191 lines
16 KiB
XML
191 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FFA3BA0FB4ABFF3DBA56FAE0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chaerephon plicatus" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="650" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="650" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418836" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583608" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418836" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FFA3BA0FB4ABFF3DBA56FAE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FFA3BA0FB4ABFF3DBA56FAE0" lastPageNumber="650" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<heading pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<subSubSection box="[185,241,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1329,2141,2274]" box="[185,241,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<figureCitation box="[185,241,2141,2191]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[127,157,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[13,2783,15,3656]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 61. Spotted Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bivittatus); 62. Long-crested Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon chapini); 63. Gallagher's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon gallagheri); 64. Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon leucogasten); 65. Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon majon; 66. Nigerian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon nigeriae); 67. Sao Tome Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon tomensis); 68. Little Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pumilus);, 69. Russet Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon russatus); 70. Seychelles Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pusillus); 71. Madagascar Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon atsinanana); 72. Black-and-red Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobimena); 73. Lesser Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon johorensis); 74. Wrinkle-lipped Free-Tailed Bat (Chaerephon plicatus); 75. Fijian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bregullae); 76. Solomons Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon solomonis); 77. Greater Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobensis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567852/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">74.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[256,898,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1329,2141,2274]" box="[256,898,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<vernacularName box="[256,898,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Wrinkle-lipped Free-Tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[953,1329,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1329,2141,2274]" box="[953,1329,2141,2191]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Buchannan" baseAuthorityYear="1800" box="[953,1329,2141,2191]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plicatus">
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<emphasis box="[953,1329,2141,2191]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Chaerephon plicatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1329,2141,2274]" box="[183,1302,2210,2231]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,259,2210,2231]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[264,471,2210,2231]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Tadaride a nez plissé</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[492,583,2210,2231]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[593,908,2210,2231]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Faltenlippen-Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Caerepon de nariz arrugada
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="31.[181,1329,2141,2274]" box="[183,620,2249,2270]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[183,430,2249,2270]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[437,620,2249,2270]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">\Wrinkle-lipped Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[795,1387,2317,2744]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,951,2317,2350]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Buchanan, 1800" authorityName="Buchanan" authorityYear="1800" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plicatus">Vespertilio plicatus Buchanan, 1800</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[881,1283,2364,2389]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[795,1387,2317,2744]" box="[881,1283,2364,2389]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789363" box="[881,1283,2364,2389]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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“Puttahaut in Bengal,”
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<collectingCountry box="[1205,1280,2364,2389]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[795,1157,2396,2429]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[795,1387,2317,2744]" box="[795,1157,2396,2429]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567824" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567824/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" targetBox="[179,771,2329,2743]" targetPageId="31">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[795,1387,2317,2744]" lastBlockId="31.[175,1387,2749,3453]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[795,971,2439,2468]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry box="[989,1064,2439,2468]" name="India" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1086,1226,2439,2468]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1249,1381,2439,2468]" name="Myanmar" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[796,882,2479,2508]" name="China" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[901,1031,2479,2508]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1051,1117,2479,2508]" name="Laos" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Laos</collectingCountry>
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, Vietham,
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<collectingCountry name="Cambodia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
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, Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Is (Bali and Lombok), and
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<collectingCountry box="[1081,1241,2554,2587]" name="Philippines" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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; presence in
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<collectingCountry box="[844,1005,2593,2626]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
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is very likely but needs confirmation. Previous records on Malay Peninsula and Sumatra need further verification as to whether the populations may have disappeared or may have been misidentified.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[175,1387,2749,3453]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,435,2789,2822]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 65-75 mm, tail 28-40 mm, ear 16-24 mm, hindfoot 8-12 mm, forearm 40-50 mm; weight 13-31 g. Pelage is soft, dense, and mostly uniform chestnut; dorsal hair is dark brown; it is slightly paler on ventral side with gray or whitish tips; individual hairs are dense and very short. Upper lip is wrinkled, with slightly protruded nostrils. Ears are dark brown in color, thick, moderate in size, and joined on forehead by flap of skin. Tragus is small and separated from antitragus by deep notch. Hindfoot has bristle hairs on side of outer and inner toes. Tail is robust and exposed from tail membrane for over one-half ofits length. P? is very small. M? is well developed, about one-half of M* in crown area. Upper and lower canines are sharp and pointed. Upper incisors are remarkably robust.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[175,1387,2749,3453]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,291,3184,3217]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Various habitats ranging from urban and agricultural areas to karst forest areas, from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
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<quantity box="[758,851,3223,3256]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[175,1387,2749,3453]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[180,454,3263,3296]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat has been reported feeding mainly on
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<taxonomicName box="[332,488,3302,3335]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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and Homoptera, which together accounted for over 80% ofits diet. In central
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<collectingCountry box="[398,527,3342,3375]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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, main diet items are brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) and white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera), both
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<taxonomicName box="[973,1127,3381,3414]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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, which are known as the major insect pests in ricefields.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1461,2670,269,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1463,1598,269,302]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Breeding.</emphasis>
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The Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bat has been observed engaged in breeding activities during March-April and September—October. In
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<collectingCountry box="[2308,2435,308,341]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2515,2661,308,341]" name="Cambodia" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
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, pregnant females were found in February-March and in August to early October. Females with young were seen in May-June.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1461,2670,269,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1698,426,459]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bats usually emerge from their roosts before dusk in a large continuous flock, which forms a large, dark column. They roost mainly in limestone caves, but can also be found roosting in rock crevices and old buildings and temples. Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bats feed high in open space, e.g. over ricefields and other water bodies, but also come down near the ground or over the canopy in early evening. This species uses a relatively low-frequency FM echolocation call with peak frequencies of ¢.23-30 kHz, a start frequency of 39 kHz, and end frequency of 17 kHz, with durations of 6-12 milliseconds. Feeding buzzes have peak frequencies of 25-30 kHz.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1461,2670,269,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,2171,781,814]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Wrinkle-lipped Free-tailed Bats often form large colonies of thousands of individuals, e.g. at Khao Chong Pran Cave, south-western
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<collectingCountry box="[1664,1793,860,893]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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, a population size of 2-6 million bats was estimated. They have been found sharing the same cave system with several other bat species, including Lesser Dawn Bats (Eonycteris spelaea), tomb bats (
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<taxonomicName box="[2147,2353,939,972]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Taphozous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Taphozous spp.</taxonomicName>
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), horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.), leat-nosed bats (Hipposideros spp.), and myotis (
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<taxonomicName box="[2342,2500,978,1011]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">Myotis spp.</taxonomicName>
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). Estimated foraging range is ¢.
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<quantity box="[1728,1817,1021,1050]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="31" pageNumber="650" unit="km" value="27.0">27 km</quantity>
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in diameter from roosting cave.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1461,2670,269,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1813,1065,1090]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List, due to its widespread range and relatively high population size. However, populations have been continually declining locally due to habitat loss (e.g. limestone cave quarry), hunting, and disturbance due to uncontrolled guano harvesting.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="650" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="31.[1461,2670,269,1331]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1615,1223,1248]" pageId="31" pageNumber="650">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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Corbet & Hill (1992), Csorba, Bumrungsri et al. (2014), Francis (2008a), Kusuminda & Yapa (2017), Leelapaibul et al. (2005), Lekagul & McNeely (1988), Phillipps & Phillipps (2016), Srilopan et al. (2018), Thomas et al. (2013), Thong Vu Dinh (2014a), Utthammachai et al. (2008).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |