286 lines
27 KiB
XML
286 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418279" checkinTime="1600873888554" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="194287C9FF9EBA33B1B2F3BFB34FF987" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mops condylurus A. Smith 1833" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="654" masterDocId="E57BFFB1FFBCBA10B412F760B226FFCE" masterDocTitle="Molossidae" masterLastPageNumber="672" masterPageNumber="598" pageNumber="653" updateTime="1661886293392" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>598</mods:start>
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<mods:end>672</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418279</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bc3766a8-d834-42d8-9b39-0612d00293ca</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6418279</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6418841" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195583655" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6418841" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:194287C9FF9EBA33B1B2F3BFB34FF987" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/194287C9FF9EBA33B1B2F3BFB34FF987" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="654" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<heading pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<subSubSection box="[1440,1497,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1438,2382,1247,1376]" box="[1440,1497,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<figureCitation box="[1440,1497,1247,1293]" captionStart="Plate 50: Molossidae" captionStartId="34.[169,199,3282,3307]" captionTargetBox="[12,2782,19,3659]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="78. Bakari’s Free-tailed Bat (Mops bakarii), 79. Short-winged Free-tailed Bat (Mops brachypterus), 80. Angolan Free-tailed Bat (Mops condylurus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567958/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">80.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1512,2009,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1438,2382,1247,1376]" box="[1512,2009,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<vernacularName box="[1512,2009,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Angolan Free-tailed Bat</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[2059,2382,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1438,2382,1247,1376]" box="[2059,2382,1247,1293]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" box="[2059,2382,1247,1293]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condylurus">
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<emphasis box="[2059,2382,1247,1293]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mops condylurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1438,2382,1247,1376]" box="[1440,2362,1311,1332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1440,1516,1311,1332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1521,1694,1311,1332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Tadaride dAngola</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1715,1806,1311,1332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1814,2078,1311,1332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Angola-Bulldogfledermaus</vernacularName>
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/ Spanish:
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<vernacularName box="[2200,2362,1311,1332]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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Mops de
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<collectingCountry box="[2294,2362,1311,1332]" name="Angola" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Angola</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1438,2382,1247,1376]" box="[1439,2354,1351,1372]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1439,1687,1351,1372]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[1695,1882,1351,1372]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Angolan Mops Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[1896,2113,1351,1372]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Knob-tailed Mops Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[2128,2354,1351,1372]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Knob-tailed Nyctinome</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[2051,2646,1420,1844]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[2052,2205,1420,1449]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="A. Smith, 1833" authorityName="A. Smith" authorityYear="1833" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Nyctinomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="condylurus">Nyctinomus condylurus A. Smith, 1833</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[2051,2646,1420,1844]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3780789312" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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Durban,
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<collectingRegion box="[2305,2526,1464,1489]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[2051,2646,1420,1844]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Although up to four subspecies were recognized by K. F. Koopman in 1994, lack of information from most of the range, as well as the difficulty in assigning populations to these subspecies, makes it inadvisable to recognize subspecies until a full taxonomic revision has been performed.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="34.[2051,2646,1420,1844]" box="[2053,2210,1811,1844]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567862" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567862" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567862/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" targetBox="[1437,2029,1430,1844]" targetPageId="34">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1436,2650,1851,3187]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1440,1616,1851,1884]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Distribution.</emphasis>
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S
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<collectingCountry box="[1656,1810,1851,1884]" name="Mauritania" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mauritania</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1886,1994,1851,1884]" name="Senegal" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Senegal</collectingCountry>
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E to SW
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<collectingCountry box="[2131,2242,1851,1884]" name="Somalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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and S (except most of
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<collectingCountry name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Basin) to SW
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<collectingCountry box="[1679,1782,1894,1923]" name="Angola" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, N
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<collectingCountry box="[1834,1967,1894,1923]" name="Botswana" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[2012,2158,1894,1923]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[2202,2388,1894,1923]" name="Mozambique" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[2405,2545,1894,1923]" name="Swaziland" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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, and E
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<collectingCountry box="[1441,1616,1935,1964]" name="South Africa" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[1638,1854,1935,1964]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1436,2650,1851,3187]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1692,1973,2002]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body ¢.64-75 mm, tail 32-52 mm, ear 12-21 mm, hindfoot 11-19 mm, forearm 45-51 mm; weight 16-39 g. Dorsalfur is short, sparse, almost lacking on nape and not extending onto uropatagium, blackish brown, grayish brown, pale gray or pale grayish brown, sometimes with white flecks; underside is grayish brown, pale fawn, yellowish white or whitish, with distinct mid-ventral white markings of variable size and shape (sometimes absent) and white flank-stripe. There are c.7 wrinkles on each side of upper lip and many spoon-shaped hairs. Ears are blackish brown; relatively short (reaching halfway along muzzle when laid forward), inner margins joined by interaural band with backward-opening pouch containing erectile crest of short brown hairs, in both sexes. Tragusis small, squarish, and concealed by antitragus, which is large and subrectangular, with upperside convex and rounded corners. Wings are grayish to pale brown and translucent, and uropatagium is dark grayish brown. Anterior palate is closed and basisphenoid pits are shallow and weakly developed. As is typical for
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<taxonomicName box="[1621,1690,2482,2515]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mops</taxonomicName>
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, cusps on M? have third ridge reduced, less than one-half of second. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FNa = 56 (
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<collectingCountry box="[2216,2329,2522,2555]" name="Uganda" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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) or 2n = 48 and FNa = 66 (
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<collectingCountry box="[1497,1610,2567,2596]" name="Somalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1683,1865,2567,2596]" name="South Africa" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1436,2650,1851,3187]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1442,1553,2601,2634]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Habitat.</emphasis>
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While typically associated with hot climates in low-lying areas, the Angolan Free-tailed Bat is able to exploit a very wide range of habitats from semiarid to mesic, and including urban and agricultural areas. Recorded mainly in woodland savanna, including undifferentiated woodland,
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<taxonomicName box="[1960,2091,2723,2752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Isoberlinia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Isoberlinia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[2113,2245,2723,2752]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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) woodland, mosaics of rainforest and secondarygrassland, wetter and drier miombo woodland, coastal mosaics,
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<taxonomicName box="[1443,1529,2802,2831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acacia</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1551,1669,2802,2831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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)—
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<taxonomicName box="[1709,1877,2802,2831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Commiphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Commiphora</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName box="[1900,2074,2802,2831]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
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) bushland and thicket, and other kinds of thicket bushland.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1436,2650,1851,3187]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1443,1702,2877,2910]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Angolan Free-tailed Bats are open-air foragers, having long, narrow wings with high wing loading (18 N/m?*) and intermediate aspect ratio (9-1). They feed mainly on
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<taxonomicName box="[1663,1821,2957,2990]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1838,1992,2957,2990]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[2009,2116,2957,2990]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName box="[2195,2371,2957,2990]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="654" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[1436,2650,1851,3187]" lastBlockId="35.[155,1365,275,1611]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="654" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1443,1578,2996,3029]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Female Angolan Free-tailed Bats are seasonally polyestrous. In eastern
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<collectingCountry name="South Africa" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, two birth seasons occur between early September and early May. Gestation lasts 85-90 days. Following the December birth season there is a postpartum estrus. The interval between the two consecutive births decreases with increasing latitude so that births coincide with peaks in rainfall. At 0-1° N in
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<collectingCountry box="[2163,2275,3154,3187]" name="Uganda" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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, births occurred in February-March and July-August, just before each peak in rainfall. At
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<geoCoordinate box="[1104,1215,275,308]" degrees="2" direction="south" minutes="18" orientation="latitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" precision="925" value="-2.3">2° 18’ S</geoCoordinate>
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in
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<collectingCountry box="[1269,1356,275,308]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, births occurred in each of the two wet seasons (November and March-April). At 14-16° S in
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<collectingCountry box="[273,373,354,387]" name="Malawi" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, births occurred in November to December and February to March. At 24-26° S in
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<collectingCountry box="[328,506,402,427]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, births occurred in mid-December and early April. In males, spermatogenic activity peaks from August to early September and from November to early December in eastern
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<collectingCountry box="[538,715,472,505]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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. Litter size is one.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567958" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6567958" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567958/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" startId="34.[169,199,3282,3307]" targetBox="[12,2782,19,3659]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[168,2644,3282,3471]" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">
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On following pages: 81.
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<collectingCountry box="[434,503,3282,3307]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Congo</collectingCountry>
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Free-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1917" box="[686,853,3282,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="654" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="congicus">Mops congicus</taxonomicName>
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); 82. Mongalla Free-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[1198,1416,3282,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="demonstrator">Mops demonstrator</taxonomicName>
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); 83.
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<taxonomicName box="[1481,1545,3282,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Midas</taxonomicName>
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Free-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[1728,1863,3282,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="654" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Mops midas</taxonomicName>
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); 84. Dwarf Free-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName box="[2174,2329,3282,3307]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="655" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nanulus">Mops nanulus</taxonomicName>
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); 85. Niangara Free-tailed Bat (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1917" box="[220,396,3322,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niangarae">Mops niangarae</taxonomicName>
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); 86. White-bellied Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[784,845,3322,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mops</taxonomicName>
|
||
niveiventen; 87. Peterson's Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1326,1387,3322,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mops</taxonomicName>
|
||
peterson); 88. Spurrell's Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1844,1905,3322,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mops</taxonomicName>
|
||
spurrell)); 89. Railer Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1903" box="[2306,2472,3322,3347]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="656" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thersites">Mops thersites</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 90. Trevor's Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1917" box="[342,480,3365,3386]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trevor">Mops trevor</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 91. Malagasy White-bellied Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="G. M. Allen" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[976,1179,3365,3386]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucostigma">Mops leucostigma</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 92. Malayan Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="mops" box="[1515,1646,3365,3386]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mops">Mops mops</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 93. Sulawesian Free-tailed Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2014,2219,3365,3386]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Mops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">Mops sarasinorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 94. Harrison's Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[177,278,3401,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Otomops</taxonomicName>
|
||
harrisoni); 95. Large-eared Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1897" box="[782,1033,3401,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="martiensseni">Otomops martiensseni</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 96.
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1097,1228,3401,3426]" name="Madagascar" pageId="34" pageNumber="653">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dorst" authorityYear="1953" box="[1438,1744,3401,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madagascariensis">Otomops madagascariensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 97. Wroughton's Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[2149,2385,3401,3426]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wroughtoni">Otomops wroughtoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 98. Java Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chasen" authorityYear="1939" box="[220,434,3440,3465]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="formosus">Otomops formosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 99. Johnstone's Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kitchener, How & Maryanto" authorityYear="1992" box="[837,1060,3440,3465]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="659" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="johnstonei">Otomops johnstonei</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 100. Mantled Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hayman" authorityYear="1952" box="[1436,1651,3440,3465]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="secundus">Otomops secundus</taxonomicName>
|
||
); 101. Papuan Giant Mastiff Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1948" box="[2010,2232,3440,3465]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Otomops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="653" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="papuensis">Otomops papuensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[155,1365,275,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,394,512,545]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding may occur throughout the night, with Angolan Free-tailed Bats departing their roost at dusk, 15-60 minutes after sunset, and returning in a swarm at dawn. One study in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[592,677,591,624]" name="Kenya" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
reported that males emerged prior to females. The species occupies natural roosts such as crevices in rocks and hollows in trees, but also very commonly roosts in human-made structures such as attics of house roofs and expansion joints in bridges. Angolan Free-tailed Bats emit echolocation calls of low peak frequency (c.25 kHz), narrow bandwidth (c.9 kHz), and long duration (c¢.10 milliseconds). Predators include bat hawks (Macheiramphus alcinus), other diurnal raptors, and occasionally snakes and genets.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[155,1365,275,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,853,866,899]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Angolan Free-tailed Bats roost communally in small (10-20) to very large colonies that may number thousands, which often leads to their being regarded as pests by the public, due to the accumulation of droppings and strong smell where they occupy houses and other buildings. Within the colony, they huddle in clusters up to three bats deep, with much jostling and squeaking before they settle down after returning to the roost. They become noisy again c.2 hours before emerging at dusk. Studies of their thermal biology and osmoregulation explain how they are able to exploit such a wide range of habitats. For example, under the hot daytime conditions found in the South African lowveld, they actively select temperatures of 35—40°C at their roost,as it corresponds to their thermoneutral zone and allows them to save energy by maintaining basal metabolism. Higher ambient temperatures result in dehydration. At lower temperatures, they are capable of entering torpor, when body temperature can drop as low as 12°C. They sometimes share roosts with Little Free-tailed Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[544,814,1378,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Chaerephon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pumilus">Chaerephon pumilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[157,1206,1418,1451]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[155,1365,275,1611]" box="[157,1206,1418,1451]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,505,1418,1451]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="654" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="35.[155,1365,275,1611]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,310,1466,1491]" pageId="35" pageNumber="654">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2017), Bouchard (2001b), Bronner et al. (1999), Buffenstein et al. (1999), Happold, D.C.D. & Happold (1989), Happold, M. (2013aj), Koopman (1994), Maloney et al. (1999), Monadjem, Cotterill, Hutson et al. (2017e), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Mutere (1973a), O'Shea & Vaughan (1980), Vivier & van der Merwe (1996, 1997 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |