365 lines
35 KiB
XML
365 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FFA1BA0DB48FF293B520F433" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chaerephon pumilus" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="648" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="648" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577253" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583609" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577253" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FFA1BA0DB48FF293B520F433" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FFA1BA0DB48FF293B520F433" lastPageNumber="648" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<heading pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<subSubSection box="[157,214,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[154,1178,1523,1649]" box="[157,214,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<figureCitation box="[157,214,1523,1569]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[127,157,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[13,2783,15,3656]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 61. Spotted Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bivittatus); 62. Long-crested Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon chapini); 63. Gallagher's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon gallagheri); 64. Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon leucogasten); 65. Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon majon; 66. Nigerian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon nigeriae); 67. Sao Tome Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon tomensis); 68. Little Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pumilus);, 69. Russet Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon russatus); 70. Seychelles Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pusillus); 71. Madagascar Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon atsinanana); 72. Black-and-red Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobimena); 73. Lesser Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon johorensis); 74. Wrinkle-lipped Free-Tailed Bat (Chaerephon plicatus); 75. Fijian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bregullae); 76. Solomons Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon solomonis); 77. Greater Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobensis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567852/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">68.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[231,657,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="29.[154,1178,1523,1649]" box="[231,657,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<vernacularName box="[231,657,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Little Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[731,1095,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[154,1178,1523,1649]" box="[731,1095,1523,1569]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<taxonomicName authority="(Cretzschmar, 1830)" baseAuthorityName="Cretzschmar" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[731,1095,1523,1569]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">
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<emphasis box="[731,1095,1523,1569]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Chaerephon pumilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[154,1178,1523,1649]" box="[156,1073,1587,1608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,232,1587,1608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[241,384,1587,1608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Petite Tadaride</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[405,496,1587,1608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[506,760,1587,1608]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Kleine Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Caerepon pequeno
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="29.[154,1178,1523,1649]" box="[155,1177,1627,1648]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[155,403,1627,1648]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[413,631,1627,1648]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Lesser Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[646,882,1627,1648]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Little Wrinkle-lipped Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[893,1177,1627,1648]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">White-bellied Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[768,1363,1697,2122]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[768,923,1697,1726]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Cretzschmar" authorityName="Cretzschmar" box="[933,1324,1697,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Dysopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">Dysopes pumilus Cretzschmar</taxonomicName>
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in Ruppell, 1830,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[982,1220,1741,1766]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[768,1363,1697,2122]" box="[982,1220,1741,1766]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789407" box="[982,1220,1741,1766]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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Massawa,
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<collectingCountry box="[1118,1216,1741,1766]" name="Eritrea" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[768,1363,1697,2122]" lastBlockId="29.[153,1360,2128,3464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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The taxonomic limits of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">Chaerephon pumilus</taxonomicName>
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remain uncertain, and many named forms are currently synonymized within it. Until recently, populations from
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<collectingCountry name="Madagascar" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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and the western
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<collectingCountry box="[1097,1240,1930,1963]" name="Seychelles" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
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were included, but recent molecular studies have proposed they be split as distinct species, under the names
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<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Grandidier" authorityYear="1869" box="[1027,1165,2049,2082]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">leucogaster</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[1185,1353,2049,2082]" name="Madagascar" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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, Comoro and Pemba islands, and parts of the African mainland) and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[557,660,2128,2161]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">pusillus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<collectingCountry box="[684,836,2128,2161]" name="Seychelles" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Seychelles</collectingCountry>
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). Furthermore, eastern Madagascan populations formerly attributed to
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<taxonomicName box="[653,793,2167,2200]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">C. pumilus</taxonomicName>
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have been described as another distinct species, C.
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<taxonomicName box="[309,458,2207,2240]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atsinanana">atsinanana</taxonomicName>
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. Given the wide variability in morphology and echolocation-call structure among mainland African populations of
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<taxonomicName box="[891,1033,2246,2279]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">C. pumilus</taxonomicName>
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, it has been suggested that several cryptic species remain to be described. While distinct molecular clades of African mainland
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<taxonomicName box="[466,610,2325,2358]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="649" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">C. pumilus</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished, these do not correspond exactly with groups defined based on morphological or acoustic evidence. Molecular patterns revealed in the broader species complex (including
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<taxonomicName box="[1054,1161,2404,2437]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="stricto" species="pumilus">pumilus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1172,1352,2404,2437]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" sensu="stricto">sensu stricto</taxonomicNameLabel>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Grandidier" authorityYear="1869" box="[157,293,2443,2476]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucogaster">leucogaster</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1902" box="[374,477,2443,2476]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">pusillus</taxonomicName>
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) are partly suggestive of a “ring species” with different forms occurring down the eastern coast of Africa and in the western Indian Ocean islands including
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<collectingCountry box="[301,468,2522,2555]" name="Madagascar" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567808" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567808" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567808/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" targetBox="[152,744,1704,2120]" targetPageId="29">
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<paragraph blockId="29.[153,1360,2128,3464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[154,331,2562,2595]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widely but disjunctly from
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<collectingCountry box="[732,840,2562,2595]" name="Senegal" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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E to
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<collectingCountry box="[921,1019,2562,2595]" name="Eritrea" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1036,1157,2562,2595]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[1240,1353,2562,2595]" name="Somalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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, and S (including Bioko I) through
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<collectingCountry box="[681,836,2601,2634]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[857,969,2601,2634]" name="Uganda" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[991,1078,2601,2634]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1099,1212,2601,2634]" name="Rwanda" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Rwanda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1233,1353,2601,2634]" name="Burundi" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Burundi</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[154,281,2641,2674]" name="Tanzania" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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(including
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<collectingRegion box="[448,544,2641,2674]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Pemba</collectingRegion>
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and Unguja Is in
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<collectingCountry box="[794,917,2641,2674]" name="Tanzania" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
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Archipelago),
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<collectingCountry box="[1127,1230,2641,2674]" name="Angola" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Angola</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1246,1353,2641,2674]" name="Zambia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[155,254,2689,2714]" name="Malawi" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[272,392,2689,2714]" name="Namibia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[415,516,2689,2714]" country="Namibia" name="Zambezi" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Caprivi</collectingRegion>
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Strip),
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<collectingCountry box="[630,763,2689,2714]" name="Botswana" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[781,927,2689,2714]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[945,1131,2689,2714]" name="Mozambique" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1149,1288,2689,2714]" name="Swaziland" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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, and E
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<collectingCountry box="[187,366,2720,2753]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[392,525,2720,2753]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingRegion box="[545,732,2720,2753]" country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Mpumalanga</collectingRegion>
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||
, and
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<collectingRegion box="[819,1024,2720,2753]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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provinces); also in SW Arabia (extreme SW
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<collectingCountry box="[451,631,2764,2793]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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and W
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[737,841,2764,2793]" name="Yemen" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Yemen</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="description">
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||
<paragraph blockId="29.[153,1360,2128,3464]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[154,408,2807,2832]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.42-67 mm, tail 24-40 mm, ear 9-19 mm, hindfoot 5-10 mm, forearm 32-42 mm; weight 6-16 g. Pelage of the Little Free-tailed Bat is short and velvety, highly variable in color, from almost black or brown to grayish brown or reddish brown above, without grizzling or white spots; slightly paler below, with highly variable mid-ventral markings (white belly-stripe broad to narrow to absent) and variable flank-stripe (white to off-white to absent). Upperlip has 5-7 or more well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are black or dark brown, relatively short, not reaching snout when laid forward, and joined by interaural band of skin that covers interaural pocket, which contains erectile hairs giving rise to a short crest in males. Tragusis very small, squarish or sometimes with small lobe at top of posterior margin, and concealed by antitragus. Antitragus is much larger than tragus, roughly semicircular. Wing membranes may be blackish brown or white (two distinct forms, with intermediates), and tail membrane is blackish brown. Anterior palatal region is either closed or emarginated, and basisphenoid pits are moderately deep. M? has third ridge nearly as long as second ridge. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 58 (
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<collectingCountry box="[555,669,3400,3425]" name="Uganda" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[689,841,3400,3425]" name="Cameroon" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[861,973,3400,3425]" name="Somalia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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) or 2n = 48 and FNa = 66 (
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<collectingCountry box="[167,290,3439,3464]" name="Namibia" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[307,490,3439,3464]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
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).
|
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</paragraph>
|
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="biology_ecology">
|
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<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1544,277,306]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Little Free-tailed Bats occur throughout a wide variety of savanna types including undifferentiated woodlands,
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<taxonomicName box="[1992,2125,321,346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isoberlinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Isoberlinia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
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<taxonomicName box="[2157,2289,321,346]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) woodland, rainforest grassland mosaics (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1714,1819,356,385]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
savanna), wetter and drier miombo woodlands, coastal mosaics,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1566,1653,395,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1680,1799,395,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
)—
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1840,2010,395,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Commiphora</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2037,2212,395,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) bushland and thicket, and other thicket bushlands. They are not found in lowland rainforest but have been recorded from swamp forests in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1887,2037,470,503]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
. They also forage actively over agricultural areas including sugarcane fields and macadamia orchards, as well as urban and suburban areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1700,592,621]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Little Free-tailed Bats are open-air foragers having long, narrow wings with high wing loading (11-8 N/m?®) and intermediate aspect ratio (8-6). Based on various studies involving microscope analyses of fecal pellets and stomachs, Little Free-tailed Bats typically feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1895,2053,707,740]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2069,2223,707,740]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2240,2416,707,740]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2432,2629,707,740]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1494,1602,746,779]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A 2011 molecular study (59 fecal pellets), conducted by K. Bohmann and coworkers in a sugarcane monoculture in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2031,2171,785,818]" name="Swaziland" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, yielded six orders (and 27 families) of insects (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1654,1814,829,858]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Isoptera" authorityName="Isoptera" box="[1832,2119,829,858]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera, Isoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2137,2312,829,858]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2330,2438,829,858]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Trichoptera). Another molecular study, conducted by P. J. Taylor and coworkers in South African macadamia orchards in 2017, identified five orders (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2297,2457,912,937]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2476,2630,912,937]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1432,1607,943,976]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1627,1789,943,976]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Blattodea), bringing to nine the number of insect orders known to be consumed by this species. A tenth order, Neuroptera, has also been identified based on microscopic examination of fecal pellets. Both aforementioned molecular studies revealed the presence in the diet of agricultural pest insects such as stinkbugs (Heteroptera,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="W.E.Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1783,1980,1101,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Pentatomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pentatomidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from agricultural ecosystems. The
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2499,2636,1101,1134]" name="Swaziland" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
molecular study also showed the prevalence of mosquitoes (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2294,2403,1141,1174]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2422,2556,1141,1174]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Culicidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 27% prevalence in fecal pellets) in the diet. Diet varies geographically and seasonally, and in Durban, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1715,1895,1223,1252]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
: in summer, estimated volume percentages present were
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1507,1664,1263,1292]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(47-7%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1809,1962,1263,1292]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(32:8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2108,2283,1263,1292]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(99%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2411,2517,1263,1292]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5-4%), and Trichoptera (4:2%); in winter,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1932,2107,1298,1331]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(30-3%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2254,2360,1298,1331]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(24%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2480,2637,1298,1331]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(19-5%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1567,1763,1342,1371]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(11-:8%),
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1907,2060,1342,1371]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8%), and Trichoptera (6:5%) were present. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1544,1630,1377,1410]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
and also in the Kruger National Park in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2392,2567,1377,1410]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, diet comprised mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1693,1846,1417,1450]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1919,2077,1417,1450]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2245,2421,1417,1450]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, elsewhere in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1563,1648,1456,1489]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
at Lake Naivasha, more than 50% of the diet comprised
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2453,2561,1456,1489]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1432,1589,1500,1529]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1659,1812,1500,1529]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
consumed to a lesser extent; and at Amani Nature Reserve in north-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1667,1796,1535,1568]" name="Tanzania" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Blattodea was the major insect order in the diet (over 60% prevalence), with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1684,1837,1575,1608]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
the only other insect order consumed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1566,1614,1647]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
After a c.60day gestation, the female gives birth to a single young (very rarely twins). There is a postpartum estrus, which allows three births per year in southern Africa (early November, late January, and March-April). A third parturition event in May occurs in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1688,1788,1732,1765]" name="Malawi" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Indeed, Little Free-tailed Bats can breed up to five times within a year in equatorial forest habitat. Growth rates vary geographically. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2535,2629,1772,1805]" name="Ghana" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, juveniles become volant by 19 days, are weaned at 21-28 days, reach adult weight by c.3 months, and attain sexual maturity at c.3 months (females) to five months (males). In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1472,1572,1890,1923]" name="Malawi" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, females attain sexual maturity in the following breeding season after their birth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1430,1668,1969,2002]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Little Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal. They emerge soon after dusk and forage throughout the night, with two activity peaks at dusk and dawn. Their natural roosts include crevices in rocks, trees and the crowns of palm trees, but they are very commonly recorded in the roofs of buildings in urban and rural areas. Echolocation calls are FM with narrow bandwidth, low frequency (typically peak frequency of 25 kHz), and long duration (c.10 milliseconds). Echolocation call structure and frequency vary geographically but some of the variation may be due to the use of different bat-detector systems.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,2150,2285,2318]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Little Free-tailed Bats roost communally in groups that may number in the hundreds. Social organization of colonies may vary. In a 16month study in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1892,1987,2364,2397]" name="Ghana" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Ghana</collectingCountry>
|
||
, colonies were organized into harems (female defense polygyny) occupying different day roosts and comprising one male with up to 21 adult females and their young. There was also an element ofterritoriality (resource defense polygyny). In a nine-month study of a colony at a day roost in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2428,2528,2482,2515]" name="Malawi" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Malawi</collectingCountry>
|
||
, colony size varied from 20 to 30 bats and composition was variable; on average a ratio of approximately four females to one male was determined from individuals captured at emergence. In a study in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1782,1921,2601,2634]" name="Swaziland" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the species traveled up to 4:
|
||
<quantity box="[2320,2391,2601,2634]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
from the roost to the foraging areas over sugarcane fields, and mean activity area varied from 976 ha to 1319 ha. In scent-choice experiments, males but not females were able to distinguish roost-mates from strangers, and conspecifics from non-conspecifics. Little Free-tailed Bats frequently share roosts in houses with Angolan Free-tailed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" box="[2396,2621,2759,2792]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condylurus">Mops condylurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1431,2482,2798,2831]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" box="[1431,2482,2798,2831]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1780,2798,2831]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="648" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[1425,2638,277,3072]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1432,1585,2847,2872]" pageId="29" pageNumber="648">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2017), Aspetsberger et al. (2003), Bohmann et al. (2011), Bouchard (1998, 2001b), Goodman & Ratrimomanarivo (2007), Goodman, Buccas et al. (2010), Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1989), Happold, M. (2013a0), Lehmkuhl Noeret al. (2012), McWilliam (1988a), Mickleburgh, Hutson, Racey et al. (2014), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Naidoo, T., Goodman et al. (2016), Naidoo, T., Schoeman, Goodman et al. (2016), Naidoo, T., Schoeman, Taylor et al. (2013), Peterson et al. (1995), Taylor, Lamb et al. (2009), Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017), Taylor, Monadjem & Steyn (2013).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |