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<mods:title id="44693CB92ACB329181FBC4BD6CB2A0DC">A revision of the genus Leptotyphlops in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae)</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF0281F843C3B6FA" authority="(Dumeril &amp; Bibron)" baseAuthorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" box="[151,641,437,463]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF0281F8403CB6FA" bold="true" box="[151,382,437,463]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Leptotyphlops cairi</emphasis>
(Duméril &amp; Bibron)
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(
<figureCitation id="B7EA2A51FFCAFFEDFD1A81F843AAB6FA" box="[655,744,437,463]" captionStart="PLATE 8" captionStartId="24.[151,238,1805,1829]" captionTargetBox="[286,1295,357,1792]" captionTargetId="figure-187@24.[250,1338,326,1792]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="PLATE 8. Figure 1. Leptotyphlops cairi. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the head of SK 2124 — Siwa Oasis, Egypt, after Kramer &amp; Schnurrenberger (1963) [as Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus]. The line represents 1 mm to scale. Figure 2. Leptotyphlops braccianii. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the head of the holotype of G. variabilis, MSNM 3348b — Adi Ugri, Eritrea, after Scortecci (1928). Figure 3. Leptotyphlops ionidesi sp. nov. Dorsal and lateral views of the head of the holotype, MCZ 57440 — Liwale, Tanzania. The line represents 1 mm to scale. Figure 4. Leptotyphlops tanae sp. nov. Dorsal and lateral views of the head of the holotype, MCZ 40099 — Ngatana, Kenya. The line represents 1 mm to scale." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6789090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6789090/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Plate 8</figureCitation>
, Fig. 1)
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<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF02819540D4B6C7" blockId="23.[151,837,437,498]" box="[151,406,472,498]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Egyptian worm snake</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF02826540E2B54A" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF028265432AB50A" authority="Dumeril &amp; Bibron, 1844" authorityName="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" authorityYear="1844" box="[151,616,552,575]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Stenostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF028265400EB50A" box="[151,332,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stenostoma cairi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFEC08265432AB50A" author="Dumeril &amp; Bibron" box="[341,616,552,575]" firstAuthor="Dumeril" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref58323" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C. &amp; Bibron, G. (1844) Erpetologie generale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles. Tome Sixieme, comprenant l'histoire generale des ophidiens, la description des genres et des especes de serpents non venimeux, savoir: la totalite des ver 4 miformes ou des scolecophides, et partie des circuriformes ou azemiophides: en tout vingt-cinq genres et soixante-cinq especes. Librarie Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, xii + 609 pp." type="book" year="1844">Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1844</bibRefCitation>
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, Erpétol. Gén., 6: 323. Type locality: near 
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFCAFFEDFBD7826545C2B50A" box="[1090,1152,552,575]" country="Egypt" name="Al Qahirah" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cairo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFCAFFEDFB18826544DAB50A" box="[1165,1432,552,575]" country="Egypt" name="Al Qahirah" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Al Qahirah Governorate</collectingRegion>
, 
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(
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, 
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, 
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), 
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MNHN 3231, collected by Birr; 
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFBA0820544D5B56A" author="Dumeril &amp; Dumeril" box="[1077,1431,584,607]" firstAuthor="Dumeril" page="207" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref58408" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C. &amp; Dumeril, A. H. A. (1851) Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Premiere livraison. Gide et Baudry, Paris, iv + 222 pp." type="book" year="1851">Duméril &amp; Duméril, 1851: 207</bibRefCitation>
; 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF0282C545A9B58A" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF0282C540A8B5AA" authority="Jan, 1861" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,490,648,671]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Stenostoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fitzingeri">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF0282C5403BB5AA" box="[151,377,648,671]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stenostoma fitzingeri</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="9FB93C89FFCAFFEDFE1582C540A8B5AA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3827581473" box="[384,490,648,671]" collectorName="Jan &amp; Sordelli" country="Egypt" location="Isle of Rhodes" municipality="Nile River" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Al Qahirah" typeStatus="holotype">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE1582C540A8B5AA" author="Jan" box="[384,490,648,671]" firstAuthor="Jan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="178 - 199" refId="ref59331" refString="Jan, G. (1861) Note sulla famiglia dei Tiflopidi, sui loro generi e sulle specie del genere Stenostoma. Archivio per la Zoologia l'Anatomia e la Fisiologia (Genova), 1 (2), 178 - 199, Pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1861">Jan, 1861</bibRefCitation>
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, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol., 1: 189. Type locality: 
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, 
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near 
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, 
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, 
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, previously MSNM, now destroyed; 
<collectorName id="82245302FFCAFFEDFD6A82E54261B58A" box="[767,803,680,703]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Jan</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="82245302FFCAFFEDFCD182E542D9B58A" box="[836,923,680,703]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Sordelli</collectorName>
, 1861: livr. 2, pls. 5 &amp; 6, fig. 6.
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF0282854003B5EA" ID-CoL="3G6HL" box="[151,321,712,735]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Glauconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi">Glauconia cairi</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFEFC8285430AB5EA" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[361,584,712,735]" page="92" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFEFC8285430AB5EA" author="Boulenger" box="[361,584,712,735]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" page="92" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="91 - 93" refId="ref57216" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1890) Description of a new snake of the genus Glauconia Gray, obtained by Dr. Emin Pasha on the Victoria Nyanza. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London), (6) 6 (31), 91 - 93." type="journal article" year="1890">Boulenger, 1890: 92</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFDC182854383B5EA" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[596,705,712,735]" page="441" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1906">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFDC182854383B5EA" author="Boulenger" box="[596,705,712,735]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" page="441" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="441" refId="ref57397" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1906) Description of a new snake of the genus Glauconia, from Somaliland. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History (London), (7) 18 (108): 441." type="journal article" year="1906">1906: 441</bibRefCitation>
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(part, Wagga), 1915c: 643 (part), 1920: 299; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFB27828544D5B5EA" author="Anderson, J." box="[1202,1431,712,735]" page="106" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFB27828544D5B5EA" author="Anderson" box="[1202,1431,712,735]" firstAuthor="Anderson" page="106" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref56522" refString="Anderson, J. (1896) A contribution to the herpetology of Arabia, with a preliminary list of the reptiles and batrachians of Egypt. Taylor &amp; Francis, London, 122 pp." type="book" year="1896">Anderson, 1896: 106</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFF5282A54077B5CA" author="Anderson, J." box="[199,309,744,767]" page="233" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1898">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFF5282A54077B5CA" author="Anderson" box="[199,309,744,767]" firstAuthor="Anderson" page="233" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 50" refId="ref56558" refString="Anderson, J. (1898) Zoology of Egypt: volume first. Reptilia and Batrachia. Bernard Quartich, London, lxv + 371 pp., Pls. 1 - 50." type="book chapter" year="1898">1898: 233</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, text fig. 9, pl. 32, fig. 1; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFDD982A5424AB5CA" author="Werner, F." box="[588,776,744,767]" page="42" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1907">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFDD982A5424AB5CA" author="Werner" box="[588,776,744,767]" firstAuthor="Werner" page="42" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1823 - 1926" refId="ref64136" refString="Werner, F. (1907) Ergebnisse der mit Subvention aus der Erbschaft Treitl unternommenen zoologischen Forschungsreise Dr. Franz Werner's nach dem agyptischen Sudan und Nord-Uganda. Sitzungsberichten der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 116 (1), 1823 - 1926, Pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1907">Werner, 1907: 42</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFC8182A5420FB5CA" author="Werner" box="[788,845,744,767]" firstAuthor="Werner" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="191 - 208" refId="ref64228" refString="Werner, F. (1917) Versuch einer Synopsis der Schlangenfamilie der Glauconiiden. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum (Hamburg), 34, 191 - 208." type="journal article" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
a: 208, 1919: 501 (part, 
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFCAFFEDFBDA82A54582B5CA" box="[1103,1216,744,767]" country="Sudan" name="Al Khartoum" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Khartoum</collectingRegion>
), 1928: 77 (Atrun &amp; Elephantine Island); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFE30834543C0B42A" author="Andersson, L. G." box="[421,642,776,799]" page="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1916">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE30834543C0B42A" author="Andersson" box="[421,642,776,799]" firstAuthor="Andersson" page="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 41" refId="ref56593" refString="Andersson, L. G. (1916) Notes on the reptiles and batrachians in the Zoological Museum at Gothenburg with an account of some new species. Meddelanden fran Goteborgs Musei Zoologiska Afdelning 9, 1 - 41." type="journal article" year="1916">Andersson, 1916: 23</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Omdurman).
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF02836540CFB40A" box="[151,397,808,831]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF028365402CB40A" ID-CoL="3G6H3" authorityName="Jan" authorityYear="1861" box="[151,366,808,831]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Glauconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fitzingeri">Glauconia fitzingeri</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFE0683654332B40A" author="Boulenger, G. A." box="[403,624,808,831]" page="66" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE0683654332B40A" author="Boulenger" box="[403,624,808,831]" firstAuthor="Boulenger" page="66" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref57270" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1893) Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume I, containing the families Typhlopidae, Glauconiidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae aglyphae, part. British Museum (Natural History), London, xiii + 448 pp., Pls. 1 - 38." type="book chapter" year="1893">Boulenger, 1893: 66</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF0283054543B4EA" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0FC111FAFFCAFFEDFF0283054543B4EA" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF02830540CBB46A" box="[151,393,840,863]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF028305402AB46A" box="[151,360,840,863]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi">Leptotyphlops cairi</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFE1A8305431FB46A" author="Parker, H. W." box="[399,605,840,863]" page="362" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1932">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE1A8305431FB46A" author="Parker" box="[399,605,840,863]" firstAuthor="Parker" page="362" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="335 - 367" refId="ref61433" refString="Parker, H. W. (1932 a) Two collections of reptiles and amphibians from British Somaliland. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1932, 335 - 367." type="journal article" year="1932" yearSuffix="a">Parker, 1932a: 362</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFDFF8305438AB46A" author="Parker, H. W." box="[618,712,840,863]" page="19" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1949">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFDFF8305438AB46A" author="Parker" box="[618,712,840,863]" firstAuthor="Parker" page="19" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 115" refId="ref61558" refString="Parker, H. W. (1949) The snakes of Somaliland and the Sokotra Islands. Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden), 6, 1 - 115." type="journal article" year="1949">1949: 19</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part, Wagar); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFCE58305457BB46A" author="Flower S. S." box="[880,1081,840,863]" page="803" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1933">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFCE58305457BB46A" author="Flower" box="[880,1081,840,863]" firstAuthor="Flower" page="803" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="735 - 851" refId="ref58604" refString="Flower S. S. (1933) Notes on the recent reptiles and amphibians of Egypt, with a list of species recorded from that Kingdom. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1933, 735 - 851." type="journal article" year="1933">Flower, 1933: 803</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFBD383054463B46A" author="Loveridge, A." box="[1094,1313,840,863]" page="42" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1956">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFBD383054463B46A" author="Loveridge" box="[1094,1313,840,863]" firstAuthor="Loveridge" page="42" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref60897" refString="Loveridge, A. (1956) On snakes collected in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan by J. S. Owen, Esq. Sudan Notes and Records (Khartoum), 36, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1956">Loveridge, 1956: 42</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part, Sennar); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFE9583254363B44A" author="Schmidt, K. P. &amp; Marx, H." box="[256,545,872,895]" page="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1957">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE9583254363B44A" author="Schmidt &amp; Marx" box="[256,545,872,895]" firstAuthor="Schmidt" page="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="16 - 28" refId="ref62076" refString="Schmidt, K. P. &amp; Marx, H. (1957) Results of the Namru- 3 Southeastern Egypt Expedition, 1954. 2. Reptiles and amphibians. Bulletin of the Zoological Society of Egypt (Cairo), (13), 16 - 28." type="journal article" year="1957">Schmidt &amp; Marx, 1957: 23</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFDE68325425AB44A" author="Marx, H." box="[627,792,872,895]" page="28" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFDE68325425AB44A" author="Marx" box="[627,792,872,895]" firstAuthor="Marx" page="28" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref61030" refString="Marx, H. (1968) Checklist of the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt. Special Publication, U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, 91 pp." type="book" year="1968">Marx, 1968: 28</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFCFC8325455CB44A" author="Hahn, D. E." box="[873,1054,872,895]" page="479" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1978">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFCFC8325455CB44A" author="Hahn" box="[873,1054,872,895]" firstAuthor="Hahn" page="479" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="477 - 489" refId="ref58920" refString="Hahn, D. E. (1978) A brief review of the genus Leptotyphlops (Reptilia, Serpentes, Leptotyphlopidae) of Asia, with description of a new species. Journal of Herpetology (Lawrence), 12 (4), 477 - 489." type="journal article" year="1978">Hahn, 1978: 479</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFBBF832545C9B44A" author="Hahn, D. E." box="[1066,1163,872,895]" page="10" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFBBF832545C9B44A" author="Hahn" box="[1066,1163,872,895]" firstAuthor="Hahn" page="10" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref59010" refString="Hahn, D. E. (1980) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Anomalepididae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae. Das Tierreich (Berlin), 101, i - xii, 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1980">1980: 10</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFB0283254416B44A" author="Lanza, B." box="[1175,1364,872,895]" page="220" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFB0283254416B44A" author="Lanza" box="[1175,1364,872,895]" firstAuthor="Lanza" page="220" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="193 - 247" refId="ref59808" refString="Lanza, B. (1983) A list of the Somali amphibians and reptiles. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Firenze, (N. S.) Supplemento, 18 (8), 193 - 247." type="journal article" year="1983">Lanza, 1983: 220</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFACA832541ADB4AA" author="Lanza, B." page="431" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1990">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFACA832541ADB4AA" author="Lanza" firstAuthor="Lanza" page="431" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="407 - 465" refId="ref59847" refString="Lanza, B. (1990) Amphibians and reptiles of the Somali Democratic Republic: check list and bibliography. Biogeographia (Bologna), (1988) 14, 407 - 465." type="journal article" year="1990">1990: 431</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFEAA83C540B9B4AA" author="Werner, Y. L." box="[319,507,904,927]" page="29" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFEAA83C540B9B4AA" author="Werner" box="[319,507,904,927]" firstAuthor="Werner" page="29" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="29 - 31" refId="ref64475" refString="Werner, Y. L. (1983) Lizards and snakes from eastern Lower Egypt in the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University, with range extensions. Herpetological Review (Athens), 14 (1), 29 - 31." type="journal article" year="1983">Werner, 1983: 29</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFD9383C5425EB4AA" author="Abdeen, A. M. &amp; Abo-Taira, A. M. &amp; Zaher, M. M." box="[518,796,904,927]" page="417" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFD9383C5425EB4AA" author="Abdeen" box="[518,796,904,927]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Abdeen" page="417" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="417 - 437" refId="ref56274" refString="Abdeen, A. M., Abo-Taira, A. M. &amp; Zaher, M. M. (1991 a) Further studies on the Ophidian cranial osteology: the skull of the Egyptian Blind Snake Leptotyphlops cairi (family Leptotyphlopidae). I. The cranium. A. the median dorsal bones, bones of the upper jaw, circumorbital series and occipital ring. Journal of the Egyptian-German Society of Zoology (Giza), 5 (5), 417 - 437." type="journal article" year="1991" yearSuffix="a">
Abdeen 
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFDF583C543DEB4AA" box="[608,668,904,927]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.,</emphasis>
1991a: 417
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFCBD83C542E6B4AA" author="Abdeen, A. M. &amp; Abo-Taira, A. M. &amp; Zaher, M. M." box="[808,932,904,927]" page="439" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1991">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFCBD83C542E6B4AA" author="Abdeen" box="[808,932,904,927]" firstAuthor="Abdeen" page="439" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="439 - 455" refId="ref56364" refString="Abdeen, A. M., Abo-Taira, A. M. &amp; Zaher, M. M. (1991 b) Further studies on the Ophidian cranial osteology: the skull of the Egyptian Blind Snake Leptotyphlops cairi (family Leptotyphlopidae). I. The cranium. B. The otic capsule, palate and temporal bones. Journal of the Egyptian-German Society of Zoology (Giza), 5 (5), 439 - 455." type="journal article" year="1991" yearSuffix="b">1991b: 439</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 1–3, 1991c: 457, figs. 1–3; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFA9F83C541A6B48A" author="Meirte, D." page="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1992">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFA9F83C541A6B48A" author="Meirte" firstAuthor="Meirte" page="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 152" refId="ref61147" refString="Meirte, D. (1992) Cles de determination des serpents d'Afrique. Annales du Museum Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren), (Sciences Zoologiques), 267, 1 - 152." type="journal article" year="1992">Meirte, 1992: 14</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFF6783E54346B48A" author="Stein, K. J. &amp; Helmy, I. M." box="[242,516,936,959]" page="17" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1994">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFF6783E54346B48A" author="Stein &amp; Helmy" box="[242,516,936,959]" firstAuthor="Stein" page="17" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="15 - 26" refId="ref62521" refString="Stein, K. J. &amp; Helmy, I. M. (1994) Some new distributional records for the snakes of Egypt (Squamata: Serpentes). Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society (Baltimore), 30 (1), 15 - 26." type="journal article" year="1994">Stein &amp; Helmy, 1994: 17</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(Abu Rawash &amp; 
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFCAFFEDFD5283E543BDB48A" box="[711,767,936,959]" country="Egypt" name="As Suways" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Suez</collectingRegion>
); 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFC8183E5428EB48A" author="Saleh, M. A." box="[788,972,936,959]" page="131" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFC8183E5428EB48A" author="Saleh" box="[788,972,936,959]" firstAuthor="Saleh" page="131" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref61821" refString="Saleh, M. A. (1997) Amphibians and reptiles of Egypt. National Biodiversity Unit, Al Azhar University, Cairo, 232 pp." type="book" year="1997">Saleh, 1997: 131</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
(part), pl. 75; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFBFB83E544DAB48A" author="Hahn, D. &amp; Wallach, V." box="[1134,1432,936,959]" page="56" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1998">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFBFB83E544DAB48A" author="Hahn &amp; Wallach" box="[1134,1432,936,959]" firstAuthor="Hahn" page="56" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="50 - 62" refId="ref59048" refString="Hahn, D. &amp; Wallach, V. (1998) Comments on the systematics of Old World Leptotyphlops (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae), with description of a new species. Hamadryad (Mamallapuram), 23 (1), 50 - 62." type="journal article" year="1998">Hahn &amp; Wallach, 1998: 56</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFF5283854030B4EA" author="Trape, J. - F." box="[199,370,968,991]" page="56" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFF5283854030B4EA" author="Trape" box="[199,370,968,991]" firstAuthor="Trape" page="56" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="49 - 62" refId="ref62852" refString="Trape, J. - F. (2002) Note sur le statut et la repartition de quelques leptotyphlopides (Serpentes; Scolecophidia) du Sahara et des savanes d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Bulletin de la Societe Herpetologique de France (Paris), 102, 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="2002">Trape, 2002: 56</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. 6–7; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFE7D838543A0B4EA" author="Baha el Din, S." box="[488,738,968,991]" page="219" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="2006">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE7D838543A0B4EA" author="Baha el Din" box="[488,738,968,991]" firstAuthor="Baha el Din" page="219" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref56832" refString="Baha el Din, S. (2006) A guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. xvi + 359 pp., Pls. 1 - 127." type="book chapter" year="2006">
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFCAFFEDFE7D8385435DB4EA" box="[488,543,968,991]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Al Bahah" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Baha</collectingRegion>
el Din, 2006: 219
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs. A–B [p. 221], pl. 81.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF0283A54315B30A" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0FC111FAFFCAFFEDFF0283A54315B30A" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF0283A5430EB4CA" box="[151,588,1000,1023]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrorynchus" subSpecies="bilmaensis">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF0283A5430EB4CA" box="[151,588,1000,1023]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Leptotyphlops macrorynchus bilmaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sic) 
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFD1983A54255B4CA" author="Angel" box="[652,791,1000,1023]" firstAuthor="Angel" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="273 - 277" refId="ref56689" refString="Angel, F. (1936) Sur quelques formes nouvelles de reptiles et de batraciens du Sahara Central. Bulletin de la Societe Zoologique de France (Paris) 61 (4), 273 - 277." type="journal article" year="1936">Angel, 1936</bibRefCitation>
, Bull. Soc. Zool. 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFCAFFEDFC7583A54569B4CA" box="[992,1067,1000,1023]" name="France" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">France</collectingCountry>
, 61: 274. Type locality: Oasis of Bilma, 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFCAFFEDFE8384454011B32A" box="[278,339,1032,1055]" name="Niger" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Niger</collectingCountry>
(
<geoCoordinate id="4AE55013FFCAFFEDFEF684454083B32A" box="[355,449,1032,1055]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" precision="925" value="18.666666">18°40’N</geoCoordinate>
, 
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, elevation 
<quantity id="E8299B31FFCAFFEDFD0B844543A4B32A" box="[670,742,1032,1055]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
), 
<typeStatus id="F06A8876FFCAFFEDFD6C84454215B32A" box="[761,855,1032,1055]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
MNHN 1936.99–102, collected by H. Lhote; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFADE8445434FB30A" author="Kramer, E. &amp; Schnurrenberger, H." page="478" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFADE8445434FB30A" author="Kramer &amp; Schnurrenberger" firstAuthor="Kramer" page="478" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="453 - 568" refId="ref59666" refString="Kramer, E. &amp; Schnurrenberger, H. (1963) Systematik, Verbreitung und Okologie der Libyschen Schlangen. Revue Suisse de Zoologie (Geneve), 70 (3), 453 - 568, Pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1963">Kramer &amp; Schnurrenberger, 1963: 478</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 3.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF028405425AB36A" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" box="[151,792,1096,1119]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0FC111FAFFCAFFEDFF028405425AB36A" box="[151,792,1096,1119]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF028405434CB36A" box="[151,526,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF02840540ADB36A" box="[151,495,1096,1119]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi" subGenus="Glauconia">Leptotyphlops (Glauconia) cairi</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFD8084054256B36A" author="Kamal, A. M. &amp; Soliman, M. A. &amp; El-Assy, Y. S." box="[533,788,1096,1119]" page="162" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1966">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFD8084054256B36A" author="Kamal" box="[533,788,1096,1119]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Kamal" page="162" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="159 - 167" refId="ref59493" refString="Kamal, A. M., Soliman, M. A. &amp; El-Assy, Y. S. (1966) New record of the amphibians and reptiles of two other districts of the western Egyptian Desert. A. R. E. Desert Institute Bulletin (Cairo), 16, 159 - 167." type="journal article" year="1966">
Kamal 
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFDF6840543DDB36A" box="[611,671,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.,</emphasis>
1966: 162
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF0284254261B34A" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" box="[151,803,1128,1151]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0FC111FAFFCAFFEDFF0284254261B34A" box="[151,803,1128,1151]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF0284254332B34A" box="[151,624,1128,1151]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF0284254313B34A" authorityName="Angel" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,593,1128,1151]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="macrorhynchus" subSpecies="bilmaensis">Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus bilmaensis</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFDE38425425DB34A" author="Hahn, D. E." box="[630,799,1128,1151]" page="20" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFDE38425425DB34A" author="Hahn" box="[630,799,1128,1151]" firstAuthor="Hahn" page="20" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref59010" refString="Hahn, D. E. (1980) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Anomalepididae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae. Das Tierreich (Berlin), 101, i - xii, 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1980">Hahn, 1980: 20</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF0284C542DAB3AA" blockId="23.[151,1437,552,1183]" box="[151,920,1160,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="0FC111FAFFCAFFEDFF0284C542DAB3AA" box="[151,920,1160,1183]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF0284C540F6B3AA" box="[151,436,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFCAFFEDFF0284C540D7B3AA" authorityName="Hahn" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,405,1160,1183]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fitzingeri">Leptotyphlops fitzingeri</taxonomicName>
—
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFE2F84C54323B3AA" author="Hahn, D. E." box="[442,609,1160,1183]" page="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1980">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFE2F84C54323B3AA" author="Hahn" box="[442,609,1160,1183]" firstAuthor="Hahn" page="14" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref59010" refString="Hahn, D. E. (1980) Liste der rezenten Amphibien und Reptilien: Anomalepididae, Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae. Das Tierreich (Berlin), 101, i - xii, 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1980">Hahn, 1980: 14</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<treatmentCitation id="AE7010C5FFCAFFEDFDF984C542D6B3AA" author="McDiarmid, R. W. &amp; Campbell, J. A. &amp; Toure, T. A." box="[620,916,1160,1183]" page="30" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" year="1999">
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFCAFFEDFDF984C542D6B3AA" author="McDiarmid" box="[620,916,1160,1183]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McDiarmid" page="30" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref61066" refString="McDiarmid, R. W., Campbell, J. A. &amp; Toure, T. A. (1999) Snake species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, Volume 1. The Herpetologists' League, Washington, 511 pp." type="book" year="1999">
McDiarmid 
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFD6584C5426EB3AA" box="[752,812,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.,</emphasis>
1999: 30
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67CB655FFFCAFFEDFF02849F4193B251" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF02849F4193B251" blockId="23.[151,1437,1234,2020]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF02849F4055B3D9" bold="true" box="[151,279,1234,1260]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Snout rounded in lateral view, but with a weak preoral concavity on the rostral; interparietal occasionally longitudinally divided; occipitals usually not fused. Middorsals 322–370; subcaudals 28–35; total length/diameter ratio 59–117; total length/tail length ratio 12.3–16.2. Skull with a large frontoparietal foramen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67CB655FFFCAFFE3FF53853F4366B667" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF53853F40D5B281" blockId="23.[151,1437,1234,2020]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFCAFFEDFF53853F401CB2B9" bold="true" box="[198,350,1394,1420]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Description.</emphasis>
Body cylindrical, with head slightly depressed, the moderate tail tapers to a small downturned terminal spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF53858F4223B071" blockId="23.[151,1437,1234,2020]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Snout rounded in dorsal profile, rostral moderate (0.36–0.46 head width, mean = 0.41), wider than nasals and barely reaching level of eyes. Lateral snout profile bluntly projecting beyond lower lip with an incipient beak, ventral rostral with a moderate preoral groove. Behind rostral, upper lip bordered by infranasal (nostril midway between rostral and supraocular along nasal suture), small anterior supralabial that is less than half as tall as infranasal, below level of nostril, and equal in width to it along lip, large ocular with eye placed centrally in upper half, and moderate posterior supralabial. Supraoculars about as long as wide, anteriorly wedged between supranasal and ocular, posteriorly wedged between the subequal hexagonal frontal and postfrontal, which are a little smaller than the interparietal and interoccipital. Parietals transverse, in contact with the posterior supralabials. Occipitals variable, usually fused but thinner and narrower than parietals. Temporal single. No mental, five infralabials. Tongue lacking lingual papillae.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF53871F4302B0A1" blockId="23.[151,1437,1234,2020]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Body covered with 14 rows of smooth, imbricate, subequal scales, reducing to 10 rows on the tail. Middorsals 322–370; subcaudals 28–35.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFEDFF5387EF4572B089" blockId="23.[151,1437,1234,2020]" box="[198,1072,1954,1980]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Total length/diameter ratio 59–117; total length/tail length ratio 12.3–16.2.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFCAFFE2FF5387874375B787" blockId="23.[151,1437,1234,2020]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,152,298]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Three to seven dorsal scale rows pigmented pale brown or pinkish-brown (scales cream with brown stippling), venter cream to pale yellow.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC5FFE2FF53808D4397B61F" blockId="24.[151,1436,152,298]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
Everted hemipenis of CAS 18145 (SVL 
<quantity id="E8299B31FFC5FFE2FD34808D4259B7EF" box="[673,795,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.345" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="134.5">134.5 mm</quantity>
, tail 
<quantity id="E8299B31FFC5FFE2FCC6808D42EBB7EF" box="[851,937,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
, 37 subcaudals) smooth and nude, filiform like 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FF5880A54021B634" box="[205,355,232,257]" class="Reptilia" family="Lamprophiidae" genus="Psammophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FF5880A54021B634" box="[205,355,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Psammophis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with bulbous base and narrow, slightly tapering organ, three subcaudals in length, sulcus simple, extending along ventral surface of organ.
</paragraph>
<caption id="7BAE665CFFC5FFE2FF0287404191B0C0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6789090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6789090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6789090/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" startId="24.[151,238,1805,1829]" targetBox="[286,1295,357,1792]" targetPageId="24">
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC5FFE2FF0287404191B0C0" blockId="24.[151,1436,1805,2037]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FF0287404031B010" bold="true" box="[151,371,1805,1829]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">PLATE 8. Figure 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FEEF8743430BB010" box="[378,585,1806,1829]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FEEF8743430BB010" box="[378,585,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leptotyphlops cairi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the head of SK 2124 — Siwa Oasis, Egypt, after 
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFC5FFE2FF5B877D4302B072" author="Kramer &amp; Schnurrenberger" box="[206,576,1840,1863]" firstAuthor="Kramer" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="453 - 568" refId="ref59666" refString="Kramer, E. &amp; Schnurrenberger, H. (1963) Systematik, Verbreitung und Okologie der Libyschen Schlangen. Revue Suisse de Zoologie (Geneve), 70 (3), 453 - 568, Pls. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1963">Kramer &amp; Schnurrenberger (1963)</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FDF9877C42EFB07D" box="[620,941,1841,1864]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrorhynchus">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FDF9877C42EFB07D" box="[620,941,1841,1864]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]. The line represents 1 mm to scale. 
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FAA3877D44DEB07D" bold="true" box="[1334,1436,1840,1864]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FF02871E40E3B05F" box="[151,417,1875,1898]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="braccianii">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FF02871E40E3B05F" box="[151,417,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leptotyphlops braccianii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Dorsal, lateral and ventral views of the head of the holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FBC5871E4473B05F" authority=", MSNM" authorityName="MSNM" box="[1104,1329,1875,1898]" class="Squamata" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Glauconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="variabilis">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FBC5871E4598B05F" box="[1104,1242,1875,1898]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">G. variabilis,</emphasis>
MSNM
</taxonomicName>
3348b — Adi Ugri, Eritrea, after 
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFC5FFE2FE01873B430AB0B8" author="Scortecci" box="[404,584,1910,1933]" firstAuthor="Scortecci" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="290 - 339" refId="ref62126" refString="Scortecci, G. (1928) Rettili dell'Eritrea esistenti nelle collezioni del Museo Civico di Milano. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano, 67 (3 - 4), 290 - 339." type="journal article" year="1928">Scortecci (1928)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FDC6873843FBB0B8" bold="true" box="[595,697,1909,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FD54873B42F1B0B8" authority="Published, 2007" authorityName="Published" authorityYear="2007" box="[705,947,1910,1933]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ionidesi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FD54873B42F1B0B8" box="[705,947,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leptotyphlops ionidesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FC2E87384553B0B8" bold="true" box="[955,1041,1909,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="069657BDFFC5FFE2FC2E87384553B0B8" box="[955,1041,1909,1933]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Dorsal and lateral views of the head of the holotype, MCZ 57440 — Liwale, Tanzania. The line represents 1 mm to scale. 
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FBBB87D545D6B085" bold="true" box="[1070,1172,1944,1968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC5FFE2FB0987D44437B085" authority="Published, 2007" authorityName="Published" authorityYear="2007" box="[1180,1397,1945,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tanae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FB0987D44437B085" box="[1180,1397,1945,1968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leptotyphlops tanae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC5FFE2FAE987D54184B0E6" bold="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="069657BDFFC5FFE2FAE987D54184B0E6" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
Dorsal and lateral views of the head of the holotype, MCZ 40099 — Ngatana, Kenya. The line represents 1 mm to scale.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC4FFE3FF5380DA4220B7EF" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,618]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FF5380DA4042B784" bold="true" box="[198,256,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Size.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="9FB93C89FFC4FFE3FE9280D5421CB7EF" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3827581529" collectionCode="BMNH, FMNH" country="Somalia" location="Cairo" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" specimenCode="BMNH 1905.11, FMNH 129894" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Al Qahirah">
Largest southern specimen (
<specimenCode id="7F779EAFFFC4FFE3FDC580D54250B787" box="[592,786,152,178]" collectionCode="BMNH" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">BMNH 1905.11</specimenCode>
.7.41 — Wagar, 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FC4580D54570B787" box="[976,1074,152,178]" name="Somalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Somalia</collectingCountry>
) 
<quantity id="E8299B31FFC4FFE3FBD480D545E6B787" box="[1089,1188,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="183.0">183 mm</quantity>
, but attaining a maximum length of 
<quantity id="E8299B31FFC4FFE3FEC6808D40F1B7EF" box="[339,435,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="254.0">254 mm</quantity>
in 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FE4C808D435DB7EF" box="[473,543,192,218]" name="Egypt" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<specimenCode id="7F779EAFFFC4FFE3FDBB808D43A6B7EF" box="[558,740,192,218]" collectionCode="FMNH" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34795" name="Field Museum of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="Museum">FMNH 129894</specimenCode>
— 
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFC4FFE3FC85808D4214B7EF" box="[784,854,192,218]" country="Egypt" name="Al Qahirah" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cairo</collectingRegion>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC4FFE3FF5380AA4366B667" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,618]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FF5380AA406CB634" bold="true" box="[198,302,231,257]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Habitat.</emphasis>
This species inhabits moist cultivated areas, being replaced by 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC4FFE3FB8E80A5443CB634" box="[1051,1406,232,257]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrorhynchus">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FB8E80A5443CB634" box="[1051,1406,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leptotyphlops macrorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in adjacent sandy desert areas, and is found in close proximity to 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC4FFE3FCE7815D4507B61C" box="[882,1093,272,297]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrorhynchus">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FCE7815D4507B61C" box="[882,1093,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. macrorhynchus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the lower Nile Valley near 
<collectingRegion id="ED15F836FFC4FFE3FF0281754199B667" box="[151,219,312,338]" country="Egypt" name="Al Qahirah" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cairo</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FF738175406EB667" box="[230,300,312,338]" name="Egypt" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="4B404B25FFC4FFE3FEA981754355B667" author="Baha el Din" box="[316,535,312,338]" firstAuthor="Baha el Din" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 127" refId="ref56832" refString="Baha el Din, S. (2006) A guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Egypt. The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. xvi + 359 pp., Pls. 1 - 127." type="book chapter" year="2006">Baha el Din, 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67CB655FFFC4FFE3FF5381124462B6C7" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC4FFE3FF538112424FB697" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,618]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FF5381124025B64C" bold="true" box="[198,359,351,377]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Distribution.</emphasis>
Northern Africa, from 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FDEB812D43BCB64F" box="[638,766,352,378]" name="Mauritania" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FCB3812D422EB64F" box="[806,876,352,378]" name="Egypt" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Egypt</collectingCountry>
(along the Nile and at Siwa Oasis) and 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FADE812D44D5B64F" box="[1355,1431,352,378]" name="Sudan" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, with relict populations in 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FE5181C54365B697" box="[452,551,392,418]" name="Somalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Somalia</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="E8299B31FFC4FFE3FDA781C543D8B697" box="[562,666,392,418]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="200.0" valueMax="400.0" valueMin="0.0">0–400 m</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="B7EA2A51FFC4FFE3FD3C81C543BCB697" box="[681,766,392,418]" captionStart="PLATE 5" captionStartId="13.[151,238,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[268,1322,271,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-152@13.[264,1323,266,1713]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="PLATE 5. Leptotyphlops. Distribution of the Leptotyphlops parkeri, L. reticulatus, L. longicaudus and L. nigricans species groups in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6789078" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6789078/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Plate 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC4FFE3FF5381E24462B6C7" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,618]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FF5381E24004B6FC" bold="true" box="[198,326,431,457]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Localities.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FEDB81FD40F5B6FF" box="[334,439,432,458]" name="Sudan" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">SUDAN</collectingCountry>
. Sennar MCZ 25872; NMW 15456; Umm Durman NHMG 1396; Wadi Halfa NMW 17004:1–3. 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FEB6819540EFB6C7" box="[291,429,472,498]" name="Somalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">SOMALIA</collectingCountry>
. Juba Sugar Project MZUF 27192; Wagar, Golis Mts BMNH 1905.11.7.41.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="67CB655FFFC4FFE3FF5381B242D4B55F" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="2F6E36D4FFC4FFE3FF5381B242D4B55F" blockId="25.[151,1436,151,618]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FF5381B24010B52C" bold="true" box="[198,338,511,537]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Discussion.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC4FFE3FECC824D437CB52C" box="[345,574,512,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cairi">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FECC824D437CB52C" box="[345,574,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Leptotyphlops cairi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows a relict distribution in the Horn of Africa. It is replaced in 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FAD1824D44D5B52F" box="[1348,1431,512,538]" name="Eritrea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
, southern 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FE9182654012B577" box="[260,336,552,578]" name="Sudan" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sudan</collectingCountry>
, southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FD9482654326B577" box="[513,612,552,578]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
and southern 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FC988265422FB577" box="[781,877,552,578]" name="Somalia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Somalia</collectingCountry>
by 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC4FFE3FC0982654576B574" box="[924,1076,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="braccianii">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FC0982654576B574" box="[924,1076,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. braccianii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and at low altitudes along the Red Sea coast of 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FEF7821D40F3B55F" box="[354,433,592,618]" name="Eritrea" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
and in eastern 
<collectingCountry id="57C67644FFC4FFE3FDF6821D4384B55F" box="[611,710,592,618]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
by 
<taxonomicName id="E8D14D57FFC4FFE3FD66821D42CDB55C" box="[755,911,592,617]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythraeus">
<emphasis id="1DA5EAC6FFC4FFE3FD66821D42CDB55C" box="[755,911,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">L. erythraeus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>