190 lines
15 KiB
XML
190 lines
15 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FFA0BA0CB4B3F109BA25FE4E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chaerephon major" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="647" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="647" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418825" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583614" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418825" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FFA0BA0CB4B3F109BA25FE4E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FFA0BA0CB4B3F109BA25FE4E" lastPageNumber="647" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<heading pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<subSubSection box="[161,218,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[159,1284,1641,1769]" box="[161,218,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<figureCitation box="[161,218,1641,1687]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[127,157,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[13,2783,15,3656]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 61. Spotted Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bivittatus); 62. Long-crested Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon chapini); 63. Gallagher's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon gallagheri); 64. Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon leucogasten); 65. Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon majon; 66. Nigerian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon nigeriae); 67. Sao Tome Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon tomensis); 68. Little Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pumilus);, 69. Russet Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon russatus); 70. Seychelles Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pusillus); 71. Madagascar Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon atsinanana); 72. Black-and-red Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobimena); 73. Lesser Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon johorensis); 74. Wrinkle-lipped Free-Tailed Bat (Chaerephon plicatus); 75. Fijian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bregullae); 76. Solomons Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon solomonis); 77. Greater Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobensis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567852/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">65.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[235,829,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[159,1284,1641,1769]" box="[235,829,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<vernacularName box="[235,829,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[903,1224,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[159,1284,1641,1769]" box="[903,1224,1641,1687]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Trouessart" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[903,1224,1641,1687]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[903,1224,1641,1687]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Chaerephon major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[159,1284,1641,1769]" box="[160,1283,1705,1726]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,236,1705,1726]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[241,447,1705,1726]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Tadaride a oreillettes</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[467,558,1705,1726]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[567,865,1705,1726]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Ohrlappen-Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Caerepon de orejas lobuladas
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[159,1284,1641,1769]" box="[160,1226,1744,1765]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,407,1744,1765]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[417,635,1744,1765]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Giant Gland-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[649,969,1744,1765]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Lappet-eared Wrinkle-lipped Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[983,1226,1744,1765]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Large Wrinkle-lipped Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[772,1366,1811,2239]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[772,927,1811,1844]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Trouessart, 1897" authorityName="Trouessart" authorityYear="1897" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Nyctinomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="variety" species="pumilus" subGenus="Nyctinomus" variety="major">Nyctinomus (Nyctinomus) pumilus var. major Trouessart, 1897</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[772,1366,1811,2239]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789359" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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5th Cataract of the Nile, northern
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<collectingCountry box="[1078,1169,1899,1924]" name="Sudan" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[772,1134,1929,1962]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[772,1366,1811,2239]" box="[772,1134,1929,1962]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567802" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567802/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" targetBox="[157,749,1823,2238]" targetPageId="28">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[772,1366,1811,2239]" lastBlockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[772,942,1969,2002]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Five disjunct regions: Guinean and Sahelian savannas in W Africa (
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<collectingCountry box="[1263,1364,2013,2042]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[834,930,2052,2081]" name="Liberia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Liberia</collectingCountry>
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E to
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<collectingCountry box="[1004,1082,2052,2081]" name="Niger" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Niger</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1151,1257,2052,2081]" name="Nigeria" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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);
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<collectingRegion country="Sudan" name="An Nil al Abyad" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">White Nile</collectingRegion>
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valley (
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<collectingCountry box="[943,1032,2092,2121]" name="Sudan" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1053,1234,2092,2121]" name="South Sudan" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, and NE
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<collectingCountry box="[772,920,2131,2160]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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); around Lake Victoria (
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<collectingCountry box="[1247,1358,2131,2160]" name="Uganda" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[772,857,2166,2199]" name="Kenya" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[934,1063,2166,2199]" name="Tanzania" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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); a narrow strip along the E African coast between
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<collectingCountry box="[1169,1301,2206,2239]" name="Kenya" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Mombasa</collectingCountry>
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and Dar es Salaam; and SW shore of Lake Tanganyika in NE
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<collectingCountry box="[929,1032,2245,2278]" name="Zambia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, based on a reidentification in 2010 of two specimens in the London Natural History Museum collected in 1920.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,411,2324,2357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.58-71 mm,tail 27-42 mm, ear 12-21 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, forearm 39-46 mm; weight 10-28 g. Pelage of the Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat is short; head, back, flanks, and chest are dark sepia-brown, yellowish brown, grayish brown or dull rusty brown, sometimes slightly grizzled, with white or cream midventral belly-stripe and white or whitish ventral flank-stripe. Wings are semi-translucent, dark brown to black but apparently white in holotype. Interfemoral membrane is dark brown. Upperlip has 6-7 well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoonhairs. Ears are dark brown or blackish, just reaching snout when laid forward, and joined by distinctively flat and lappet-shaped (semicircular or subtriangular) band of skin that covers interaural pocket which contains erectile hairs giving rise to a crest (
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<quantity box="[173,255,2719,2752]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
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long) in males. Tragus is small, squarish, and concealed by antitragus. Antitragus is large, tall, almost rectangular, but with top corners rounded. There are no gular or tail glands. Anterior palatal emargination is just open (in young adults) or closed, with paired incisive foramina, and basisphenoid pits are shallow to moderate. M? has third ridge about one-half as long as second ridge.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,271,2924,2949]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Associated with lowland savanna woodlands, including Guinean and Sahelian savannas and miombo woodlands, as well as riparian habitats along the Nile and its tributaries.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,427,3034,3067]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The long narrow wings of Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bats indicate that they are aerial foragers.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[160,533,3113,3146]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" box="[160,533,3113,3146]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,294,3113,3146]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Breeding.</emphasis>
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No information.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[159,394,3152,3185]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal, with emergence from their roosts occurring well before dark. They roost in trees, as well as rock crevices and buildings. Roosts are usually very close to the ground. In
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<collectingCountry box="[962,1110,3231,3264]" name="Cameroon" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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, based on 16 calls (measured using a zero-crossing bat detector), they have narrowband FM echolocation calls with a “characteristic frequency” (approximating peak frequency) of ¢.33 kHz.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[154,1368,2245,3462]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,861,3349,3382]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Lappet-cared Free-tailed Bats roost communally in groups of four up to more than 100, and they have a high roost fidelity, returning to roosts even when disturbed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1435,2486,276,305]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2639,276,388]" box="[1435,2486,276,305]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1784,276,305]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as LLeast Concern on The IUCN Red List.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2639,276,388]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1588,320,345]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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ACR (2017), Happold, M. (2013ak),
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<taxonomicName authority="Mongombe (2012)" authorityName="Mongombe" authorityYear="2012" box="[1976,2259,320,345]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Manga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Manga Mongombe (2012)</taxonomicName>
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, Monadjem, Cotterill, Hutson et al. (2017d), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Rosevear (1965).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |