212 lines
18 KiB
XML
212 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FFA0BA0CB18FF6A9B502F529" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chaerephon nigeriae Thomas 1913" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="647" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="647" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418829" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418829" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FFA0BA0CB18FF6A9B502F529" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FFA0BA0CB18FF6A9B502F529" lastPageNumber="647" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<heading pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<subSubSection box="[1437,1493,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2444,457,585]" box="[1437,1493,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<figureCitation box="[1437,1493,457,503]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[127,157,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[13,2783,15,3656]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 61. Spotted Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bivittatus); 62. Long-crested Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon chapini); 63. Gallagher's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon gallagheri); 64. Grandidier's Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon leucogasten); 65. Lappet-eared Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon majon; 66. Nigerian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon nigeriae); 67. Sao Tome Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon tomensis); 68. Little Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pumilus);, 69. Russet Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon russatus); 70. Seychelles Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon pusillus); 71. Madagascar Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon atsinanana); 72. Black-and-red Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobimena); 73. Lesser Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon johorensis); 74. Wrinkle-lipped Free-Tailed Bat (Chaerephon plicatus); 75. Fijian Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon bregullae); 76. Solomons Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon solomonis); 77. Greater Northern Free-tailed Bat (Chaerephon jobensis)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567852" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567852/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">66.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1509,2010,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2444,457,585]" box="[1509,2010,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<vernacularName box="[1509,2010,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigerian Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2065,2443,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2444,457,585]" box="[2065,2443,457,503]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[2065,2443,457,503]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigeriae">
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<emphasis box="[2065,2443,457,503]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Chaerephon nigeriae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1435,2419,521,542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2444,457,585]" box="[1435,2419,521,542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1511,521,542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1516,1707,521,542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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Tadaride du
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<collectingCountry box="[1640,1707,521,542]" name="Nigeria" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1729,1820,521,542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1829,2093,521,542]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigeria-Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish: Caerepon de
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<collectingCountry box="[2352,2419,521,542]" name="Nigeria" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1435,1962,561,582]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1434,2444,457,585]" box="[1435,1962,561,582]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1683,561,582]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1693,1962,561,582]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigerian Wrinkle-lipped Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2047,2203,626,659]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1913" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mnigeriae">Chaerephon mnigeriae Thomas, 1913</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2133,2634,674,699]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" box="[2133,2634,674,699]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789341" box="[2133,2634,674,699]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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“Zaria Province, Northern
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<collectingCountry box="[2511,2620,674,699]" name="Nigeria" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Subspecific ranges are disjunct. Two subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567804" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567804" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567804/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" targetBox="[1433,2025,639,1054]" targetPageId="28">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" box="[2049,2450,785,818]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2049,2450,785,818]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1913" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[2051,2426,828,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigeriae" subSpecies="nigeriae">C.n.nigeriaeThomas,1913—SierraLeonetoEthiopiaandSWArabia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<taxonomicName authority="Monard, 1933" authorityName="Monard" authorityYear="1933" box="[2051,2468,903,936]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigeriae" subSpecies="spillmanni">C. n. spillmanni Monard, 1933</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry box="[2502,2604,903,936]" name="Angola" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Angola</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[2048,2175,943,976]" name="Tanzania" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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and S to N
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<collectingCountry box="[2354,2474,943,976]" name="Namibia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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and N
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<collectingCountry name="Botswana" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[2047,2643,626,1054]" lastBlockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2048,2327,1021,1054]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body c.68-78 mm, tail 31-52 mm, ear 15-23 mm, hindfoot 9-13 mm, forearm 41-51 mm; weight 10-26 g. Pelage of the Nigerian Free-tailed Bat is short and blackish brown above and below, with bare patch between shoulders, and no mid-ventral markings, but a conspicuous flank-stripe of long white hairs. Upperlip has 5-7 (spillmanni) or 7-8 (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigeriae">nigeriae</taxonomicName>
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) well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are blackish and medium-sized, just reaching snout when laid forward, and joined by interaural band of skin that covers interaural pocket which contains erectile hairs (c.
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<quantity box="[2392,2476,1297,1330]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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) giving rise to a crest in males; in females, hairs are replaced by a naked pocket. Tragus is small and rectangular, with top side straight or markedly concave, almost fully concealed by antitragus. Antitragus is much larger than tragus, roughly trapezoid but top corners are sometimes rounded. In race
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[1893,1992,1455,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigeriae" subSpecies="nigeriae">nigeriae</taxonomicName>
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, wing membranes are blackish brown dorsally, whitish ventrally, especially close to body, and tail membrane is blackish brown; in spillmanni, wings are whitish and semi-translucent dorsally and ventrally, or blackish, and tail membrane is dark brown dorsally and paler ventrally. Skin on forearm is dark brown dorsally extending narrowly onto wing membrane as a faint dark stripe. There are no gular or tail glands. Anterior palate is not emarginated and basisphenoid pits are shallow to moderately deep. M® has third ridge more than one-half the length of second ridge. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 62.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1547,1772,1805]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Race
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[1635,1735,1772,1805]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nigeriae" subSpecies="nigeriae">nigeriae</taxonomicName>
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has been recorded in degraded forest and
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<collectingCountry box="[2336,2438,1772,1805]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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savanna. Race spillmanni has been recorded from mopane, miombo, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2289,2376,1815,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2400,2532,1815,1844]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) woodlands, often associated with water. The species has been found at elevations of up to
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<quantity box="[1438,1538,1890,1923]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" unit="m" value="1400.0">1400 m</quantity>
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at the Cuanavale River source lake in central
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<collectingCountry box="[2182,2285,1890,1923]" name="Angola" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Angola</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1697,1929,1962]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry box="[1748,1895,1929,1962]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, diet comprised mostly
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<taxonomicName box="[2230,2388,1929,1962]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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, with a much lower occurrence of
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<taxonomicName box="[1678,1854,1969,2002]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,1570,2009,2042]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Female Nigerian Free-tailed Bats give birth to a single young. Pregnantfemales have been recorded in late October (
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<collectingCountry box="[2066,2214,2048,2081]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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) and late January (
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<collectingCountry box="[2496,2623,2048,2081]" name="Namibia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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), while lactating females have been recorded in mid-November (
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<collectingCountry box="[2372,2480,2088,2121]" name="Zambia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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) and mid-December (
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<collectingCountry box="[1608,1748,2131,2160]" name="Botswana" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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). Juveniles have been recorded in December (
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<collectingCountry box="[2426,2561,2131,2160]" name="Botswana" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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) and January (
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<collectingCountry box="[1565,1678,2166,2199]" name="Zambia" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1434,1675,2206,2239]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Nigerian Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal. In one colony in a roof, squeaking was heard 30 minutes before dusk and individuals emerged ten minutes later; they returned later, and some hunted in the vicinity of the roost. They roost under the bark of dead trees, in small caves, and in the roofs of houses. Echolocation call is shallow FM with low frequency (peak frequency 17 kHz on average), with long duration (10 milliseconds on average) and narrow bandwidth (10 kHz on average). Predators include bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1435,2130,2482,2515]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Nigerian Free-tailed Bats roost communally in groups of up to 100 individuals. A maternity roost discovered in December in the Okavango Delta,
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<collectingCountry box="[1775,1909,2561,2594]" name="Botswana" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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, comprised over 25 adults, including at least 13 lactating females, with two naked young and three furred young. A colony roosting under bark was observed sharing this roost with Pipistrelluslike bats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1436,2488,2680,2713]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" box="[1436,2488,2680,2713]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1436,1785,2680,2713]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="647" type="bibRefCitation_list">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[1430,2644,1065,2791]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1437,1590,2728,2753]" pageId="28" pageNumber="647">Bibliography.</emphasis>
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ACR (2017), Cotterill & Happold (2013f), Monadjem, Bergmans, Hutson et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Rosevear (1965).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |