true" box="[254,786,2007,2045]" pageId="9" pageNumber="76">2) Absence of a supraorbital.</emphasis>
Among
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CEB1F838FB7AF827" box="[944,1195,2007,2045]" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Characiformes</taxonomicName>
, the absence of a supraorbital is found only in the clade formed by
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C972F7E4FA92F7E8" box="[1139,1347,2059,2098]" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C8A5F7E4FCE4F7BC" authority="(Weitzman, 1964: 141)" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman" baseAuthorityPageNumber="141" baseAuthorityYear="1964" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
Lebiasinidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748009FFF9CCC7F7AFFCFDF7BC" author="Weitzman, S. H." box="[454,812,2112,2150]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus." pageId="9" pageNumber="76" pagination="127 - 156" part="116" refId="ref28661" refString="---------. 1964. Osteology and relationships of South American characid fishes of subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae with special reference to subtribe Nannostomina. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 116 (3499): 127 - 156." title="Osteology and relationships of South American characid fishes of subfamilies Lebiasininae and Erythrininae with special reference to subtribe Nannostomina" type="journal article" year="1964">Weitzman, 1964:141</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and in the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9C904F7AFFB13F7BC" box="[1029,1218,2112,2150]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="76" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
members of the Aphyocharacinae, Characinae, Cheirodontinae, Glandulocaudinae, Paragoniatinae, Rhoadsiinae,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068009FFF9CFCEF746FC0CF715" box="[719,989,2217,2255]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stethaprioninae">Stethaprioninae</taxonomicName>
, and Tetragonopterinae, as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B74800AFFFACC9BFEF4FDA0FE99" author="Gery, J." bookContentInfo="672 p." box="[410,625,283,323]" journalOrPublisher="TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" refId="ref26427" refString="--------. 1977. Characoids ofthe World. TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City. 672 p." title="Characoids ofthe World" type="book" year="1977">Géry (1977)</bibRefCitation>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACF8BFEF4FCBDFE99" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[650,876,283,323]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800AFFFACF8BFEF4FCBDFE99" box="[650,876,283,323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also lacks a supraorbital bone, a reductive character that may possibly group it with the subfamilies listed above (
<figureCitation id="13122A00800AFFFACC57FE6AFE68FE76" box="[342,441,389,428]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" captionTargetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M. Malabarba (1998); B - Malabarba (1998); C - Lucena (1998); D - Reis (1989) and E - Vari (1977). Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all Aphyocharax species; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under “Cyanocharax relationships&quot;)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) in a monophyletic
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACE26FE6AFC32FE76" box="[807,995,389,428]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B74800AFFFAC907FE6AFEF3FE38" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Malabarba, L. R." editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" pagination="161 - 170" refId="ref28915" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Perspectives about the phylogeny and classification of the Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). P. 161 - 170, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Perspectives about the phylogeny and classification of the Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Weitzman &amp; Malabarba, 1998</bibRefCitation>
; note that we failed to cite the presence of a supraorbital in Agoniatinae that paper). The lack of supraorbital in the clade
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFAC997FE1FFAB7FDCD" box="[1174,1382,496,535]" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACDD2FDC9FE79FD96" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[211,424,550,588]" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lebiasinidae</taxonomicName>
is clearly homoplastic with respect to the absence of that bone in the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACCA0FDB5FD53FD5B" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[417,642,602,641]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800AFFFACCA0FDB5FD53FD5B" box="[417,642,602,641]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other groups listed for the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFAC9E8FDB5FA77FD5B" box="[1257,1446,602,641]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
, according to the hypotheses of relationships relating the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFAC9DEFD7FFA63FD6D" box="[1247,1458,656,695]" family="Erythrinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Erythrinidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACC1CFD2AFE22FD36" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[285,499,709,748]" family="Lebiasinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lebiasinidae</taxonomicName>
to the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACF73FD2AFC8BFD36" box="[626,858,709,748]" family="Ctenoluciidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ctenoluciidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFACEB6FD2AFBA1FD36" box="[951,1136,709,748]" family="Hepsetidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Hepsetidae</taxonomicName>
presented by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B74800AFFFAC868FD2AFE90FCF8" author="Vari, R. P." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zool." pageId="10" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 97" part="564" refId="ref28342" refString="---------. 1995. The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study. Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 564: 1 - 97." title="The Neotropical fish family Ctenoluciidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes): supra and intrafamilial phylogenetic relationships, with a revisionary study" type="journal article" year="1995">Vari (1995)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B74800AFFFACC99FD14FD42FCF8" author="Buckup, P. A." box="[408,659,763,802]" editor="Malabarba, L. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" pagination="123 - 144" refId="ref26002" refString="Buckup, P. A. 1998. Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). P. 123 - 144, in: Malabarba, L.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Relationships of the Characidiinae and phylogeny of characiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Buckup (1998)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D800AFFFACDD5F983FEC1F935" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813273/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" startId="10.[212,315,1644,1679]" targetBox="[212,1444,947,1566]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B963685800AFFFACDD5F983FEC1F935" blockId="10.[209,1458,1644,1775]" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800AFFFACDD5F983FEB2F955" bold="true" box="[212,355,1644,1679]" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the left pelvic fin of a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800AFFFAC95DF983FE97F965" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800AFFFAC95DF983FE97F965" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="77">Cyanocharax dicropotamicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing the distribution of the pelvic-fin hooks (MCP 19510, 41.9 mm SL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF56660D800BFFFBCC00FB91FAA0FB15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813275" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813275" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813275/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" startId="11.[257,359,1150,1186]" targetBox="[264,1473,277,1096]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B963685800BFFFBCC00FB91FAA0FB15" blockId="11.[256,1500,1150,1231]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800BFFFBCC00FB91FE5AFB78" bold="true" box="[257,395,1150,1186]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the left pelvic fin of a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800BFFFBC956FB91FA0DFB78" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1111,1500,1150,1186]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800BFFFBC956FB91FA0DFB78" box="[1111,1500,1150,1186]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Cyanocharax alegretensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing the distribution of the pelvic-fin hooks (MCP 11232, 39.7 mm SL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF56660D800BFFFBCC02F793FAA0F714" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813278" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813278/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" startId="11.[259,360,2172,2207]" targetBox="[264,1504,1280,2122]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B963685800BFFFBCC02F793FAA0F714" blockId="11.[257,1500,2172,2254]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800BFFFBCC02F793FE5DF745" bold="true" box="[259,396,2172,2207]" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the left pelvic fin of a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800BFFFBC959F793FA0DF745" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1112,1500,2172,2207]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800BFFFBC959F793FA0DF745" box="[1112,1500,2172,2207]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="78">Cyanocharax macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing the distribution of the pelvic-fin hooks (MCP 16382, 46.4 mm SL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF56660D800CFFFCCC68FB0FFD70FAED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882176" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10882176" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882176/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="6" startId="12.[361,462,1248,1287]" targetBox="[404,2320,265,1034]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8B963685800CFFFCCC68FB0FFD70FAED" blockId="12.[361,2315,1248,1335]" pageId="12" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800CFFFCCC68FB0FFE22FADD" bold="true" box="[361,499,1248,1287]" pageId="12" pageNumber="6">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Left view of the anal fin of a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800CFFFCC934FB0FFA3EFADD" box="[1077,1519,1248,1287]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800CFFFCC934FB0FFA3EFADD" box="[1077,1519,1248,1287]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="6">Cyanocharax dicropotamicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 19510,41.9 mm SL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B963685800DFFFDCDF2FFEFFF26FFDA" box="[243,247,0,0]" pageId="13" pageNumber="7">,</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D800DFFFDCC67FAE4FD4DFA85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813280/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="7" startId="13.[358,459,1291,1327]" targetBox="[354,2311,281,952]" targetPageId="13">
<paragraph id="8B963685800DFFFDCC67FAE4FD4DFA85" blockId="13.[358,2311,1291,1375]" pageId="13" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800DFFFDCC67FAE4FE23FAF5" bold="true" box="[358,498,1291,1327]" pageId="13" pageNumber="7">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Left view of the anal fin of a male of
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800DFFFDC94FFAE4FA04FAF5" box="[1102,1493,1291,1327]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="7">Cyanocharax alegretensis</emphasis>
showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 11232,39.3 mm SL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF56660D800EFFFECC56FB28F778FAC7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813456/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="8" startId="14.[343,446,1223,1274]" targetBox="[376,2321,206,866]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B963685800EFFFECC56FB28F778FAC7" blockId="14.[343,2298,1223,1309]" pageId="14" pageNumber="8">
Figure 8. Left view of the anal fin of a male of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800EFFFEC941FB28FA18FB20" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1088,1481,1223,1274]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800EFFFEC941FB28FA18FB20" box="[1088,1481,1223,1274]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="8">Cyanocharax macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 16382,43.5 mm SL). K
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B963685800FFFFFCC0FFEF2FAFDFC5A" blockId="15.[270,1513,285,2260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCC0FFEF2FE7EFEAD" bold="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">3) Dorsal-fin rays reduced to two unbranched plus eight branched elements.</emphasis>
The number of elements in the dorsal-fin skeleton of characid fishes rarely varies. The usual characid fin-ray count is two anterior unbranched rays plus nine branched rays. This putative primitive number (ii,9) is found among all the species of the so-called
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC98EFE03FA97FDC9" box="[1167,1350,492,531]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
that bear fin-ray hooks and retain a supraorbital bone (the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC80EFDCFFA53FD92" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1295,1410,544,584]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC80EFDCFFA53FD92" box="[1295,1410,544,584]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Brycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC89EFDCFFC86FDA6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC89EFDCFFE56FDA6" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Bryconops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconops</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCAFFDBBFD52FDA6" authorityName=", M. Malabarba" authorityYear="1998" box="[430,643,596,636]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Lignobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Lignobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFA8FDBBFC97FDA6" authorityName=", Morais-Filho &amp; Schubart" authorityYear="1955" box="[681,838,596,636]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Salminus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Salminus</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
with the exception of the Serrasalminae which has higher counts and the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEE8FD68FAD2FD75" box="[1001,1283,647,687]" family="Gasteropelecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Gasteropelecidae</taxonomicName>
in which the number of rays may vary from ii,6-8 or iii,5-7 to ii,10- 15 or iii,9- 14 among the three genera (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B74800FFFFFCFC5FD1FFC31FCC3" author="Weitzman, S. H." box="[708,992,752,793]" firstAuthor="Weitzman" journalOrPublisher="Stanford Ichthyol. Bull." pageId="15" pageNumber="82" pagination="217 - 239" part="7" refId="ref28467" refString="1960. Further notes on the relationships and classification of the South American characid fishes of the subfamily Gasteropelecinae. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull., 7 (4): 217 - 239." title="Further notes on the relationships and classification of the South American characid fishes of the subfamily Gasteropelecinae" type="journal article" year="1960">Weitzman, 1960</bibRefCitation>
). Among species that bear no hooks on fins, the Agoniatinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE70FCCBFBFCFC96" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[881,1069,804,844]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Triportheus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCE70FCCBFBFCFC96" box="[881,1069,804,844]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Triportheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have ii,9 rays;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC88DFCCBFE87FC5A" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1818" family="Characidae" genus="Chalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC88DFCCBFE87FC5A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Chalceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ii, 10; and the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFC3FCB7FC7BFC5A" authorityName="Pearson, and Engraulissoma Castro" authorityYear="1924" box="[706,938,856,896]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Clupeacharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCFC3FCB7FC7BFC5A" box="[706,938,856,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Clupeacharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEFAFCB7FB33FC5A" authorityName="Castro" authorityYear="1981" box="[1019,1250,856,896]" family="Triportheidae" genus="Engraulisoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCEFAFCB7FB33FC5A" box="[1019,1250,856,896]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Engraulisoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ii,8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963685800FFFFFCC5AFC64FC0CFAA1" blockId="15.[270,1513,285,2260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
Among characid fishes lacking the supraorbital, the apparently primitive dorsal-fin ray number is equal to ii,9 in all the examined species of the Cheirodontinae (genera
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCF98FC1FFBBAFB91" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF98FC1FFC99FBC2" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1855" box="[665,840,1008,1048]" family="Characidae" genus="Cheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE5BFC1FFB89FBC2" authorityName="Malabarba" authorityYear="1998" box="[858,1112,1008,1048]" family="Characidae" genus="Nanocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nanocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC96AFC1FFA50FBC2" authorityName="Malabarba" authorityYear="1998" box="[1131,1409,1008,1048]" family="Characidae" genus="Heterocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Heterocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC893FC1FFE6EFB91" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Spintherobolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spintherobolus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCD1FBCCFC7EFB91" authority=", Megacheirodon" authorityName="Megacheirodon" box="[464,943,1059,1099]" family="Characidae" genus="Serrapinnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Serrapinnus, Megacheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEC3FBCCFBBAFB91" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" box="[962,1131,1059,1099]" family="Characidae" genus="Compsura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Compsura</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC97CFBCCFC0EFB6A" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC97CFBCCFA98FB91" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1944" box="[1149,1353,1059,1099]" family="Characidae" genus="Saccoderma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saccoderma</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC85BFBCCFE76FBA4" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" family="Characidae" genus="Macropsobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Macropsobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCCDFBBAFD02FBA4" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1999" box="[460,723,1109,1150]" family="Characidae" genus="Acinocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acinocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFFBFBBAFBF2FBA4" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2000" box="[762,1059,1109,1150]" family="Characidae" genus="Kolpotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Kolpotocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC94BFBBAFACDFBA4" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1870" box="[1098,1308,1109,1150]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostilbe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontostilbe</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC842FBBAFE55FB6A" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" family="Characidae" genus="Prodontocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Prodontocharax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCAEFB67FD71FB6A" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1944" box="[431,672,1160,1200]" family="Characidae" genus="Cheirodontops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cheirodontops</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFCBFB67FC0BFB6A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" box="[714,986,1160,1200]" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphyocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC960FB67FA43FB6A" box="[1121,1426,1160,1200]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC960FB67FA53FB6A" authorityName="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" authorityYear="1916" box="[1121,1410,1160,1200]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudocheirodon</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC10FB53FDDAFB3E" box="[273,523,1212,1252]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Stethaprioninae">Stethaprioninae</taxonomicName>
(ii,9-ii, 10), the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE2FFB53FBF1FB3E" box="[814,1056,1212,1252]" pageId="15" pageNumber="147" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Iguanodectinae">Iguanodectinae</taxonomicName>
(ii,9 in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC9C3FB53FA48FB3E" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1872" box="[1218,1433,1212,1252]" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Iguanodectes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC9C3FB53FA48FB3E" box="[1218,1433,1212,1252]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Iguanodectes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC11FB01FE73FACF" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1817" box="[272,418,1262,1301]" family="Iguanodectidae" genus="Piabucus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCC11FB01FE73FACF" box="[272,418,1262,1301]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Piabucus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; ii,8-9 in some
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFD8FB01FBD1FACF" box="[729,1024,1262,1301]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCFD8FB01FCBFFACF" box="[729,878,1262,1301]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Piabucus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
), the “Characinae” (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC872FB01FA39FACF" authorityName=", Lucena" authorityYear="1987" box="[1395,1512,1262,1301]" family="Characidae" genus="Charax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC872FB01FA39FACF" box="[1395,1512,1262,1301]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Charax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Clade of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B74800FFFFFCCA6FACFFD5BFA92" author="Lucena, C. A. S." box="[423,650,1312,1352]" journalOrPublisher="Zool." pageId="15" pageNumber="82" pagination="19 - 59" part="11" refId="ref26789" refString="---------. 1998. Relacoes filogeneticas e definicao do genero Roeboides, Gunther (Ostariophysi; Characiformes; Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. - PUCRS. Se r. Zool., 11: 19 - 59." title="Relacoes filogeneticas e definicao do genero Roeboides, Gunther (Ostariophysi; Characiformes; Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. Tecnol. - PUCRS. Se r" type="journal article" year="1998">Lucena, 1998</bibRefCitation>
), Aphyocharacinae (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCED8FACFFB60FA92" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[985,1201,1312,1352]" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCED8FACFFB60FA92" box="[985,1201,1312,1352]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Aphyocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and the Rhoadsiinae (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC6CFABBFE22FAA1" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1928" box="[365,499,1364,1403]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCC6CFABBFE22FAA1" box="[365,499,1364,1403]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Carlana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF07FABBFD4CFAA1" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1911" box="[518,669,1364,1403]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhoadsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCF07FABBFD4CFAA1" box="[518,669,1364,1403]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Rhoadsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFEFFABBFC19FAA1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[750,968,1364,1403]" family="Characidae" genus="Parastremma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCFEFFABBFC19FAA1" box="[750,968,1364,1403]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Parastremma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963685800FFFFFCC5AFA69FBDCF99C" blockId="15.[270,1513,285,2260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">We found two states of this character among genera of the so-called Tetragonopterinae, as well as among the Glandulocaudinae: the putative primitive state (ii,9), and a hypothesized derived condition of two anterior unbranched rays plus eight branched rays (ii,8).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B963685800FFFFFCC5BF9BEFA32F70E" blockId="15.[270,1513,285,2260]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
The primitive state (ii,9) is found among the examined species of the tetragonopterine or incertae sedis characid genera
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFC9ABF96DFEBEF7E6" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC9ABF96DFA33F970" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1960" box="[1194,1506,1666,1706]" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyocharacidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphyocharacidium</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC11F95AFE66F907" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[272,439,1717,1757]" family="Characidae" genus="Aphyodite" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aphyodite</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCC8F95AFD74F907" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1907" box="[457,677,1717,1757]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Astyanacinus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFB6F95AFC9FF907" authorityName=", Garutti" authorityYear="1990" box="[695,846,1717,1757]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Astyanax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE60F95AFBF8F907" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" box="[865,1065,1717,1757]" family="Characidae" genus="Atopomesus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Atopomesus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC939F95AFB36F907" authorityName=", Bohlke" authorityYear="1952" box="[1080,1255,1717,1757]" family="Characidae" genus="Aulixidens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aulixidens</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC9F8F95AFA4CF907" box="[1273,1437,1717,1757]" family="Characidae" genus="Axelrodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Axelrodia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC8B1F95AFE93F8D5" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Bario" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bario</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC57F907FDE6F8D5" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1877" box="[342,567,1768,1807]" family="Characidae" genus="Bramocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bramocharax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF4AF907FCE3F8D5" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1999" box="[587,818,1768,1807]" family="Characidae" genus="Brittanichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brittanichthys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE45F907FC29F8D5" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1965" box="[836,1016,1768,1807]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC90DF907FB28F8D5" box="[1036,1273,1768,1807]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconexodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC80FF907FA33F8D5" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1966" box="[1294,1506,1768,1807]" family="Characidae" genus="Coptobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coptobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC12F8F5FE34F89B" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[275,485,1818,1857]" family="Characidae" genus="Ctenobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ctenobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCF6F8F5FD6AF89B" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1907" box="[503,699,1818,1857]" family="Characidae" genus="Deuterodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Deuterodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFCCF8F5FC67F89B" authorityName="Fink" authorityYear="1976" box="[717,950,1818,1857]" family="Characidae" genus="Eretmobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Eretmobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEC8F8F5FB96F89B" authorityName="Müller &amp; Troschel" authorityYear="1844" box="[969,1095,1818,1857]" family="Characidae" genus="Exodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Exodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC95BF8F5FAF0F89B" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[1114,1313,1818,1857]" family="Characidae" genus="Genycharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Genycharax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC834F8F5FA33F89B" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1846" box="[1333,1506,1818,1857]" family="Characidae" genus="Grundulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Grundulus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC12F8A3FDECF8A9" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1903" box="[275,573,1868,1907]" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocharacinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnocharacinus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF5EF8A3FCA3F8A9" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[607,882,1868,1907]" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnocorymbus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnocorymbus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE94F8A3FB56F8A9" authorityName="Fernández-Yépez" authorityYear="1950" box="[917,1159,1868,1907]" family="Characidae" genus="Gymnotichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gymnotichthys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC9A8F8A3FE7BF87D" authority=", Hemigramnus" authorityName="Hemigramnus" family="Characidae" genus="Hasemania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hasemania, Hemigramnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCC6F891FD6EF87D" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1910" box="[455,703,1918,1959]" family="Characidae" genus="Hollandichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hollandichthys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFDAF891FC3AF87D" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[731,1003,1918,1959]" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hyphessobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC907F891FB15F87D" authorityName="Géry &amp; Junk" authorityYear="1977" box="[1030,1220,1918,1959]" family="Characidae" genus="Inpaichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Inpaichthys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC9DDF891FAB7F87D" authorityName=", Zanata" authorityYear="1997" box="[1244,1382,1918,1959]" family="Characidae" genus="Jupiaba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Jupiaba</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC880F891FE54F803" family="Characidae" genus="Leptobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC98F85EFDEDF803" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1903" box="[409,572,1969,2009]" family="Characidae" genus="Markiana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Markiana</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF51F85EFC4EF803" authorityName=", Bohlke" authorityYear="1953" box="[592,927,1969,2009]" family="Characidae" genus="Microschemobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microschemobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEB3F85EFBABF803" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" box="[946,1146,1969,2009]" family="Characidae" genus="Mixobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mixobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC98CF85EFAB8F803" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[1165,1385,1969,2009]" family="Characidae" genus="Moenkhausia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Moenkhausia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC87FF85EFE75F7D1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nematobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCB9F80BFD78F7D1" box="[440,681,2020,2059]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nematocharax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCFC1F80BFC5CF7D1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1915" box="[704,909,2020,2059]" family="Characidae" genus="Oligobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oligobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEA5F80BFBBAF7D1" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[932,1131,2020,2059]" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oligosarcus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC97EF80BFAE2F7D1" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1964" box="[1151,1331,2020,2059]" family="Characidae" genus="Oxybrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Oxybrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC849F80BFEBEF7E6" authorityName=", Weitzman &amp; Fink" authorityYear="1983" family="Characidae" genus="Paracheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paracheirodon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(ii,8 or ii,9),
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCF68F7F9FE21F778" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF68F7F9FC92F7E6" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1964" box="[617,835,2070,2108]" family="Characidae" genus="Parapristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Parapristella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE5DF7F9FBC3F7E6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[860,1042,2070,2108]" family="Characidae" genus="Parecbasis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Parecbasis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC92AF7F9FB64F7E6" box="[1067,1205,2070,2108]" family="Characidae" genus="Petitella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Petitella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC9D1F7F9FA8CF7E6" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[1232,1373,2070,2108]" family="Characidae" genus="Pristella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristella</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC877F7F9FEBDF7B5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Probolodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Probolodus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC85F7A8FDEEF7B5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[388,575,2119,2159]" family="Characidae" genus="Psalidodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Psalidodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF56F7A8FC84F7B5" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[599,853,2119,2159]" family="Characidae" genus="Psellogrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Psellogrammus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE6CF7A8FBA5F7B5" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1863" box="[877,1140,2119,2159]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudochalceus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudochalceus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC98AF7A8FABAF7B5" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1959" box="[1163,1387,2119,2159]" family="Characidae" genus="Roeboexodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Roeboexodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC883F7A8FEB7F778" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1964" family="Characidae" genus="Schultzites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Schultzites</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCC78F795FE21F778" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1864" box="[377,496,2170,2210]" family="Characidae" genus="Scissor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Scissor</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF05F795FD1AF778" authorityName="Vari" authorityYear="1986" box="[516,715,2170,2210]" family="Characidae" genus="Serrabrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCF05F795FD1AF778" box="[516,715,2170,2210]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">Serrabrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(ii, 8 or ii,9),
<emphasis id="B95DEA97800FFFFFCEAFF795FAC4F70E" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCEAFF795FBADF778" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1903" box="[942,1148,2170,2210]" family="Characidae" genus="Stichonodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stichonodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC98FF795FA98F778" authorityName="Brittan &amp; Böhlke" authorityYear="1965" box="[1166,1353,2170,2210]" family="Characidae" genus="Stygichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stygichthys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC861F795FE70F70E" family="Characidae" genus="Tetragonopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tetragonopterus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCCB6F743FD96F70E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1908" box="[439,583,2220,2260]" family="Characidae" genus="Thayeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thayeria</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCF5CF743FC97F70E" authorityName="Böhlke" authorityYear="1953" box="[605,838,2220,2260]" family="Characidae" genus="Thrissobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Thrissobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFCE5BF743FB95F70E" authorityName="Géry &amp; Römer" authorityYear="1997" box="[858,1092,2220,2260]" family="Characidae" genus="Tucanoichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tucanoichthys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D06800FFFFFC958F743FAC4F70E" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1973" box="[1113,1301,2220,2260]" family="Characidae" genus="Tyttobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyttobrycon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(ii,8 or ii,9).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D8010FFE0CDE6FB99FAE1FB20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10846245" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10846245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10846245/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" startId="16.[231,333,1142,1178]" targetBox="[239,1474,338,1075]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636858010FFE0CDE6FB99FAE1FB20" blockId="16.[230,1475,1142,1274]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
Figure 9. Left view of the dorsal tin of male
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CECAFB99FA85FB40" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[971,1364,1142,1178]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CECAFB99FA85FB40" box="[971,1364,1142,1178]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Cyanocharax alegretensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCP 11232, 39.7 mm SL) showing the two unbranched plus eight branched dorsal-fin rays shared with other
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CF3DFB3AFCA7FB20" box="[572,886,1237,1274]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CF3DFB3AFCD0FB20" box="[572,769,1237,1274]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
and putatively related genera
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636858010FFE0CC30FAD8FE34F842" blockId="16.[227,1475,1335,2253]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
The derived condition (ii,8) is found among all the examined species of the genera of
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748010FFE0CF32FA84FCC2FA48" author="Gery, J." box="[563,787,1387,1426]" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyol. Aquarium J." pageId="16" pageNumber="83" pagination="211 - 236" part="37" refId="ref26360" refString="Gery, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J., 37: 211 - 236." title="A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera" type="journal article" year="1966">Géry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
’ s Hemibryconini (
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C96AFA84FAD0FA48" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[1131,1281,1387,1426]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C96AFA84FAD0FA48" box="[1131,1281,1387,1426]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Boehlkea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C82BFA84FDACFA1C" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C82BFA84FE85FA1C" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1929" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconacidnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconacidnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CC70FA70FDACFA1C" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" box="[369,637,1439,1478]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconamericus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CFA1FA70FB5EFA1C" box="[672,1167,1439,1478]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CFA1FA70FC75FA1C" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[672,932,1439,1478]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ceratobranchia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CEC9FA70FB5EFA1C" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[968,1167,1439,1478]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemibrycon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C9B2FA70FAFEFA1C" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1203,1327,1439,1478]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C9B2FA70FAFEFA1C" box="[1203,1327,1439,1478]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Knodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C850FA70FE93FA26" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" family="Characidae" genus="Microgenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C850FA70FE93FA26" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Microgenys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CCB9FA3CFD5BFA26" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[440,650,1491,1532]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CCB9FA3CFD5BFA26" box="[440,650,1491,1532]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Rhinobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748010FFE0CE0FFA3CFC3AFA26" author="Gery, J." box="[782,1003,1491,1532]" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyol. Aquarium J." pageId="16" pageNumber="83" pagination="211 - 236" part="37" refId="ref26360" refString="Gery, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J., 37: 211 - 236." title="A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera" type="journal article" year="1966">Géry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
’ s Creagrutini (
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C9FFFA3CFE7EF9F5" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C9FFFA3CFA64FA26" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1278,1461,1491,1532]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CDE7F9E7FE7EF9F5" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" box="[230,431,1544,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrudite" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrudite</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CCEFF9E7FD7DF9F5" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[494,684,1544,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CCEFF9E7FD7DF9F5" box="[494,684,1544,1583]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CFCDF9E7FC57F9F5" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1928" box="[716,902,1544,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CFCDF9E7FC57F9F5" box="[716,902,1544,1583]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Piabarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CEE8F9E7FBB6F9F5" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1001,1127,1544,1583]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CEE8F9E7FBB6F9F5" box="[1001,1127,1544,1583]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Piabina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A number ofother genera were referred by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748010FFE0CF8CF9D3FC88F9BE" author="Gery, J." box="[653,857,1596,1636]" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyol. Aquarium J." pageId="16" pageNumber="83" pagination="211 - 236" part="37" refId="ref26360" refString="Gery, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J., 37: 211 - 236." title="A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera" type="journal article" year="1966">Géry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
as possibly belonging to his Hemibryconini, or to the group called “
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CE34F980FC2EF94D" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[821,1023,1647,1687]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CE34F980FC2EF94D" box="[821,1023,1647,1687]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and allied genera” (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748010FFE0C867F980FEEFF911" author="Gery, J." bookContentInfo="672 p." journalOrPublisher="TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" refId="ref26427" refString="--------. 1977. Characoids ofthe World. TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City. 672 p." title="Characoids ofthe World" type="book" year="1977">Géry, 1977</bibRefCitation>
). Among these genera, only
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CE25F94BFBD0F911" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1972" box="[804,1025,1700,1739]" family="Characidae" genus="Carlastyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CE25F94BFBD0F911" box="[804,1025,1700,1739]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Carlastyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C958F94BFAF3F911" box="[1113,1314,1700,1739]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinopetitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C958F94BFAF3F911" box="[1113,1314,1700,1739]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Rhinopetitia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have ii.8 dorsal-fin rays. A number of ii,8 dorsal-fin rays is also present in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C82CF938FA6DF925" box="[1325,1468,1751,1791]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Attontus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0CDE7F8E4FC2DF8E8" box="[230,1020,1803,1842]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CDE7F8E4FE06F8E8" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[230,471,1803,1842]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caiapobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CCF9F8E4FD6CF8E8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" box="[504,701,1803,1842]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CFDFF8E4FC2DF8E8" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[734,1020,1803,1842]" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monotocheirodon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C91FF8E4FACBF8E8" authorityName="Gomes" authorityYear="1947" box="[1054,1306,1803,1842]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C91FF8E4FACBF8E8" box="[1054,1306,1803,1842]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Odontostoechus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C83EF8E4FD22F8BF" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C83EF8E4FE55F8BF" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" family="Characidae" genus="Othonocheirodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Othonocheirodus</taxonomicName>
, &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0CCAAF8D1FD22F8BF" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[427,755,1854,1893]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">Astyanax ” alburnus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and the species of the new genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068010FFE0C84AF8D1FE86F842" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978010FFE0C84AF8D1FE86F842" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008010FFE0CC72F89EFE1EF842" box="[371,463,1905,1944]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[231,333,1142,1178]" captionTargetBox="[239,1474,338,1075]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Left view of the dorsal tin of male Cyanocharax alegretensis (MCP 11232, 39.7 mm SL) showing the two unbranched plus eight branched dorsal-fin rays shared with other Cyanocharax species and putatively related genera" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10846245" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10846245/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858010FFE1CC31F849FB3AFC36" blockId="16.[227,1475,1335,2253]" lastBlockId="17.[248,1496,288,1947]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
Among characid fishes lacking a supraorbital, only glandulocaudines share the derived presence of ii.8 dorsal-fin rays with the taxa listed in the preceding paragraph. Glandulocaudines. however, also show the largest variability in dorsal-fin ray number when compared to other chaiacid subgroups, as such cheirodontines, characines, aphyocharacines, iguanodectines, rhoadsiines and stethaprionines. The it,8 dorsal-fin ray formula is present in all genera of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CE5CFECFFBDBFE9D" box="[861,1034,288,327]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Diapomini">Diapomini</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C928FECFFB11FE9D" baseAuthorityName="Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[1065,1216,288,327]" family="Characidae" genus="Diapoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C928FECFFB11FE9D" box="[1065,1216,288,327]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Diapoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C9DAFECFFA56FE9D" authorityName="Böhlke" authorityYear="1954" box="[1243,1415,288,327]" family="Characidae" genus="Planaltina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C9DAFECFFA56FE9D" box="[1243,1415,288,327]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Planaltina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CDF8FEBCFE6BFEA1" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[249,442,339,379]" family="Characidae" genus="Acrobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CDF8FEBCFE6BFEA1" box="[249,442,339,379]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Acrobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and Corynopomini (
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CE31FEBCFAD4FEA1" box="[816,1285,339,379]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CE31FEBCFBF8FEA1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[816,1065,339,379]" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gephyrocharax</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C943FEBCFAD4FEA1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[1090,1285,339,379]" family="Characidae" genus="Pterobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pterobrycon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C864FEBCFEB4FE75" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C864FEBCFEB4FE75" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Corynopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Among the Hysteronotini, both species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C947FE68FAF0FE75" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1094,1313,391,431]" family="Characidae" genus="Hysteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C947FE68FAF0FE75" box="[1094,1313,391,431]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Hysteronotus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C877FE68FE20FE38" authorityName="Perugia" authorityYear="1891" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudocorynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C877FE68FE20FE38" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Pseudocorynopoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have ii,8 or ii,9, (e.g. ii, 8 in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CEF0FE53FEECFDCD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudocorynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterandria">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CEF0FE53FEECFDCD" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Pseudocorynopoma heterandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and ii,9 in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CF06FE1FFD77FDCD" authorityName="Perugia" authorityYear="1891" box="[519,678,496,535]" family="Characidae" genus="Pseudocorynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="doriae">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CF06FE1FFD77FDCD" box="[519,678,496,535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">P. doriae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), In the Glandulocaudini, the basal genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C875FE1FFE76FD91" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C875FE1FFE76FD91" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Glandulocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748011FFE1CF08FDCCFC38FD91" author="Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, S. H." box="[521,1001,547,587]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="380 - 426" part="103" refId="ref27898" refString="Menezes, N. A. &amp; Weitzman, S. H. 1990. Two new species of Mi m agoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudina e), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of Brazil and Paraguay. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 103 (2): 380 - 426." title="Two new species of Mi m agoniates (Teleostei: Characidae: Glandulocaudina e), their phylogeny and biogeography and a key to the glandulocaudin fishes of Brazil and Paraguay" type="journal article" year="1990">Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990</bibRefCitation>
) and most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C864FDCCFE54FDA5" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1907" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C864FDCCFE54FDA5" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e. g.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CCFEFDB8FD39FDA5" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[511,744,599,639]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CCFEFDB8FD39FDA5" box="[511,744,599,639]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">M. microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CE44FDB8FBCEFDA5" box="[837,1055,599,639]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CE44FDB8FBC0FDA5" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[837,1041,599,639]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">M. sylvicola</taxonomicName>
)
</emphasis>
have ii,8 dorsal-fin rays, but one of the most derived species of the tribe,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C958FD64FA80FD69" box="[1113,1361,651,691]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C958FD64FA9CFD69" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[1113,1357,651,691]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">M. rheocharis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
has an increased number of dorsal-fin rays and an intraspecific range from ii, 8 to ii, 12. Xenurobryconins have two unbranched and a highly variable number of branched dorsal-fin rays, ranging from 6-7, rarely 8 in the small sized species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CF12FCB4FCD1FC59" authorityName="Myers &amp; Miranda Ribeiro" authorityYear="1945" box="[531,768,859,899]" family="Characidae" genus="Xenurobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CF12FCB4FCD1FC59" box="[531,768,859,899]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Xenurobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 7 or 8 in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CEC6FCB4FB58FC59" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1913" box="[967,1161,859,899]" family="Characidae" genus="Tyttocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CEC6FCB4FB58FC59" box="[967,1161,859,899]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Tyttocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 8 in the relatively basal genera
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CCDAFC60FD5CFC62" box="[475,653,911,952]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">lotabrycon</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CFE6FC60FC75FC62" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[743,932,911,952]" family="Characidae" genus="Argopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CFE6FC60FC75FC62" box="[743,932,911,952]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Argopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; 9 in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C910FC60FB2CFC62" box="[1041,1277,911,952]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C910FC60FB25FC62" authorityName="Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison &amp; Royero" authorityYear="1994" box="[1041,1268,911,952]" family="Characidae" genus="Ptychocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ptychocharax</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and 9 or 10 in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CC26FC2BFDDFFC36" authorityName="Weitzman &amp; Menezes" authorityYear="1998" box="[295,526,964,1004]" family="Characidae" genus="Chrysobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CC26FC2BFDDFFC36" box="[295,526,964,1004]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Chrysobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that includes the largest species of the tribe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858011FFE1CC44FC17FDBCFA1A" blockId="17.[248,1496,288,1947]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
The increased dorsal-fin ray number is apparently secondary in glandulocaudines, as exemplified by
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CE3CFBC4FB3CFB8E" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[829,1261,1067,1108]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CE3CFBC4FB3CFB8E" box="[829,1261,1067,1108]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C850FBC4FE2DFB52" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C850FBC4FE26FB52" baseAuthorityName="Weitzman &amp; Thomerson" baseAuthorityYear="1970" family="Characidae" genus="Chrysobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="myersii">Chrysobrycon myersii</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
In both cases, these species correspond to derived taxa of their tribes (Glandulocaudini and Xenurobryconini), while basal species have ii,8 dorsal fin rays. The increased dorsal-fin ray number in Glandulocaudinae may be related to the elaborate courtship behavior of these fishes (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748011FFE1CC08FAC0FE3FFA8D" author="Nelson, K." box="[265,494,1327,1367]" journalOrPublisher="Univ. California Pub. Zoology" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="59 - 152" part="75" refId="ref28031" refString="Nelson, K. 1964. Behavior and morphology in the glandulocaudine fishes (Ostariophysi, Characidae). Univ. California Pub. Zoology, 75 (2): 59 - 152." title="Behavior and morphology in the glandulocaudine fishes (Ostariophysi, Characidae)" type="journal article" year="1964">Nelson, 1964</bibRefCitation>
). A dorsal-fin with 9 branched rays also occurs in the only species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CF00FA8CFD7AFA56" box="[513,683,1379,1420]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Landonini">Landonini</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CFC6FA8CFC2BFA56" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Henn" authorityYear="1914" box="[711,1018,1379,1420]" family="Characidae" genus="Landonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CFC6FA8CFC2BFA56" box="[711,1018,1379,1420]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Landonia latidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the Phenacobryconini,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CDFCFA77FDBCFA1A" box="[253,621,1432,1472]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CDFCFA77FDB7FA1A" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[253,614,1432,1472]" family="Characidae" genus="Phenacobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="henni">Phenacobrycon henni</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858011FFE1CC49FA24FB84F841" blockId="17.[248,1496,288,1947]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
Hypotheses of affinities between the Glandulocaudinae and some members of the Tetragonopterinae were mentioned by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748011FFE1C9D9F9EEFA05F9F3" author="Bohlke, J." box="[1240,1492,1537,1577]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist." pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="97 - 104" part="7" refId="ref25960" refString="---------. 1954. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 6. A synopsis of the Iguanodectinae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 12), 7: 97 - 104." title="Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. N ° 6. A synopsis of the Iguanodectinae" type="journal article" year="1954">Böhlke (1954)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748011FFE1CC47F9DAFDCAF987" author="Gery, J." box="[326,539,1589,1629]" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyol. Aquarium J." pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="211 - 236" part="37" refId="ref26360" refString="Gery, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J., 37: 211 - 236." title="A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera" type="journal article" year="1966">Géry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
. However, those hypotheses were weakly defended and mostly based on superficial similarities among the species of those groups. Further evidence of possible relationships between glandulocaudines and the genera listed above are related to the presence of insemination in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CCCDF8E6FDB5F8EB" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" box="[460,612,1801,1841]" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CCCDF8E6FDB5F8EB" box="[460,612,1801,1841]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Attonitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CF7CF8E6FC79F8EB" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[637,936,1801,1841]" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CF7CF8E6FC79F8EB" box="[637,936,1801,1841]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Monotocheirodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some species of the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CC01F8D1FE6DF8BD" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[256,444,1854,1895]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CC01F8D1FE6DF8BD" box="[256,444,1854,1895]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CCD8F8D1FD86F8BD" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[473,599,1854,1895]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CCD8F8D1FD86F8BD" box="[473,599,1854,1895]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Knodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and at least one species currently assigned to
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1C88DF8D1FE02F841" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C88DF8D1FE02F841" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Bryconamericus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a derived feature among
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068011FFE1CE90F89CFB80F841" box="[913,1105,1907,1947]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858011FFE2CDFCF82FFE25FAE0" blockId="17.[253,1493,1984,2229]" lastBlockId="18.[283,1949,387,1338]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1CDFCF82FFA50F832" bold="true" box="[253,1409,1984,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">4) Presence of four teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla.</emphasis>
The presence of four teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla (
<figureCitation id="13122A008011FFE1C9D4F81CFA9CF7C6" box="[1237,1357,2035,2076]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[291,424,2743,2789]" captionTargetBox="[287,1960,1435,2688]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Jaws and teeth of Hemibrycon dariensis (MCP 27072, 47.0 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813282/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
),
<emphasis id="B95DEA978011FFE1C86FF81CFA05F7C6" box="[1390,1492,2035,2076]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">versus</emphasis>
the presence of five or more teeth, has long been used since
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748011FFE1C81DF7C8FEBAF759" author="Eigenmann, C. H." journalOrPublisher="Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool." pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 102" part="43" refId="ref26213" refString="---------. 1917. The American Characidae. Part 1. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 43: 1 - 102." title="The American Characidae. Part 1" type="journal article" year="1917">Eigenmann (1917)</bibRefCitation>
to diagnose some genera among tetragonopterine characids. No evidence has been presented before, however, to identify any of these states as derived and thus informative for the diagnosis of monophyletic groups within the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068012FFE2CFC2FE26FC6EFE26" box="[707,959,457,508]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
. We found, however, the presence of four teeth in the inner premaxillary tooth row in some tetragonopterine genera and basal glandulocaudines consistently associated with the derived presence of a reduced number of dorsal-fin rays (ii,8). The hypothesis of relationships supported by the preceding characters 1, 2 and 3 and presented in the cladogram of
<figureCitation id="13122A008012FFE2CFDAFCCDFC87FC8C" box="[731,854,802,854]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" captionTargetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M. Malabarba (1998); B - Malabarba (1998); C - Lucena (1998); D - Reis (1989) and E - Vari (1977). Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all Aphyocharax species; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under “Cyanocharax relationships&quot;)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, also parsimoniously supports the recognition of the presence of four teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla as derived, and as an additional synapomorphy for Clade A characids, versus the presence of five or more teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla in all other taxa bearing at least two tooth rows.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068012FFE2C9DDFBD7F961FBB0" box="[1244,1712,1080,1130]" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978012FFE2C9DDFBD7F9D3FBB0" box="[1244,1538,1080,1130]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have four teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla (four or five in four of the species of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068012FFE2CCE4FB2DFCDBFB2F" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[485,778,1218,1269]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978012FFE2CCE4FB2DFCDBFB2F" box="[485,778,1218,1269]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), which supports its inclusion among Clade A characids.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D8012FFE2CC22F558FB1CF4B9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813282" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813282/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" startId="18.[291,424,2743,2789]" targetBox="[287,1960,1435,2688]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636858012FFE2CC22F558FB1CF4B9" blockId="18.[287,1952,2743,2915]" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">
Figure 10. Jaws and teeth of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068012FFE2CE84F558FA95F53F" authorityName="Meek &amp; Hildebrand" authorityYear="1916" box="[901,1348,2743,2789]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dariensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978012FFE2CE84F558FA95F53F" box="[901,1348,2743,2789]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">Hemibrycon dariensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCP 27072, 47.0 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636858013FFE3CC4DFEF7FDC1F972" blockId="19.[256,1500,280,2178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
The presence of four teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla, along with the presence of a large infraorbital 3 (designated the “second suborbital&quot;) in contact with the preopercle below, has been used by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748013FFE3C8A8FE6DFD9CFE05" author="Eigenmann, C. H." journalOrPublisher="Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool." pageId="19" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 102" part="43" refId="ref26213" refString="---------. 1917. The American Characidae. Part 1. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., 43: 1 - 102." title="The American Characidae. Part 1" type="journal article" year="1917">Eigenmann (1917: 51)</bibRefCitation>
to diagnose a group of tetragonopterines in his key. Based on the same characters.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748013FFE3CE0CFE01FC0AFDCF" author="Gery, J." box="[781,987,494,533]" journalOrPublisher="Ichthyol. Aquarium J." pageId="19" pageNumber="86" pagination="211 - 236" part="37" refId="ref26360" refString="Gery, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J., 37: 211 - 236." title="A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the de - scription of two new genera" type="journal article" year="1966">Géry (1966)</bibRefCitation>
proposed the recognition of a subtribe named Hemibryconini as “... a group of tetragonopterine characids which seem (remotely) [sic] monophyletic and curiously well delimited, despite the apparently insignificant common characters of the forms, i. e. the presence of
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CFDAFD2CFAF1FD30" box="[731,1312,707,746]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">only four inner premaxillary teeth</emphasis>
[italicized by Géry], frequently associated with a great development of the third suborbital [infraorbital 3]. and. quite often, the irregular implantation of the outer premaxillary row of teeth.” Géry's Hemibryconini consisted of
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CC00FC77FA51FC64" box="[257,1408,920,958]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CC00FC77FE05FC64" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[257,468,920,958]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hemibrycon</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CCF2FC77FDA5FC64" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[499,628,920,958]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Knodus</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CF92FC77FC40FC64" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[659,913,920,958]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconacidnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconacidnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CEAEFC77FB14FC64" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" box="[943,1221,920,958]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconamericus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C9E3FC77FA51FC64" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[1250,1408,920,958]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Boehlkea</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3C89EFC77FD6CFC2F" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C89EFC77FE4DFC2F" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" family="Characidae" genus="Microgenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microgenys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CCB5FC22FD6CFC2F" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[436,701,973,1013]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ceratobranchia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CE1BFC22FC21FC2F" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[794,1008,973,1013]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CE1BFC22FC21FC2F" box="[794,1008,973,1013]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Rhinobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; along with the genera then classified in the Stevardiidi (= Glandulocaudina e),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C987FBEEFA59FBF2" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[1158,1416,1025,1064]" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3C987FBEEFA59FBF2" box="[1158,1416,1025,1064]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Glandulocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(“at least the type species
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CFB9FBD8FC74FB84" box="[696,933,1079,1118]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CFB9FBD8FC4DFB84" box="[696,924,1079,1118]" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanogenys">melanogenys</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</emphasis>
),
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CEDFFBD8FD44FB4E" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CEDFFBD8FB38FB84" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1922" box="[990,1257,1079,1118]" family="Characidae" genus="Phenacobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phenacobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C80DFBD8FA1CFB84" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[1292,1485,1079,1118]" family="Characidae" genus="Argopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Argopleura</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CC00FB83FE61FB4E" authorityName="Böhlke" authorityYear="1954" box="[257,432,1132,1172]" family="Characidae" genus="Planaltina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Planaltina</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CCD1FB83FD44FB4E" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[464,661,1132,1172]" family="Characidae" genus="Acrobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acrobrycon</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CFB9FB83FC56FB4E" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[696,903,1132,1172]" family="Characidae" genus="Pterobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CFB9FB83FC56FB4E" box="[696,903,1132,1172]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Pterobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CEF7FB83FA6FFB4E" box="[1014,1470,1132,1172]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CEF7FB83FB46FB4E" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[1014,1175,1132,1172]" family="Characidae" genus="Stevardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stevardia</taxonomicName>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C9E7FB83FA6FFB4E" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[1254,1470,1132,1172]" family="Characidae" genus="Corynopoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Corynopoma</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); and the genera of a “ Tetragonopteridi ” subtribe named the Creagrutini that included
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CCF9FB39FD66FB27" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1928" box="[504,695,1238,1277]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CCF9FB39FD66FB27" box="[504,695,1238,1277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Piabarchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CFD9FB39FB5AFB27" box="[728,1163,1238,1277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CFD9FB39FC78FB27" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" box="[728,937,1238,1277]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrudite" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrudite</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CEC4FB39FB56FB27" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[965,1159,1238,1277]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3C9F1FB39FAADFB27" box="[1264,1404,1238,1277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C9F1FB39FAA3FB27" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1264,1394,1238,1277]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabina</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Further in the text, he mentioned some additional genera or species for the Hemibryconini, including:
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CFE6FAADFCD9FA44" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CFE6FAADFC0AFAB3" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[743,987,1346,1385]" family="Characidae" genus="Nematobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nematobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C903FAADFB0EFAB3" authorityName="Géry" authorityYear="1966" box="[1026,1247,1346,1385]" family="Characidae" genus="Coptobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coptobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C9FEFAADFA1CFAB3" box="[1279,1485,1346,1385]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinopetitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinopetitia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CC00FA99FCD9FA44" authorityName="Ellis" authorityYear="1911" box="[257,776,1398,1438]" family="Characidae" genus="Hyphessobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopleurus">Hyphessobrycon melanopleurus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(=
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CE47FA99FE15FA09" authority=", Weitzman &amp; Menezes" authorityName="Weitzman &amp; Menezes" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanogenys">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CE47FA99FAF7FA44" box="[838,1318,1398,1438]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Glandulocauda melanogenys,</emphasis>
Weitzman &amp; Menezes
</taxonomicName>
, pers. comm.).
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CFE5FA43FC52FA09" box="[740,899,1452,1491]" family="Characidae" genus="Landonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CFE5FA43FC52FA09" box="[740,899,1452,1491]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Landonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CEE7FA43FB3DFA09" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1912" box="[998,1260,1452,1491]" family="Characidae" genus="Gephyrocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CEE7FA43FB3DFA09" box="[998,1260,1452,1491]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Gephyrocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the last two genera now referred to Glandulocaudinae,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748013FFE3CEDFFA0DFA17F9D2" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A." box="[990,1478,1506,1544]" editor="Malabarba, L. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Edipucrs, Porto Alegre" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" pagination="171 - 192" refId="ref29008" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. 1998. Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P. 171 - 192, in: Malabarba, L.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre." title="Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes" year="1998">Weitzman &amp; Menezes, 1998</bibRefCitation>
). It is noteworthy the similarities in genera composition of the group proposed by Géry and the hypothesized monophyletic Clade A proposed herein (Fig. 11).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858013FFE3CC4DF959FBFEF758" blockId="19.[256,1500,280,2178]" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748013FFE3CC4DF959FBDDF906" author="Chernoff, B. &amp; Machado-Allison, A." box="[332,1036,1718,1756]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" pagination="261 - 290" part="142" refId="ref26086" refString="Chernoff, B. &amp; Machado-Allison, A. 1990. Characid fishes of the genus Ceratobranchia, with descriptions of new species from Venezuela and Peru. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 142: 261 - 290." title="Characid fishes of the genus Ceratobranchia, with descriptions of new species from Venezuela and Peru" type="journal article" year="1990">Chernoff &amp; Machado-Allison (1990: 266)</bibRefCitation>
, while discussing the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CCDBF904FD32F8CB" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[474,739,1771,1809]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CCDBF904FD32F8CB" box="[474,739,1771,1809]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Ceratobranchia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, pointed out that Géry's hypothesis of relationships among those genera were difficult to accept, since it was based on characters not unique for the group in question (the large infraorbital 3 is present in other tetragonopterine genera), or difficult to polarize (the number of inner premaxillary teeth). They additionally disagree with Géry's statement that the outer premaxillary teeth in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3C9C5F81DFA1CF7C2" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[1220,1485,2034,2072]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3C9C5F81DFA1CF7C2" box="[1220,1485,2034,2072]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Ceratobranchia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CC05F7C8FD66F797" box="[260,695,2087,2125]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CC05F7C8FE54F797" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[260,389,2087,2125]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Knodus</taxonomicName>
. Bryconaniericus
</emphasis>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068013FFE3CE0FF7C8FC0AF797" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[782,987,2087,2125]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="86" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978013FFE3CE0FF7C8FC0AF797" box="[782,987,2087,2125]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="86">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are irregularly placed, and different from those non-Hemibryconini genera.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D8014FFE4CDD2FBA6FA8CFAF7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813284" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813284" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813284/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" startId="20.[211,311,1097,1133]" targetBox="[223,1441,292,1032]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636858014FFE4CDD2FBA6FA8CFAF7" blockId="20.[209,1452,1097,1325]" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4CDD2FBA6FEE6FBB7" bold="true" box="[211,311,1097,1133]" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Figure</emphasis>
11. Cladogram depicting known relationships of the clade A of Fig. 2, including
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4CC11FB95FE0BFB47" box="[272,474,1146,1181]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CC11FB95FE04FB47" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[272,469,1146,1181]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CF87FB45FBD4FB17" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[646,1029,1194,1229]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="315 - 326" part="11" refId="ref27528" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 11 (4): 315 - 326." title="Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Malabarba &amp; Vari (2000)</bibRefCitation>
; B -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4C964FB45FA72FB17" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." box="[1125,1443,1194,1229]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref28381" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 1998. The genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): monophyly, relationships, and undetected diversity. P. 245 - 260, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="The genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): monophyly, relationships, and undetected diversity. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Vari &amp; Harold (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CDD3FB36FECFFB27" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." box="[210,286,1241,1277]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zool." pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 239" part="613" refId="ref28478" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 2001. Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contr. Zool., (613): 1 - 239." title="Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
); C -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CC7FFB36FCE0FB27" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A." box="[382,817,1241,1277]" editor="Malabarba, L. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Edipucrs, Porto Alegre" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="171 - 192" refId="ref29008" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. 1998. Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P. 171 - 192, in: Malabarba, L.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre." title="Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes" year="1998">Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998)</bibRefCitation>
; D -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CE8AFB36FB6EFB27" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Ortega, H." box="[907,1215,1241,1277]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="13 - 140" part="11" refId="ref28535" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Ortega, H. 2000. Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 11 (2): l 13 - 140." title="Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Vari &amp; Ortega, 2000</bibRefCitation>
; E -
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4C813FB36FE2AFAF7" author="Malabarba, M. C. S. L. &amp; Malabarba, L. R." journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="19 - 24" part="5" refId="ref27796" refString="Malabarba, M. C. S. L. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. 1994. Hypobrycon maromba, a new genus and species of Characiform fish from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 5 (1): 19 - 24." title="Hypobrycon maromba, a new genus and species of Characiform fish from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="1994">Malabarba &amp; Malabarba (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CF45FAE5FC12FAF7" author="Silva, J. P. da &amp; Malabarba, L. R." box="[580,963,1290,1325]" journalOrPublisher="Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, Ser. Zool." pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="45 - 53" part="9" refId="ref28212" refString="Silva, J. P. da &amp; Malabarba, L. R. 1996. Description of a new species of Hypobrycon from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, Ser. Zool., 9: 45 - 53." title="Description of a new species of Hypobrycon from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Comun" type="journal article" year="1996">Silva &amp; Malabarba (1996)</bibRefCitation>
; and F - present hypothesis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636858014FFE4CC1FFA85FCECF929" blockId="20.[209,1458,1386,2232]" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
We do not challenge the
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CFD6FA85FA94FA4B" author="Chernoff, B. &amp; Machado-Allison, A." box="[727,1349,1386,1425]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="261 - 290" part="142" refId="ref26086" refString="Chernoff, B. &amp; Machado-Allison, A. 1990. Characid fishes of the genus Ceratobranchia, with descriptions of new species from Venezuela and Peru. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 142: 261 - 290." title="Characid fishes of the genus Ceratobranchia, with descriptions of new species from Venezuela and Peru" type="journal article" year="1990">Chernoff &amp; Machado-Allison (1990)</bibRefCitation>
arguments regarding the variability in size ofthe infraorbital 3 and outer premaxillary tooth arrangement in tetragonopterine fishes for using these as characters defining a clade among characid genera. We hypothesize, however, the presence of four teeth in the inner premaxillary tooth row in some tetragonopterine genera and basal glandulocaudines as derived and a synapomorphy for Clade A characids, through the most parsimonious analysis of distribution of characters 1, 2, 3 and 4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858014FFE5CC1FF910FBD4FDBE" blockId="20.[209,1458,1386,2232]" lastBlockId="21.[259,1502,266,612]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">
Comparisons of the number of teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla of the Clade A characids must be made with species in the basal glandulocaudine tribes and genera. The species of the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4C97EF88DFAF9F853" authorityName="Böhlke" authorityYear="1954" box="[1151,1320,1890,1929]" family="Characidae" genus="Planaltina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4C97EF88DFAF9F853" box="[1151,1320,1890,1929]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Planaltina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(N. A. Menezes, pers. commun.) and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CFE9F87AFB18F866" authority="(Malabarba, 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[744,1225,1941,1980]" family="Characidae" genus="Diapoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4CFE9F87AFCACF866" box="[744,893,1941,1980]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Diapoma</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CEA3F87AFB6BF866" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[930,1210,1941,1980]" journalOrPublisher="Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, (28)" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="177 - 199" refId="ref27092" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1983. Redescricao e discussao da posicao taxonomica de Astyanax hasemani Eigenmann, 1914 (Teleostei, Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, (28): 177 - 199." title="Redescricao e discussao da posicao taxonomica de Astyanax hasemani Eigenmann, 1914 (Teleostei, Characidae)" type="book chapter" year="1983">Malabarba, 1983</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
of the basal glandulocaudine tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CF48F829FD22F834" box="[585,755,1990,2030]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Diapomini">Diapomini</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CE53F829FBABF834" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Henn" authorityYear="1914" box="[850,1146,1990,2030]" family="Characidae" genus="Landonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latidens">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4CE53F829FBABF834" box="[850,1146,1990,2030]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Landonia latidens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the basal tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CDD4F816FEA7F7C5" box="[213,374,2041,2079]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Landonini">Landonini</taxonomicName>
have premaxillary teeth with similar arrangement and number (usually four teeth in the inner series) to those observed for most
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4C869F7C3FE71F75F" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4C869F7C3FE71F75F" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Bryconamericus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CCE3F7B1FD8AF75F" box="[482,603,2142,2181]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4CCE3F7B1FD8AF75F" box="[482,603,2142,2181]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Knodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Among xenurobryconins, one of its basal genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068014FFE4CC56F760FDC1F762" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[343,528,2191,2232]" family="Characidae" genus="Argopleura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978014FFE4CC56F760FDC1F762" box="[343,528,2191,2232]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="87">Argopleura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748014FFE4CF31F760FC2FF762" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V." box="[560,1022,2191,2232]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zoology" pageId="20" pageNumber="87" pagination="1 - 121" part="421" refId="ref28822" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V. 1985. Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes. Smithsonian Contr. Zoology, 421: 1 - 121." title="Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes" type="journal article" year="1985">Weitzman &amp; Fink, 1985:42</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 66) also has similar tooth arrangement, but other genera of this tribe and also the putatively basal genus
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC70FED2FD80FEBF" authorityName="Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison &amp; Royero" authorityYear="1994" box="[369,593,317,357]" family="Characidae" genus="Ptychocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC70FED2FD80FEBF" box="[369,593,317,357]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Ptychocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5CF6FFED2FBC5FEBF" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V. &amp; Machado-Allison, A. &amp; Royero L." box="[622,1044,317,357]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="45 - 64" part="5" refId="ref28858" refString="Weitzman, S. H.; Fink, S. V.; Machado-Allison, A. &amp; Royero L., R. 1994. A new genus and species of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characidae) from southern Venezuela. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters, 5 (1): 45 - 64" title="A new genus and species of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characidae) from southern Venezuela. Ichthyol. Explor" type="journal article" year="1994">Weitzman et al., 1994:59</bibRefCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5C92DFED2FB4CFEBF" box="[1068,1181,317,357]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="23.[257,357,1163,1198]" captionTargetBox="[440,1276,299,1096]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 12. Hypothesized relationships among Cyanocharax species based on the characters described under “Relationships among Cyanocharax species”." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813286/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) has 5 teeth in the inner series. The genera
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CFDFFE9FFA57FE4D" box="[734,1414,368,407]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
lotabrycon, Scopaecharax,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C9C6FE9FFA57FE4D" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1913" box="[1223,1414,368,407]" family="Characidae" genus="Tyttocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Tyttocharax</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC02FE4CFE25FE10" box="[259,500,419,458]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC02FE4CFE3EFE10" authorityName="Myers &amp; Miranda Ribeiro" authorityYear="1945" box="[259,495,419,458]" family="Characidae" genus="Xenurobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Xenurobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
all with derived and paedomorphic species, have completely different and specialized tooth number and arrangements (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5C804FE39FDF4FDEA" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zoology" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 121" part="421" refId="ref28822" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Fink, S. V. 1985. Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes. Smithsonian Contr. Zoology, 421: 1 - 121." title="Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes" type="journal article" year="1985">Weitzman &amp; Fink, 1985:40-41</bibRefCitation>
, Figs. 59-64). Therefore, the species of these genera are not actually pertinent to this particular problem.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858015FFE5CC07FD70FD4DFD1F" blockId="21.[262,668,671,709]" box="[262,668,671,709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC07FD70FD4DFD1F" bold="true" box="[262,668,671,709]" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC07FD70FE38FD1F" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[262,489,671,709]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC07FD70FE38FD1F" bold="true" box="[262,489,671,709]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
definition
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858015FFE5CC4EFD0FFDEBFB44" blockId="21.[259,1504,736,2240]" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
The cladogram of Fig. 11 depicts the hypothesized relationships among the genera included in the putative monophyletic Clade A of
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5C802FCFDFAB1FCE3" box="[1283,1376,786,825]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" captionTargetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M. Malabarba (1998); B - Malabarba (1998); C - Lucena (1998); D - Reis (1989) and E - Vari (1977). Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all Aphyocharax species; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under “Cyanocharax relationships&quot;)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
, that is characterized by the possession of ii,8 dorsal-fin rays and four teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla. Considering the presented hypothesis of monophyly of Clade A characids,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CE12FC45FC3AFC08" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[787,1003,938,978]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CE12FC45FC3AFC08" box="[787,1003,938,978]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C9CFFC45FA45FC08" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[1230,1428,938,978]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C9CFFC45FA45FC08" box="[1230,1428,938,978]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC04FC32FE48FBDE" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[261,409,989,1028]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC04FC32FE48FBDE" box="[261,409,989,1028]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Boehlkea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the presence of an incompletely toothed maxilla, with 2 to 8 teeth (
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CC6EFBFFFE20FBED" box="[367,497,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[285,419,2797,2845]" captionTargetBox="[284,1962,1490,2745]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23A-F. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax itaimbe (USNM 323409, 48.5 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813311/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CF0FFBFFFDE5FBED" box="[526,564,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="46.[279,415,2191,2237]" captionTargetBox="[531,1688,377,2135]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 28. Teeth of Cyanocharax dicropotamicus (MCP 19510, 40.0 mm SL). Jaws seem decalcified and deformed. A - Maxilla, B - Premaxilla and C - Dentary teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813319/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">28</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CF51FBFFFDA4FBED" box="[592,629,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="51.[348,483,1667,1715]" captionTargetBox="[342,2011,368,1617]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 32. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax tipiaia (MCP 22712, 38.0 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813327/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">32</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CF90FBFFFD67FBED" box="[657,694,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="58.[304,439,1638,1686]" captionTargetBox="[307,1969,334,1588]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 38. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax lepiclastus (MCP 16382, 43.2 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813341/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CFD1FBFFFD27FBED" box="[720,758,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="64.[283,416,2291,2338]" captionTargetBox="[281,1941,984,2233]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 44. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax alegretensis (MCP 1 1232, 44.5 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813354/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">44</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CE11FBFFFCEAFBED" box="[784,827,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="71.[347,481,1641,1689]" captionTargetBox="[354,2009,343,1577]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 49. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax macropinna (MCP 16382, 43.1 mm SL). A-D - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; B-E - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813364/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">49</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CE52FBFFFCA4FBED" box="[851,885,1040,1079]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="75.[351,485,1657,1704]" captionTargetBox="[344,2006,355,1601]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 51. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax alburnus (MCP 9100, 55.0 mm SL). A-D - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; B-E ‒ Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-F- Dentary and detailed view ofteeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813368/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">51</figureCitation>
) whereas
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C92BFBFFFB6FFBED" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[1066,1214,1040,1079]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C92BFBFFFB6FFBED" box="[1066,1214,1040,1079]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Boehlkea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has an almost to completely toothed maxilla with 11 -21 teeth, and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C949FBACFADFFBB0" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[1096,1294,1091,1130]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C949FBACFADFFBB0" box="[1096,1294,1091,1130]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
6-20 maxillary teeth (
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5CCB4FB99FDF8FB44" box="[437,553,1142,1182]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[291,424,2743,2789]" captionTargetBox="[287,1960,1435,2688]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Jaws and teeth of Hemibrycon dariensis (MCP 27072, 47.0 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813282/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858015FFE5CC53FB46FC9DF9EE" blockId="21.[259,1504,736,2240]" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
Figure 11 also illustrates hypotheses of the monophyly and/or relationships previously proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5CE52FB34FA85FAD8" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A." box="[851,1364,1243,1282]" editor="Malabarba, L. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Edipucrs, Porto Alegre" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="171 - 192" refId="ref29008" refString="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; Menezes, N. A. 1998. Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P. 171 - 192, in: Malabarba, L.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes. Edipucrs, Porto Alegre." title="Relationships of the tribes and genera of the Glandulocaudinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Characidae) with a descrip - tion of a new genus, Chrysobrycon. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and classification of Neotropical fishes" year="1998">Weitzman &amp; Menezes (1998)</bibRefCitation>
for the Glandulocaudinae;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5CF44FAE1FB81FAEF" author="Malabarba, M. C. S. L. &amp; Malabarba, L. R." box="[581,1104,1294,1333]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="19 - 24" part="5" refId="ref27796" refString="Malabarba, M. C. S. L. &amp; Malabarba, L. R. 1994. Hypobrycon maromba, a new genus and species of Characiform fish from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 5 (1): 19 - 24." title="Hypobrycon maromba, a new genus and species of Characiform fish from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="1994">Malabarba &amp; Malabarba (1994)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5C9A9FAE1FEA1FAB2" author="Silva, J. P. da &amp; Malabarba, L. R." journalOrPublisher="Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, Ser. Zool." pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="45 - 53" part="9" refId="ref28212" refString="Silva, J. P. da &amp; Malabarba, L. R. 1996. Description of a new species of Hypobrycon from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, Ser. Zool., 9: 45 - 53." title="Description of a new species of Hypobrycon from the upper rio Uruguay, Brazil (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Comun" type="journal article" year="1996">Silva &amp; Malabarba (1996)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CCB9FAAFFDAFFAB2" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" box="[440,638,1344,1384]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CCB9FAAFFDAFFAB2" box="[440,638,1344,1384]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Hypobrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5CF9BFAAFFC20FAB2" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." box="[666,1009,1344,1384]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref28381" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 1998. The genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): monophyly, relationships, and undetected diversity. P. 245 - 260, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="The genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): monophyly, relationships, and undetected diversity. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Vari &amp; Harold (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5C908FAAFFB85FAB2" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." box="[1033,1108,1344,1384]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zool." pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="1 - 239" part="613" refId="ref28478" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 2001. Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contr. Zool., (613): 1 - 239." title="Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
) for
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C9AEFAAFFAFCFAB2" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1199,1325,1344,1384]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C9AEFAAFFAFCFAB2" box="[1199,1325,1344,1384]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Piabina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C882FAAFFEBAFA41" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C882FAAFFEBAFA41" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5CC8BFA9CFCEEFA41" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[394,831,1395,1435]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="315 - 326" part="11" refId="ref27528" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 11 (4): 315 - 326." title="Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Malabarba &amp; Vari (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CE96FA9CFAC6FA41" box="[919,1303,1395,1435]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CE96FA9CFBA8FA41" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[919,1145,1395,1435]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caiapobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C998FA9CFAC6FA41" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1177,1303,1395,1435]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabina</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C882FA9CFEBAFA14" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C882FA9CFEBAFA14" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748015FFE5CCC8FA49FCF9FA14" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Ortega, H." box="[457,808,1446,1486]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" pagination="13 - 140" part="11" refId="ref28535" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Ortega, H. 2000. Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters 11 (2): l 13 - 140." title="Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Vari &amp; Ortega (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CE6CFA49FB3FFA14" box="[877,1262,1446,1486]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CE6CFA49FBD3FA14" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" box="[877,1026,1446,1486]" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Attonitus</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C916FA49FB3FFA14" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1047,1262,1446,1486]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
species do not share any of the apomorphies described for those clades or genera and are therefore excluded from all of them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858015FFE5CC50F9D0FADAF8B8" blockId="21.[259,1504,736,2240]" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
Clade A encompasses most of the known inseminating species of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC07F99DFE68F943" box="[262,441,1650,1689]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
, including all species of Glandulocaudinae, all species of the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC7AF94CFDDDF911" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" box="[379,524,1699,1739]" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC7AF94CFDDDF911" box="[379,524,1699,1739]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Attonitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CF5CF94CFCACF911" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[605,893,1699,1739]" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CF5CF94CFCACF911" box="[605,893,1699,1739]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Monotocheirodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a few species currently placed in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC09F939FD3CF924" box="[264,749,1750,1790]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC09F939FE11F924" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[264,448,1750,1790]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CCDDF939FD35F924" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" box="[476,740,1750,1790]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconamericus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CE50F939FC1AF924" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[849,971,1750,1790]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CE50F939FC1AF924" box="[849,971,1750,1790]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Knodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(J. R. Bums, pers. commun.).
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC06F8E7FE31F8EA" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[263,480,1800,1840]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC06F8E7FE31F8EA" box="[263,480,1800,1840]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are not inseminating, thus lacking any further evidence to group them with the inseminating species listed above.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858015FFE6CC52F882FAF5FC0B" blockId="21.[259,1504,736,2240]" lastBlockId="22.[241,1492,277,2013]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
It is notable that the genera grouped in Clade A (
<figureCitation id="13122A008015FFE5C96CF882FB06F84E" box="[1133,1239,1901,1940]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[230,333,1716,1752]" captionTargetBox="[262,1444,912,1652]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Cladogram summarizing present knowledge on the relationships of characids, gasteropelecids and roestines. Lettered boxes A through E represent hypotheses supported by characters presented by A - M. Malabarba (1998); B - Malabarba (1998); C - Lucena (1998); D - Reis (1989) and E - Vari (1977). Lettered boxes F and G arc characters putatively derived that represent possible synapomorphies for the corresponding groups (F - the large fourth infraorbital in all Aphyocharax species; G - a peculiar ontogenetic development of teeth and jaws that includes changes in tooth shape, number of tooth scries in the premaxilla and extension of toothed portion of the premaxilla in the Rhoadsiinae). Numbered boxes represent characters discussed herein (sec under “Cyanocharax relationships&quot;)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813269/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
and 11) include most of the tetragonopterine species with ventrally-located mouths (
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C86EF84FFA9AF7F1" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C86EF84FFEE5F822" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Attonitus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC4FF83EFDEEF822" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[334,575,2001,2040]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconacidnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconacidnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CF5AF83EFCEFF822" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[603,830,2001,2040]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caiapobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CE5DF83EFB8AF822" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[860,1115,2001,2040]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ceratobranchia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C976F83EFAFDF822" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1143,1324,2001,2040]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C847F83EFEEFF7F1" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC59F7EBFDC4F7F1" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[344,533,2052,2091]" family="Characidae" genus="Microgenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microgenys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CF2FF7EBFD36F7F1" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1928" box="[558,743,2052,2091]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabarchus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CFFEF7EBFCACF7F1" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[767,893,2052,2091]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabina</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CE97F7EBFBB5F7F1" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[918,1124,2052,2091]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5C97CF7EBFA93F7F1" box="[1149,1346,2052,2091]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinopetitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinopetitia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and part of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CC3DF7D9FD92F787" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" box="[316,579,2102,2141]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CC3DF7D9FD92F787" box="[316,579,2102,2141]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Bryconamericus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CFA7F7D9FCF1F787" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[678,800,2102,2141]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CFA7F7D9FCF1F787" box="[678,800,2102,2141]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Knodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) suggesting a possible close relationship among them or at least part of them. Three unlisted characid genera with ventrally-located mouths (
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5CFBCF775FB2FF71A" box="[701,1278,2202,2240]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CFBCF775FC0FF71A" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[701,990,2202,2240]" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monotocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE5CEFAF775FB2FF71A" authorityName="Gomes" authorityYear="1947" box="[1019,1278,2202,2240]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontostoechus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068015FFE6C85DF775FE44FEE4" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CDF3FEFAFE44FEE4" box="[242,405,277,318]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978015FFE5C85DF775FA0EF71A" box="[1372,1503,2202,2240]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="88">Othonocheirodus</emphasis>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) were previously included in Cheirodontinae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6C9B8FEFAFAAAFEE4" author="Gery, J." bookContentInfo="672 p." box="[1209,1403,277,318]" journalOrPublisher="TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" refId="ref26427" refString="--------. 1977. Characoids ofthe World. TFH Publications Inc. Neptune City. 672 p." title="Characoids ofthe World" type="book" year="1977">Géry, 1977</bibRefCitation>
) and moved to incertae sedis in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CFD1FEA6FC55FEAB" box="[720,900,329,369]" family="Characidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Characidae</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6CED6FEA6FAD7FEAB" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[983,1286,329,369]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba (1998)</bibRefCitation>
. Species of these genera have a single series of teeth in the premaxilla and thus cannot be characterized by the presence of “four teeth in an inner tooth series”. Species of those genera, however, have ii,8 dorsal-fin rays suggesting their inclusion among Clade A characids. In
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CEA4FDFCFB79FDE1" authorityName="Gomes" authorityYear="1947" box="[933,1192,531,571]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CEA4FDFCFB79FDE1" box="[933,1192,531,571]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Odontostoechus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a single series, but
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6CCB0FDA9FD06FDB7" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[433,727,582,621]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="193 - 233" refId="ref27224" refString="---------. 1998. Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P. 193 - 233, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="Characters and major clades of the Cheirodontinae (Teleostei: Characidae). P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Malabarba (1998)</bibRefCitation>
reported an undescribed species, closely related to
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CC7AFD97FC8FFD7B" box="[379,862,632,673]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CC7AFD97FC88FD7B" box="[379,857,632,673]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lethostigmus">Odontostoechus lethostigmus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
in which young individuals have two series of teeth in the premaxilla with four teeth in the inner row, and “an arrangement similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CFF6FD31FBD8FCDC" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" box="[759,1033,734,774]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CFF6FD31FBD8FCDC" box="[759,1033,734,774]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Bryconamericus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” corroborating their inclusion in Clade A. In
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF45FCFFFCB5FCE2" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[580,868,784,824]" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CF45FCFFFCB5FCE2" box="[580,868,784,824]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Monotocheirodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
there is a single series of four teeth, suggesting that the absence of an anterior series is a secondary loss, and that the remaining tooth series is homologous to the inner tooth series of the other Clade A genera, but such a hypothesis needs further support.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858016FFE6CC41FC31FC00F972" blockId="22.[241,1492,277,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
Hypothesis of relationships among genera with ventrally-located mouths have already been discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6CEAAFBFDFAC8FBE3" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." box="[939,1305,1042,1081]" editor="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Reis, R. E. &amp; Vari, R. P. &amp; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S." journalOrPublisher="Porto Alegre, Edipucrs" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="245 - 260" refId="ref28381" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 1998. The genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): monophyly, relationships, and undetected diversity. P. 245 - 260, in: Malabarba, L. R.; Reis, R. E.; Vari, R. P.; Lucena, Z. M. S. &amp; Lucena, C. A. S. (eds.). Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs." title="The genus Creagrutus (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae): monophyly, relationships, and undetected diversity. P" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes" year="1998">Vari &amp; Harold (1998</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6C833FBFDFAACFBE3" author="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S." box="[1330,1405,1042,1081]" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contr. Zool." pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 239" part="613" refId="ref28478" refString="Vari, R. P. &amp; Harold, A. S. 2001. Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species. Smithsonian Contr. Zool., (613): 1 - 239." title="Phylogenetic study of the Neotropical fish genera Creagrutus Gunther and Piabina Reinhardt (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes), with a revision of the Cis-Andean species" type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
) for
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CDF4FBA9FEA7FBB4" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[245,374,1094,1134]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CDF4FBA9FEA7FBB4" box="[245,374,1094,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Piabina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CCDBFBA9FD43FBB4" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[474,658,1094,1134]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CCDBFBA9FD43FBB4" box="[474,658,1094,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Creagrutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6CE31FBA9FB3CFBB4" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[816,1261,1094,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="315 - 326" part="11" refId="ref27528" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 11 (4): 315 - 326." title="Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Malabarba &amp; Vari (2000)</bibRefCitation>
for
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6C845FBA9FE69FB7B" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C845FBA9FA1BFBB4" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[1348,1482,1094,1134]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabina</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CDF6FB95FE62FB7B" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[247,435,1146,1185]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CF21FB95FCC2FB7B" box="[544,787,1146,1185]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF21FB95FCDFFB7B" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[544,782,1146,1185]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caiapobrycon</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748016FFE6CE28FB95FB38FB7B" author="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P." box="[809,1257,1146,1185]" journalOrPublisher="Freshwaters" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" pagination="315 - 326" part="11" refId="ref27528" refString="Malabarba, L. R. &amp; Vari, R. P. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor. Freshwaters, 11 (4): 315 - 326." title="Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol Explor" type="journal article" year="2000">Malabarba &amp; Vari (2000)</bibRefCitation>
have further discussed the possible relationships among tetragonopterines with ventrally-located mouths that share a reduced anal-fin ray number, as found in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CDF7FAF9FA01FAE7" box="[246,1488,1302,1341]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CDF7FAF9FE0EFAE7" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[246,479,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caiapobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF03FAF9FD4BFAE7" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" box="[514,666,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Attonitus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CFBBFAF9FC15FAE7" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[698,964,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ceratobranchia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CEE3FAF9FB6AFAE7" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[994,1211,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C9D9FAF9FA01FAE7" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[1240,1488,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconacidnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconacidnus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CC3EFAA6FD21FAAB" box="[319,752,1353,1393]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CC3EFAA6FE2CFAAB" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[319,509,1353,1393]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF12FAA6FD21FAAB" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[531,752,1353,1393]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
species do not share any of the specialized jaw bones and teeth such as observed in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6C913FA92FC0AF99A" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C913FA92FB7DFA7F" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Ortega" authorityYear="2000" box="[1042,1196,1405,1445]" family="Characidae" genus="Attonitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Attonitus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C9CEFA92FA17FA7F" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1929" box="[1231,1478,1405,1445]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconacidnus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bryconacidnus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CDF7FA5DFE34FA03" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Vari" authorityYear="2000" box="[246,485,1458,1497]" family="Characidae" genus="Caiapobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caiapobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF09FA5DFCC1FA03" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1914" box="[520,784,1458,1497]" family="Characidae" genus="Ceratobranchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ceratobranchia</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CE32FA5DFC3CFA03" authorityName=", Vari &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[819,1005,1458,1497]" family="Characidae" genus="Creagrutus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Creagrutus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C912FA5DFB35FA03" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Malabarba" authorityYear="1994" box="[1043,1252,1458,1497]" family="Characidae" genus="Hypobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C802FA5DFA17FA03" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1913" box="[1283,1478,1458,1497]" family="Characidae" genus="Microgenys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microgenys</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CDF4FA0AFE66F9D6" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1928" box="[245,439,1509,1548]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabarchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabarchus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CCECFA0AFDA0F9D6" authorityName=", Van &amp; Harold" authorityYear="2001" box="[493,625,1509,1548]" family="Characidae" genus="Piabina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Piabina</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CFA6FA0AFCAEF9D6" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1944" box="[679,895,1509,1548]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinobrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinobrycon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CEB5FA0AFA46F9D6" authority=", Bryconameric" authorityName="Bryconameric" box="[948,1431,1509,1548]" family="Characidae" genus="Rhinopetitia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinopetitia, Bryconameric</taxonomicName>
us,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CDF4F9F7FEA0F99A" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[245,369,1560,1600]" family="Characidae" genus="Knodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Knodus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CC8EF9F7FD65F99A" authorityName="Eigenmann &amp; Pearson" authorityYear="1924" box="[399,692,1560,1600]" family="Characidae" genus="Monotocheirodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Monotocheirodon</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CFD5F9F7FC0AF99A" authorityName="Gomes" authorityYear="1947" box="[724,987,1560,1600]" family="Characidae" genus="Odontostoechus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odontostoechus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C93AF9F7FA88F99A" authorityName="Myers" authorityYear="1927" box="[1083,1369,1560,1600]" family="Characidae" genus="Othonocheirodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6C93AF9F7FA88F99A" box="[1083,1369,1560,1600]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Othonocheirodus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or the reduced anal-fin ray number that would support the inclusion of the species described herein in any of those genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858016FFE6CC41F95BFE1BF807" blockId="22.[241,1492,277,2013]" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
Although we cannot phylogenetically diagnose
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6C982F95BFAB0F906" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1155,1377,1716,1756]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6C982F95BFAB0F906" box="[1155,1377,1716,1756]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on exclusively derived features, the synapomorphies diagnosing the internal clades within that genus and which are discussed below further support the close relationships among included species. Characters that allow the recognition of the
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF37F86CFCC3F871" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[566,786,1923,1963]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CF37F86CFCC3F871" box="[566,786,1923,1963]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are listed under
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6C9C0F86CFE1BF807" bold="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">“Distinguishing characters.”</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858016FFE6CDF6F7EDFBB4F74B" blockId="22.[245,1489,2050,2193]" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CDF6F7EDFCB2F7F1" bold="true" box="[247,867,2050,2091]" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">
Relationships among
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068016FFE6CF7EF7EDFCB2F7F1" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[639,867,2050,2091]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CF7EF7EDFCB2F7F1" bold="true" box="[639,867,2050,2091]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B95DEA978016FFE6CE77F7EDFC3DF7F1" bold="true" box="[886,1004,2050,2091]" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">species</emphasis>
(Note: characters used in a cladistic analysis of the species included in the discussion below are numbered and presented in the cladogram of
<figureCitation id="13122A008016FFE6CEE4F785FB86F74B" box="[997,1111,2154,2193]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="23.[257,357,1163,1198]" captionTargetBox="[440,1276,299,1096]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Figure 12. Hypothesized relationships among Cyanocharax species based on the characters described under “Relationships among Cyanocharax species”." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813286/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="89">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF56660D8017FFE7CC00FB64FA89FB04" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813286" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10813286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813286/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" startId="23.[257,357,1163,1198]" targetBox="[440,1276,299,1096]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8B9636858017FFE7CC00FB64FA89FB04" blockId="23.[254,1496,1163,1246]" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CC00FB64FE71FB74" bold="true" box="[257,416,1163,1198]" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Figure 12.</emphasis>
Hypothesized relationships among
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CECBFB64FB41FB74" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[970,1168,1163,1198]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CECBFB64FB41FB74" box="[970,1168,1163,1198]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species based on the characters described under
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CF97FB54FC21FB04" bold="true" box="[662,1008,1211,1246]" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">“ Relationships among</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CEFDFB54FB1BFB04" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1020,1226,1211,1246]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CEFDFB54FB1BFB04" box="[1020,1226,1211,1246]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species”.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9636858017FFE7CC4BFAF4FE30F740" blockId="23.[254,1497,1307,2202]" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">
Possible derived features diagnosing
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CED5FAF4FB7AFA99" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[980,1195,1307,1347]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CED5FAF4FB7AFA99" box="[980,1195,1307,1347]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
among Clade A characids are: (1) A maxilla with an incomplete dentition consisting of 2-8 teeth that occupy less than half the length of the maxilla or the anteriormost portion of this bone (
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7CF77FA5BFCD0FA06" box="[630,769,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="36.[285,419,2797,2845]" captionTargetBox="[284,1962,1490,2745]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figure 23A-F. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax itaimbe (USNM 323409, 48.5 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813311/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7CE1AFA5BFC90FA06" box="[795,833,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="46.[279,415,2191,2237]" captionTargetBox="[531,1688,377,2135]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 28. Teeth of Cyanocharax dicropotamicus (MCP 19510, 40.0 mm SL). Jaws seem decalcified and deformed. A - Maxilla, B - Premaxilla and C - Dentary teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813319/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">28</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7CE60FA5BFC54FA06" box="[865,901,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 32" captionStartId="51.[348,483,1667,1715]" captionTargetBox="[342,2011,368,1617]" captionTargetPageId="51" captionText="Figure 32. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax tipiaia (MCP 22712, 38.0 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813327" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813327/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">32</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7CEA7FA5BFC1EFA06" box="[934,975,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="58.[304,439,1638,1686]" captionTargetBox="[307,1969,334,1588]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Figure 38. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax lepiclastus (MCP 16382, 43.2 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813341" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813341/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">38</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7CEE8FA5BFBDEFA06" box="[1001,1039,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="64.[283,416,2291,2338]" captionTargetBox="[281,1941,984,2233]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="Figure 44. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax alegretensis (MCP 1 1232, 44.5 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813354" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813354/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">44</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7C92FFA5BFB85FA06" box="[1070,1108,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 49" captionStartId="71.[347,481,1641,1689]" captionTargetBox="[354,2009,343,1577]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 49. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax macropinna (MCP 16382, 43.1 mm SL). A-D - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; B-E - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813364/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">49</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7C975FA5BFB4FFA06" box="[1140,1182,1460,1500]" captionStart="Figure 51" captionStartId="75.[351,485,1657,1704]" captionTargetBox="[344,2006,355,1601]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Figure 51. Jaws and teeth of Cyanocharax alburnus (MCP 9100, 55.0 mm SL). A-D - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; B-E ‒ Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-F- Dentary and detailed view ofteeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813368" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813368/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">51</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7C9C4FA5BFA5AFA06" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[1221,1419,1460,1500]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7C9C4FA5BFA5AFA06" box="[1221,1419,1460,1500]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CDFEFA09FE43F9D7" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[255,402,1510,1549]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CDFEFA09FE43F9D7" box="[255,402,1510,1549]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Boehlkea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with 11 -21 maxillary teeth) are apparently the most basal genera in Clade A, lacking all specializations related to insemination, development of caudal and/or anal glands or the jaw and teeth modifications related to a ventral mouth, as observed in the remaining genera and species of Clade A. Compared to
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CCE2F95FFD12F902" box="[483,707,1712,1752]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CCE2F95FFD6FF902" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[483,702,1712,1752]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CE8BF95FFB9FF902" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[906,1102,1712,1752]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CE8BF95FFB9FF902" box="[906,1102,1712,1752]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7C9A6F95FFAEAF902" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[1191,1339,1712,1752]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7C9A6F95FFAEAF902" box="[1191,1339,1712,1752]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Boehlkea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
basically differ in the longer toothed portion of the maxilla (
<figureCitation id="13122A008017FFE7C976F90CFB3EF8D0" box="[1143,1263,1763,1802]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="18.[291,424,2743,2789]" captionTargetBox="[287,1960,1435,2688]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 10. Jaws and teeth of Hemibrycon dariensis (MCP 27072, 47.0 mm SL). A-B - Maxilla and detailed view of teeth; C-D - Premaxilla and detailed view of teeth; E-F - Dentary and detailed view of teeth." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813282" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813282/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
) that extends beyond its half-length. Although we can hypothesize the condition found in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CC00F8A8FE08F8B4" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[257,473,1863,1902]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CC00F8A8FE08F8B4" box="[257,473,1863,1902]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as derived compared to the long toothed portion of the maxilla as found in the outgroup characid genus
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CEBCF896FBE8F845" box="[957,1081,1913,1951]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CEBCF896FBFEF845" baseAuthorityName="M. Malabarba" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[957,1071,1913,1951]" family="Bryconidae" genus="Brycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Brycon</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
such a character is also found in several representatives of Clade A characids, and cannot be assumed as a synapomorphy for
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CE0DF832FC35F7DE" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[780,996,2013,2052]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CE0DF832FC35F7DE" box="[780,996,2013,2052]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
until the relationships among the members of Clade A are better hypothesized. However, the facts above do allow a diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CF8BF7AEFCB3F7B2" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[650,866,2113,2152]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CF8BF7AEFCB3F7B2" box="[650,866,2113,2152]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that distinguishes it from
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7C813F7AEFA07F7B2" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[1298,1494,2113,2152]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7C813F7AEFA07F7B2" box="[1298,1494,2113,2152]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978017FFE7CC45F79BFE30F740" box="[324,481,2164,2202]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="90">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068017FFE7CC45F79BFE09F740" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[324,472,2164,2202]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="90" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Boehlkea</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858018FFE8CC1AFEF4FDBBFC0D" blockId="24.[199,1459,283,2255]" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
(2) The presence of an intense blue color in sexually mature specimens somewhat similar to that observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CE41FEA1FBF7FEAC" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1907" box="[832,1062,334,374]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CE41FEA1FBF7FEAC" box="[832,1062,334,374]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also hypothesized to be derived (
<figureCitation id="13122A008018FFE8CC98FE90FDEBFE73" box="[409,570,383,425]" captionStart="Figure 20" captionStartId="33.[332,465,2732,2783]" captionTargetBox="[339,2000,1353,2683]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figure 20A-B. Cyanocharax itaimbe, Balneário Maquiné, rio Maquiné, Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (UFRGS 4998). A - Photograph taken just after fixation in formalin, showing the blue color pattern. B - Photograph of a second specimen collected with specimen above after losing the blue color pattern." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813302/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Figs. 20A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008018FFE8CF52FE90FDAEFE73" box="[595,639,383,425]" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="69.[347,480,1695,1742]" captionTargetBox="[384,1857,1039,1583]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 47. Cyanocharax macropinna, male, rio Sarandi III, on the road Santana do Livramento to Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (MCP 16382)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813360/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">47</figureCitation>
). This color has been observed in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C9C4FE90FE1AFE06" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C9C4FE90FAA3FE73" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1221,1394,383,425]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itaimbe">C. itaimbe</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C88AFE90FE1AFE06" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">C. dicropotamicus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CCECFE5DFC24FE06" box="[493,1013,434,476]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CCECFE5DFD05FE06" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[493,724,434,476]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">C. lepiclastus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFF3FE5DFC3DFE06" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[754,1004,434,476]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">C. alegretensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C95EFE5DFAB5FE06" box="[1119,1380,434,476]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C95EFE5DFAB1FE06" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1119,1376,434,476]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">C. macropinna</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
No mature specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CF33FE08FD19FDD4" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[562,712,487,526]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tipiaia">
C.
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CF63FE08FD19FDD4" box="[610,712,487,526]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">tipiaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were available for evaluation of this charac - ter and such coloration is absent in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CE1FFDF7FC34FD9B" box="[798,997,536,577]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CE1FFDF7FC31FD9B" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[798,992,536,577]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">C. alburnus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The latter species’ systematic position, formerly placed in
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CFE2FDA3FC51FDAE" box="[739,896,588,628]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFE2FDA3FCAAFDAE" authorityName=", Garutti" authorityYear="1990" box="[739,891,588,628]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Astyanax</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
has long been problematic due to the variable presence of four or five teeth in the inner series of the premax - illa. It has consequently been described in the literature as
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C9A3FD5EFE8FFCD6" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C9A3FD5EFE8FFCD6" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Bryconamericus alburnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CCC1FD0BFCDBFCD6" box="[448,778,740,780]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CCC1FD0BFCD2FCD6" box="[448,771,740,780]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hasemani">Astyanax hasemani</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and lately referred as
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C9A0FD0BFABEFCD6" box="[1185,1391,740,780]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C9A0FD0BFAB7FCD6" box="[1185,1382,740,780]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">A. alburnus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Its relationships were briefly discussed by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB84B748018FFE8CE51FCF8FBA3FC9A" author="Malabarba, L. R." box="[848,1138,791,832]" journalOrPublisher="Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, (28)" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" pagination="177 - 199" refId="ref27092" refString="Malabarba, L. R. 1983. Redescricao e discussao da posicao taxonomica de Astyanax hasemani Eigenmann, 1914 (Teleostei, Characidae). Comun. Mus. Cienc. PUCRS, (28): 177 - 199." title="Redescricao e discussao da posicao taxonomica de Astyanax hasemani Eigenmann, 1914 (Teleostei, Characidae)" type="book chapter" year="1983">Malabarba (1983)</bibRefCitation>
, who pointed out a possible relationship to
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CF63FCA5FCB8FCAB" authorityName=", Malabarba &amp; Kindel" authorityYear="1995" box="[610,873,842,881]" family="Characidae" genus="Bryconamericus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CF63FCA5FCB8FCAB" box="[610,873,842,881]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Bryconamericus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or to the glandulocaudine species
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CDD1FC92FD95FC7F" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1894" box="[208,580,893,933]" family="Characidae" genus="Diapoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="speculiferum">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CDD1FC92FD95FC7F" box="[208,580,893,933]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Diapoma speculiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFA0FC92FBF1FC7F" authorityName="Gery" authorityYear="1964" box="[673,1056,893,933]" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terofali">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CFA0FC92FBF1FC7F" box="[673,1056,893,933]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Glandulocauda terofali</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(now =
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C9B6FC92FEC8FC0D" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C9B6FC92FED9FC0D" baseAuthorityName="Gery" baseAuthorityYear="1964" family="Characidae" genus="Diapoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="terofali">Diapoma terofali</taxonomicName>
),
</emphasis>
instead of
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CCCFFC5FFDBBFC0D" box="[462,618,944,983]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CCCFFC5FFDB2FC0D" authorityName=", Garutti" authorityYear="1990" box="[462,611,944,983]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Astyanax</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858018FFE8CC1AFC0DFDCEF90B" blockId="24.[199,1459,283,2255]" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
We hypothesize that
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CF70FC0DFC10FBD0" box="[625,961,994,1034]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CF82FC0DFC64FBD0" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[643,949,994,1034]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">Astyanax alburnus</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</emphasis>
belongs to Clade A characids on the basis of its possession of ii, 8 dorsal-fin rays and the presence of a variable number of four or five teeth in the inner series of the premaxilla. It furthermore lacks the derived features diagnosing most of the other genera of Clade A and has a short section of the maxilla toothed, a feature that excludes it from
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CCF8FB0EFD6EFAD2" authorityName=", Wiley &amp; Collette" authorityYear="1970" box="[505,703,1249,1288]" family="Characidae" genus="Hemibrycon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CCF8FB0EFD6EFAD2" box="[505,703,1249,1288]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Hemibrycon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CE1EFB0EFC6FFAD2" box="[799,958,1249,1288]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CE1EFB0EFC69FAD2" authorityName=", Gery" authorityYear="1966" box="[799,952,1249,1288]" family="Characidae" genus="Boehlkea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Boehlkea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but is congruent with a hypothesis of a relationship to
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CFADFAFCFC5AFAE1" box="[684,907,1299,1339]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFADFAFCFC55FAE1" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[684,900,1299,1339]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This species, now referred to as
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CDD3FAA8FE48FAB4" box="[210,409,1351,1390]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CDD3FAA8FE41FAB4" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[210,400,1351,1390]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">C. alburnus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a new combination, would seem to be basal among the species of
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CC02FA96FE35FA7A" box="[259,484,1401,1440]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CC02FA96FE31FA7A" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[259,480,1401,1440]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
It lacks the intense blue color of sexually mature specimens, a putative derived feature grouping the remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C983FA44FA8DFA08" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1154,1372,1451,1490]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C983FA44FA8DFA08" box="[1154,1372,1451,1490]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spe - cies, and, in addition, the derived features discussed below that define internal
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CC19F9FFFE20F9E2" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[280,497,1552,1592]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CC19F9FFFE20F9E2" box="[280,497,1552,1592]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subclades.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFC4F9FFFB90F9E2" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[709,1089,1552,1592]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CFC4F9FFFB90F9E2" box="[709,1089,1552,1592]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Cyanocharax alburnus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has the largest geographical distribution among
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFEFF9ACFC17F9B1" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[750,966,1603,1643]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CFEFF9ACFC17F9B1" box="[750,966,1603,1643]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, occurring in all river systems where the remaining species of the genus are found, although not necessarily syntopic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858018FFE8CC1DF933FDAAF840" blockId="24.[199,1459,283,2255]" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
(3) Among the remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CFD4F933FC7CF8DE" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[725,941,1756,1796]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CFD4F933FC7CF8DE" box="[725,941,1756,1796]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C94BF933FB24F8DE" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1098,1269,1756,1796]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itaimbe">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C94BF933FB24F8DE" box="[1098,1269,1756,1796]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">C. itaimbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C851F933FE7AF8EC" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C851F933FE7AF8EC" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">C. dicropotamicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are hypothesized to constitute a clade defined by the presence of a black pigmented adipose fin, that is absent in all other
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C9D4F8AEFA7EF8B2" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1237,1455,1857,1896]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C9D4F8AEFA7EF8B2" box="[1237,1455,1857,1896]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and outgroup taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858018FFE9CC1CF84AFB07FDC8" blockId="24.[199,1459,283,2255]" lastBlockId="25.[267,1513,281,2248]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
(4)
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CC5CF84AFAFEF817" box="[349,1327,1957,1997]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CC5CF84AFD29F817" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[349,760,1957,1997]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">Cyanocharax lepiclastus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CE14F84AFBDDF817" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[789,1036,1957,1997]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">C. alegretensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C92BF84AFAF8F817" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1066,1321,1957,1997]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">C. macropinna</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8C88DF84AFEEAF7DB" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tipiaia">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8C88DF84AFEEAF7DB" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">C. tipiaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the presence of an interrupted lateral line or an alternating series of perforated and non-perforated lateral line scales. Although the presence of a complete or reduced lateral line is a character highly variable among Clade A species and thus difficult to polarize for the species of
<emphasis id="B95DEA978018FFE8CDD5F748FE6BF715" box="[212,442,2215,2255]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="91">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068018FFE8CDD5F748FE60F715" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[212,433,2215,2255]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Cyanocharax</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the hypothesis supported by character 2 that places all
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0FFEF6FE3BFE98" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[270,490,281,322]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC0FFEF6FE3BFE98" box="[270,490,281,322]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species as a sister group to
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CEADFEF6FBA7FE98" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[940,1142,281,322]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albumus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CEADFEF6FBA7FE98" box="[940,1142,281,322]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C.albumus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,allowstheuseofthe last species as a functional outgroup to polarizethischaracteramongthe remaining
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CCC4FE6EFD73FE70" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[453,674,385,426]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CCC4FE6EFD73FE70" box="[453,674,385,426]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Such a proceduresupportstherecognition of the reduced lateral line as derived and asa synapomorphyforC.
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC0CFE05FC1FFDC8" box="[269,974,490,530]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0CFE05FE6AFDC8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[269,443,490,530]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">lepiclastus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CCD5FE05FD1DFDC8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[468,716,490,530]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">C. alegretensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CFE0FE05FC1FFDC8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[737,974,490,530]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">C. macropinna</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C923FE05FB07FDC8" box="[1058,1238,490,530]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C923FE05FB68FDC8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1058,1209,490,530]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tipiaia">C.tipiaia</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858019FFE9CC59FDF3FA9EFBA8" blockId="25.[267,1513,281,2248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
Further supporting this hypothesis isa series ofmodificationsofthe anal fin of males and females. The anal-fin shape is
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC0AFD6EFE52FD71" box="[267,387,641,683]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">variableinCyanocharax,</emphasis>
with the adult males ofthe putative basalspecies,
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C9C1FD6EFE64FD07" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C9C1FD6EFA35FD71" box="[1216,1508,641,683]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albumusplus">C. albumusplus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0FFD5AFE64FD07" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[270,437,693,733]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itaimbe">C. itaimbe</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9CCCBFD5AFD9FFD07" box="[458,590,693,733]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[200,300,926,962]" captionTargetBox="[237,1422,281,851]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 13. Left view of the anal fin of male Cyanocharax itaimbe, showing the sheath of scales covering the base of the anterior anal-fin rays (USNM 323415, 45.3 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813288/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Figs. 13</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9CF6EFD5AFD5AFD07" box="[623,651,693,733]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="31.[340,475,1015,1063]" captionTargetBox="[384,1887,412,860]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figure 17. Cyanocharax itaimbe new species, holotype, male, 49.6 mm SL, arroio Facão at Mãe dos Homens, tributary of rio Canoas - rio Mampituba, Praia Grande, Santa Catarina, Brazil (MCP 25972)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813296" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813296/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">17</figureCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CFF4FD5AFBDFFD07" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[757,1038,693,733]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CFF4FD5AFBDFFD07" box="[757,1038,693,733]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. dicropotamicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9C92DFD5AFB57FD07" box="[1068,1158,693,733]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="12.[361,462,1248,1287]" captionTargetBox="[404,2320,265,1034]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 6. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax dicropotamicus showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 19510,41.9 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10882176" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10882176/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Figs.6</figureCitation>
,24),having(5) an anal fin with a concave distal border(5 state0), whereasC.
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C9ECFD08FE67FC98" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
tipiaiaandC.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0DFCF6FE67FC98" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[268,438,793,834]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">lepiclastus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9CCCCFCF6FD93FC98" box="[461,578,793,834]" captionStart="Figure 33" captionStartId="56.[307,440,1068,1131]" captionTargetBox="[376,1700,439,963]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="Figure 33. Cyanocharax lepiclastus, male, 45.2 mm SL, arroio Lageado Uniao, Linha dos Lima, Palmitinho, Rio Grande do Sui, Brazil (MCP 14557)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813329" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813329/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
) have a nearly straightdistalanal-finmargin(5state1) and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC52FCA2FD95FCAE" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[339,580,845,884]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC52FCA2FD95FCAE" box="[339,580,845,884]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. alegretensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9CF56FCA2FD17FCAE" box="[599,710,845,884]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="13.[358,459,1291,1327]" captionTargetBox="[354,2311,281,952]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 7. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax alegretensis showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 11232,39.3 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813280" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813280/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
, 15, 39-40)and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CED3FCA2FB6FFCAE" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[978,1214,845,884]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CED3FCA2FB6FFCAE" box="[978,1214,845,884]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9C9E0FCA2FAEBFCAE" box="[1249,1338,845,884]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="14.[343,446,1223,1274]" captionTargetBox="[376,2321,206,866]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 8. Left view of the anal fin of a male of Cyanocharax macropinna showing the distribution of the anal-fin hooks (MCP 16382,43.5 mm SL). K" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813456" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813456/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Figs.8</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9C85EFCA2FA51FCAE" box="[1375,1408,845,884]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="27.[260,362,2066,2102]" captionTargetBox="[278,1504,1266,1964]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 16. Left view of the anal fin of male Cyanocharax macropinna, showing the sheath of scales covering the base of the anterior anal-fin rays (USNM 319750, 43.5 mmSL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813294" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813294/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">16</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9C894FCA2FA6CFCAE" box="[1429,1469,845,884]" captionStart="Figure 45" captionStartId="67.[341,476,2630,2680]" captionTargetBox="[456,1782,1954,2434]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 45. Cyanocharax macropinna, holotype, male, 44.2 mm SL, arroio Pai- Passo, on the road Santana do Livramcnto-Alegrete, Quaraí, Rio Grande do Sui, Brazil (MCP 25973)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813356/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">45</figureCitation>
) a deeply convex margin (5 state 2). By parsimony,a nearlystraight analfin distal border is derived and a synapomorphy supportinga cladeformedby
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC0FFC0AFB03FBD6" box="[270,1234,997,1036]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0FFC0AFD76FBD6" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[270,679,997,1036]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">Cyanocharax lepiclastus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CFC5FC0AFC6EFBD6" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[708,959,997,1036]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">C. alegretensis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CEDAFC0AFB1BFBD6" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[987,1226,997,1036]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">C. macropinna</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
andC.
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C858FC0AFA34FBD6" box="[1369,1509,997,1036]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C858FC0AFA0EFBD6" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1369,1503,997,1036]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tipiaia">tipiaia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and, in a transformation series, the deeply convexanalfindistalbordera synapomorphy for the subclade
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CE17FBA4FC27FBA8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[790,1014,1099,1138]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CE17FBA4FC27FBA8" box="[790,1014,1099,1138]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C947FBA4FA9EFBA8" box="[1094,1359,1099,1138]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C947FBA4FA9BFBA8" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1094,1354,1099,1138]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">C. alegretensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858019FFE9CC59FB92FA9EF8EC" blockId="25.[267,1513,281,2248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
All
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC99FB92FDBDFB7F" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[408,620,1149,1189]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC99FB92FDBDFB7F" box="[408,620,1149,1189]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have a(6)scalesheathcoveringthebasalportions of the anal-fin rays. The extension ofthisscalesheathoverthebasalfin rays varies according to the species. In the putativebasalspeciesC.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C840FB0CFA37FAD1" baseAuthorityName="Hensel" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[1345,1510,1251,1291]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albumus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C840FB0CFA37FAD1" box="[1345,1510,1251,1291]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">albumus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CCE6FAF9FD5DFAE7" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[487,652,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itaimbe">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CCE6FAF9FD5DFAE7" box="[487,652,1302,1341]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. itaimbe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9CF9DFAF9FCC1FAE7" box="[668,784,1302,1341]" captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="26.[200,300,926,962]" captionTargetBox="[237,1422,281,851]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 13. Left view of the anal fin of male Cyanocharax itaimbe, showing the sheath of scales covering the base of the anterior anal-fin rays (USNM 323415, 45.3 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813288" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813288/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CE3FFAF9FB82FAE7" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[830,1107,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CE3FFAF9FB82FAE7" box="[830,1107,1302,1341]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. dicropotamicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9C970FAF9FB3EFAE7" box="[1137,1263,1302,1341]" captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="26.[201,302,1933,1968]" captionTargetBox="[244,1137,1326,1758]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figure 14. Left view of the anal fin of male Cyanocharax dicropotamicus, showing the sheath of scales covering the base of the anterior anal-fin rays (USNM 337612,40.8 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813290/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Fig.14)</figureCitation>
andC.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C869FAF9FA34FAE7" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1384,1509,1302,1341]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tipiaia">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C869FAF9FA34FAE7" box="[1384,1509,1302,1341]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">tipiaia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we found the scales forming a sheath in each speciestovary from 7 to13 scales (6 state 0) covering the bases of the anteriorbranchedanal-finrays.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0EFA41FD48FA0C" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[271,665,1454,1494]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC0EFA41FD48FA0C" box="[271,665,1454,1494]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Cyanocharax lepiclastus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CFF7FA41FC37FA0C" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[758,998,1454,1494]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CFF7FA41FC37FA0C" box="[758,998,1454,1494]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. alegretensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9CEF6FA41FB8EFA0C" box="[1015,1119,1454,1494]" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="27.[259,362,1035,1073]" captionTargetBox="[306,1465,279,941]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 15. Left view of the anal fin of male Cyanocharax alegretensis, showing the sheath of scales covering the base ofthe anterior anal-fin rays (USNM 357245, 39.3 mm SL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813292/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
)havea greaterseries with 12 to 20 scale s (6 state 1), while
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CE79FA0EFB9EF9D2" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[888,1103,1505,1544]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CE79FA0EFB9EF9D2" box="[888,1103,1505,1544]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13122A008019FFE9C970FA0EFB04F9D2" box="[1137,1237,1505,1544]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="27.[260,362,2066,2102]" captionTargetBox="[278,1504,1266,1964]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Figure 16. Left view of the anal fin of male Cyanocharax macropinna, showing the sheath of scales covering the base of the anterior anal-fin rays (USNM 319750, 43.5 mmSL)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10813294" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10813294/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Fig.16</figureCitation>
)havea greater series of 20 to 30 scales (6 state 2) covering thebaseofmostanal-finrays. Again, comparing to the most basal species, thelargerseriesofscalescovering anal-fin rays bases is considered apomorphicanda synapomorphywithin a clade consisting of
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CF5CF944FA86F908" box="[605,1367,1707,1746]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CF5CF944FCE3F908" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[605,818,1707,1746]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">C. lepiclastus</taxonomicName>
, C. alegretensisandC.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C996F944FA86F908" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1175,1367,1707,1746]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">macropinna</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(6state 1). The highest number observed in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CE69F933FB94F8DE" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[872,1093,1756,1796]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CE69F933FB94F8DE" box="[872,1093,1756,1796]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
isalsoapomorphicina transformation series and an autapomorphy ofthisspecies(6state2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9636858019FFE9CC58F8AEFA71F712" blockId="25.[267,1513,281,2248]" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
Finally,
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CCE4F8AEFD09F8B2" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[485,728,1857,1896]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CCE4F8AEFD09F8B2" box="[485,728,1857,1896]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is hypothesized to havethemostderivedanal fin among all
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CCFFF89CFD04F841" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[510,725,1907,1947]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CCFFF89CFD04F841" box="[510,725,1907,1947]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. The numberofbranchedanal-finrays (7) in
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC76F84AFDB8F817" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[375,617,1957,1997]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC76F84AFDB8F817" box="[375,617,1957,1997]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">C. macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
varies from 29-35 (x̄= 31.0,n = 120),whileallother
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC11F837FE39F825" authority="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman, 2003" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[272,488,2008,2047]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC11F837FE39F825" box="[272,488,2008,2047]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">Cyanocharax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have smaller countsofbranchedanal-finrays,asfollows:
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC72F7E4FDE8F7EB" box="[371,569,2059,2097]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC72F7E4FDE5F7EB" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" baseAuthorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" baseAuthorityYear="2003" box="[371,564,2059,2097]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alburnus">C. alburnus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
20-23;
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CFBCF7E4FCB5F7EB" box="[701,868,2059,2097]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CFBCF7E4FC88F7EB" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[701,857,2059,2097]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itaimbe">C. itaimbe</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
x̄= 23.9,n = 88;
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C983F7E4FA61F7EB" box="[1154,1456,2059,2097]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C983F7E4FA77F7EB" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1154,1446,2059,2097]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicropotamicus">C. dicropotamicus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
x ̄ = 24.6, n = 130;
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CF35F7D2FD04F7B9" box="[564,725,2109,2147]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CF35F7D2FD01F7B9" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[564,720,2109,2147]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tipiaia">C. tipiaia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
x̄ = 22.3, n = 15;
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9C916F7D2FB0DF7B9" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[1047,1244,2109,2147]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepiclastus">
C.
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9C949F7D2FB23F7B9" box="[1096,1266,2109,2147]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">lepiclastus,</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
x ̄= 26.2, n = 133;
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC69F780FDB7F74C" box="[360,614,2159,2198]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC69F780FD8EF74C" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[360,607,2159,2198]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alegretensis">C. alegretensis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
x̄ = 26.6, n = 185. The highercountobservedinC.
<taxonomicName id="4C294D068019FFE9CC0EF74EFE00F712" authorityName="Malabarba &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="2003" box="[271,465,2209,2248]" family="Characidae" genus="Cyanocharax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="92" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macropinna">
<emphasis id="B95DEA978019FFE9CC0EF74EFE00F712" box="[271,465,2209,2248]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="92">macropinna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered derived and an autapomorphyforthisspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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