237 lines
20 KiB
XML
237 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FF9FBA34B185FE69B3F0F831" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mops midas" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="655" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="654" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6577263" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583652" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6577263" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FF9FBA34B185FE69B3F0F831" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FF9FBA34B185FE69B3F0F831" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="655" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<heading pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<subSubSection box="[1431,1488,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[1429,2529,2313,2446]" box="[1431,1488,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<figureCitation box="[1431,1488,2313,2363]" captionStart="Plate 46: Molossidae" captionStartId="34.[169,199,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[12,2782,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="14. Bonda Mastiff Bat (Molossus currentium), 15. Fenton’s Masuft Bat (Molossus fentoni), 17. Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus molossus), 18. Miller’s Mastiff Bat (Molossus pretiosus), 19. Black Mastiff Bat (Molossus rufus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567958/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">83.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection box="[1506,1945,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[1429,2529,2313,2446]" box="[1506,1945,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<vernacularName box="[1506,1945,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Midas Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1996,2224,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[1429,2529,2313,2446]" box="[1996,2224,2313,2363]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sundevall" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[1996,2224,2313,2363]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis box="[1996,2224,2313,2363]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Mops midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[1429,2529,2313,2446]" box="[1431,2315,2381,2402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1431,1506,2381,2402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1512,1661,2381,2402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Tadaride midas</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1682,1773,2381,2402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1782,2037,2381,2402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Midas-Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish:
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<vernacularName box="[2160,2315,2381,2402]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Mops de Midas</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[1429,2529,2313,2446]" box="[1430,2529,2421,2442]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1430,1677,2421,2442]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1687,1788,2421,2442]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Midas Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1802,2072,2421,2442]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Midas Groove-cheeked Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[2087,2252,2421,2442]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Midas Mops Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[2266,2529,2421,2442]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Sundevall's Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[2042,2633,2497,2522]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[2041,2635,2497,2916]" box="[2042,2633,2497,2522]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2042,2197,2497,2522]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Sundevall, 1843" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityYear="1843" box="[2210,2628,2497,2522]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Dysopes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Dysopes midas Sundevall, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[2041,2635,2497,2916]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789392" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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“Bahr el Abiad [=
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<collectingRegion box="[2311,2465,2532,2561]" country="Sudan" name="An Nil al Abyad" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">White Nile</collectingRegion>
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river],”
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<collectingCountry name="Sudan" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2042,2404,2607,2640]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[2041,2635,2497,2916]" box="[2042,2404,2607,2640]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567868" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567868" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567868/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" targetBox="[1427,2018,2500,2914]" targetPageId="35">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[2041,2635,2497,2916]" lastBlockId="35.[1427,2633,2921,3468]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2041,2218,2647,2680]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widely but patchily distributed through sub-Saharan Africa from
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<collectingCountry box="[2043,2151,2725,2758]" name="Senegal" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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E to
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<collectingCountry box="[2255,2351,2725,2758]" name="Eritrea" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Eritrea</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[2443,2562,2725,2758]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
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and S through SE
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<collectingCountry box="[2261,2351,2773,2798]" name="Sudan" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Sudan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2376,2566,2773,2798]" name="South Sudan" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">South Sudan</collectingCountry>
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, NE
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<collectingCountry box="[2042,2201,2805,2838]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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, W
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<collectingCountry box="[2274,2361,2805,2838]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2451,2563,2805,2838]" name="Uganda" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2042,2149,2848,2877]" name="Zambia" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[2206,2327,2848,2877]" name="Namibia" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Namibia</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[2383,2516,2848,2877]" name="Botswana" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Zimbabwe" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[2144,2244,2883,2916]" name="Malawi" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, and NE
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<collectingCountry box="[2382,2562,2883,2916]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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; also in SW
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<collectingCountry box="[1521,1700,2921,2954]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
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and N, W & S
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<collectingCountry box="[1909,2074,2921,2954]" name="Madagascar" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="655" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[1427,2633,2921,3468]" lastBlockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="655" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1428,1680,2961,2994]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head—body ¢.89-94 mm, tail 37-56 mm, ear 23-32 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm, forearm 59-67 mm; weight 38-69 g. Fur is short,silky and sparse, almost lacking across shoulders, dark brown, medium sepia-brown, pale brown or pale gray above, with pale gray or white frosting and flecking; underside is grayish brown or pinkish brown to silvery gray, frosted (subadults almost white) with no mid-ventral markings, but ventral flank-stripe is white or paler than underside; an orange morph is reddish to almost orange above. Wings are medium brown and uropatagium is dark brown. Upper lip has 5-6 well-defined wrinkles on each side and many spoon-hairs. Ears are blackish brown and relatively long (extending past muzzle when laid forward), inner margins of ears are joined across forehead by interaural band of skin bearing forward-shaped pocket containing erectile crest of long brown hairs, in both sexes. Tragus is small, squarish or hatchet-shaped, and concealed by antitragus, which is large and semicircular. Anterior palate is closed and basisphenoid pits are moderately deep. As is typical for
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<taxonomicName box="[510,579,276,309]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mops</taxonomicName>
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, cusps on M? are V-shaped rather than N-shaped (i.e. with third ridge being much reduced). Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 66.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[127,238,395,428]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Midas Free-tailed Bats prefer woodland and lowland savanna habitats, often associated with major rivers such as the Blue Nile, upper reaches of White Nile, Shire River in
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<collectingCountry box="[246,345,478,507]" name="Malawi" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, and Zambezi and Limpopo valleys.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[127,382,513,546]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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The Midas Free-tailed Bat is an open-air forager, having long, narrow wings with a high wing loading (11-4 N/m?®) and intermediate aspect ratio (8-9). Preliminary data from stomach contents of one animal, and the robust skull, mandible, and dentition, suggested that it feeds predominantly on beetles. In two studies conducted in a macadamia-growing area in
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<collectingRegion box="[535,791,671,704]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Limpopo Province</collectingRegion>
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, north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[999,1170,671,704]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, one involving microscopic analysis of fecal samples revealed little difference in diet between winter (April) and summer (October-December), the diet being dominated by
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<taxonomicName box="[1178,1331,750,783]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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(75-90%),
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<taxonomicName box="[283,434,793,822]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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(420%), and
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<taxonomicName box="[644,815,793,822]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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(4-13%). A second Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) study offecal pellets of Midas Free-tailed Bats from the same region revealed 93 prey items of seven insect orders:
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<taxonomicName box="[750,922,868,901]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[938,1093,868,901]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1108,1259,868,901]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authority=", Blattodea, and Neuroptera. In" authorityName="Blattodea, and Neuroptera. In" box="[198,786,912,941]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera, Blattodea, and Neuroptera. In</taxonomicName>
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terms of percentage of occurrence, the diet was dominated by
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<taxonomicName box="[447,618,947,980]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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(100%) followed by
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<taxonomicName box="[911,1064,947,980]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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(67%),
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<taxonomicName box="[1182,1332,947,980]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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and Neuroptera (29% each), and Blattodea (25%). A total of 17 lepidopteran families were determined in the diet, of which six possessed tympani. One-half (40 out of 81) of the identified lepidopteran prey items belonged to one family,
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<taxonomicName box="[1000,1145,1065,1098]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
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, and another eleven prey items belonged to
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Leach" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[550,733,1105,1138]" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Geometridae</taxonomicName>
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. Both of these families comprise tympanate members (i.e. those with hearing organs). Based on recordings from individuals emerging from a known roost in the Soutpansberg of north-eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[967,1139,1183,1216]" name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, echolocation calls are very low frequency (minimum frequency 14 kHz), long duration (10-15 milliseconds), and narrow bandwidth. Since this frequencyfalls below the optimal hearing range of tympanate moths, the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis would predict that hearing moths would avoid detection by hunting Midas Free-tailed Bats and would therefore be largely absent from their diet. The dietary data related above appear to negate the predictions of the Allotonic Frequency Hypothesis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[128,263,1460,1493]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Limited data suggest a birth season from December to March in southern Africa, although lactating females or juveniles have been reported in April and June, suggesting either extended seasonal monoestry or seasonal polyestry. Littersize is one.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[127,364,1578,1611]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Midas Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal and roost in human structures such as attics in buildings and expansion joints of bridges, as well as natural roosts such as cracks and hollows in trees, shallow rock crevices, and within the leaves of coconut palms.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[129,843,1736,1769]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Midas Free-tailed Bats roost communally in groups of up to hundreds. In Kruger National Park, north-eastern
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<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, radio-tracked individuals moved at least
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<quantity box="[799,882,1823,1848]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="km" value="10.0">10 km</quantity>
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from their roost.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[130,1179,1854,1887]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="conservation">
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||
<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" box="[130,1179,1854,1887]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,478,1854,1887]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="655" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[125,1336,276,2048]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,283,1902,1927]" pageId="36" pageNumber="655">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2017), Archer (1977), Cotterill & Happold (
|
||
<quantity box="[831,895,1902,1927]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.013" pageId="36" pageNumber="655" unit="g" value="2013.0">2013g</quantity>
|
||
), Dunlop (1999), Fenton & Rautenbach (1986), Monadjem, Cotterill, Ratrimomanarivo et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Mphethe (2017), Ratrimomanarivo et al. (2007), Rosevear (1965), Smithers (1971), Taylor, Matamba et al. (2017), Taylor, Sowler et al. (2013), Verschuren (1957).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |